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CONSTITUTION 


BY-LAWS 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


BOSTON: 

TUTTLE,  WEEKS  &  DENNETT,  PRINTERS. 
1836. 


^©^   ©5?   ajM©®3!?.3F©si^ ^a 


COMMONWEALTH    OP  MASSACHUSETTS. 

IN  THE  YEAR  OF  OUR  LORD  ONE    THOUSAND  EIGHT    HUNDRED  AND  TWENTYNINE. 

AN  ACT  TO  INCORPORATE  THEfMASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL 
SOCIETV. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives  in  General  Court  assem- 
bled, and  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  Zebe- 
DEE  Cook,  Jr.,  Robert  L.  Emmons,  William  Wor- 
THiNGTON,  B.  V.  French,  John  B.  Russell,  J.  R. 
Newell,  CheeverNewhall,  and  Thomas  G.  Fes- 
senden,  their  Associates  and  Successors,  be  and 
they  hereby  are  incorporated  under  the  name  and  by 
the  description  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society,  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  and  improv- 
ing the  science  and  practice  of  Horticulture,  and 
promoting  the  amelioration  of  the  various  species  of 
trees,  fruits,  plants,  and  vegetables,  and  the  introduc- 
tion of  new  species  and  varieties  ;  with  power  to 
make  by-laws  not  inconsistent  with  the  Laws  of  the 
Commonwealth,  for  the  regulation  of  said  Society, 
and  the  management  of  the  same  and  of  its  con- 
cerns ;  to  receive  donations,  bequests  and  devises  for 
promoting  the  objects  of  said  Society  ;  to    lay    and 


ACT  Ol-  I.VCORFOKA'J'IO.V. 


collect  assessments  on  the  Members,  not  exceeding 
two  dollars  per  annum  ;  to  enforce  the  payment  of 
such  assessments  by  action  for  the  same ;  to  pur- 
chase and  hold  real  estate  to  the  amount  of  ten 
thousand  dollars,  and  personal  estate  to  the  amount 
of  twenty  thousand  dollars  ;  to  elect  a  Treasurer, 
Secretary,  and  other  officers  —  the  appointment  of 
which  shall  be  provided  for  in  the  by-laws  of  said 
Society  ;  the  meeting  for  the  election  of  such  offi- 
cers to  be  called  at  the  times  and  in  the  manner  pro- 
vided in  such  by-laws  ;  to  empower  the  President, 
Directors,  Comptrollers,  Treasurer,  Committees,  or 
other  Officers  or  Members,  or  any  Attorneys,  Agents, 
or  Representatives  of  said  Society,  to  transact  the 
business,  manage  and  apply  the  funds,  disc  barge  the 
functions,  and  promote  the  objects  thereof  ;  to  au- 
thorise any  of  the  Members  or  Officers  of  said  Soci- 
ety to  fill  vacancies  in  the  various  offices  of  the  same 
that  may  happen  in  the  intervals  between  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Members  for  choosing  Officers  ;  and  to 
commence  and  defend  suits. 

SectioxN  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  case 
the  said  Corporation  shall  at  any  time  contract  debts 
beyond  their  means  and  ability  to  pay  at  the  time  of 
contracting  the  same,  the  Officers  or  other  Agents 
of  said  Corporation  so  contracting  such  debts  shall 
be  personally  liable  for  the  same. 

Section  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  any 
Member  of  said  Corporation  may  cease  to  be  a  Mem- 
ber thereof,  by  giving  notice  to    that    effect  to    the 


ACT  OF  INCORPORATION. 


President,  Treasurer,  Secretary,  or  other  Officers, 
and  paying  the  amount  due  from  him  to  the  Society. 

Section  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  first 
meeting  of  the  Members  of  said  Corporation  may  be 
called  by  any  two  or  more  of  the  persons  named  in 
the  first  section,  by  giving  one  week's  notice  or  more, 
by  advertisement  in  any  newspaper  printed  in  Bos- 
ton. 

Section  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  Act 
may  be  altered  or  repealed  at   the  discretion   of  the 


Legislature. 


Passed  to  be  enacted. 


In  House  of  Representatives,  June  12,  1829. 
WM.  B.  CALHOUN,  Speaker. 


Passed  to  be  enacted. 


In  Senate,  June  12,  1829. 
SAMUEL  LATHROP,  President. 


Approved. 


June  12th,  1829. 


LEVI  LINCOLN. 


A  true  Copy  of  the  Original  Act. 

Attest,  EDWARD  D.  BANGS,  Sec'y  of  the  Comm'lth. 


®a®wif5rw  ^wm'wm.m  ©iiEss^ii'iiiii^, 


ACT    INCORPORATING   THE   PROPRIETORS    OF    MOUNT  AUBURN    CEME- 
TERY. 

Section  10.  Be  it  further  enacted  as  follows  : 
First,  that  the  present  proprietors  of  lots  in  the  said 
cemetery,  who  shall  become  members  of  the  corpora- 
tion, created  by  this  act,  shall  thenceforth  cease  to 
be  members  of  the  said  Horticultural  Society,  so  far 
as  their  membership  therein  depends  on  their  being 
proprietors  of  lots  in  the  said  Cemetery.  Secondly, 
that  the  sales  of  the  Cemetery  lots  shall  continue  to 
be  made  as  fast  as  it  is  practicable  by  the  corporation, 
created  by  this  act,  at  a  price  not  less  than  the  sum 
of  sixty  dollars  for  every  lot  containing  three  hundred 
square  feet,  and  so  in  proportion  for  any  greater  or 
less  quantity,  unless  the  said  Horticultural  Society, 
and  the  corporation  created  by  this  act,  shall  mutual- 
ly agree  to  sell  the  same  at  a  less  price.  Thirdly, 
that  the  proceeds  of  the  first  sales  of  such  lots,  after 
deducting  the  annual  expenses  of  the  Cemetery  es- 
tablishment, shall  be  applied  to  the  extinguishment 
of  the  present  debts  due  by  the  said  Horticultural 
Society  on  account  of  the  said  Garden  and  Cemetery, 
and  after  the  extinguishment  of  the  said   debts,  the 


JMUUNT   AUBURN  CEMETKRV. 


balance  of  the   said  proceeds,  and  the  proceeds    of 
all  future  sales,  shall  annually,  on   the  first   Monday 
in    every  year,  be   divided  between  the  said  Horti- 
cultural  Society  and  the  corporation  created  by  this 
act,  in  manner  following,  namely  :  fourteen  hundred 
dollars  shall    be  first  deducted  from  the  gross   pro- 
ceeds of  the  sales  of  lots,  during  the  preceding  year, 
for  the  purpose  of  defraying    the    superintendent's 
salary  and  other  incidental  expenses  of  the  Cemetery 
establishment,  and  the  residue  of  the  said  gross  pro- 
ceeds shall  be  divided  between  the  said  Horticultu- 
ral Society,  and  ihe  corporation  created  by  this  act, 
as  follows,  namely :  one  fourth  part  thereof,  shall  be 
received  by  and   paid  over  to  the  said  Horticultural 
Society,  on   the  first  Monday  of   January  of  every 
year,  and    the  remaining  three  fourth  parts  shall  be 
retained  and  held  by  the  corporation  created  by  this 
act,  to  their  own  use  forever.     And  if  the    sales  of 
any  year  shall  be  less  than  fourteen  hundred  dollars, 
then  the  deficiency  shall  be    a  charge  on  the  sales  of 
the  succeeding  year  or  years.     Fourthly,  the  money 
so  received  by  the   said  Horticultural  Society,  shall 
be  forever  devoted  and   applied   by  the  said  society, 
to  the  purposes  of  an  experimental  garden,  and  to 
promote  the  art  and  science  of  horticulture,  and   for 
no  other  purpose.     And   the  money  so  retained  by 
the  corporation  created  by  this  act,  shall  be  forever 
devoted  and   applied    to    the  preservation,  improve- 
ment, embellishment  and  enlargement  of  the    said 
Cemetery,  and  garden,  and  the   incidental  expenses 


.1 


MOUNT  AUBURN  CEMETERV. 


thereof,  and  for  no  other  purpose  whatsoever.  Fifth- 
ly, a  committee  of  the  said  Horticultural  Society,  duly 
appointed  for  this  purpose,  shall,  on  the  first  Monday 
of  January,  of  every  year,  have  a  right  to  inspect  and 
examine  the  books  and  accounts  of  the  treasurer,  or 
other  officer  acting  as  treasurer  of  the  corporation 
created  by  this  act,  as  far  as  may  be  necessary  to 
ascertain  the  sales  of  lots  of  the  preceding  year. 


©®Mr^S'211?W'S'2©SS* 


MASSACHUSETTS    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY. 


SECTION  I. 

THE  OFFICERS  OF  THE  SOCIETY. 

The  officers  of  this  Society  shall  consist  of  a  Pres- 
ident, four  Vice  Presidents,  a  Treasurer,  a  Corres- 
ponding Secretary,  a  Recording  Secretar}^  and  a 
Council  of  not  more  than  tvventyfour,  who,  together 
with  such  officers  as  are  provided  for  by  the  By-Laws, 
shall  be  elected  annually,  by  the  ballots  of  a  majority 
of  the  members  present  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Society,  and  shall  hold  their  offices  for  one  year,  and 
until  others  are  installed  in  their  stead,  and  in  case 
of  any  vacancy  the  same  to  be  filled  at  any  stated 
meeting.  Provided,  however,  that  the  present  a- 
mendments  to  this  Constitution  shall  in  nowise  affect 
the  election  of  officers  on  the  third  Saturday  of  Sep- 
tember, A.  D.  1835,  any  farther  than  that  their  re- 
spective terms  of  service,  shall  cease  and  determine 
on  the  first  Saturday  of  October  instead  of  the  first 
Saturday  of  December,  1836,  if  others  shall  have 
been  elected  in  their  stead. 
2 


10  CONSTITUTION. 


SECTION  II. 


THE      PRESIDENT 


The  duty  of  the  President  shall  be  to  preside  at 
all  the  meetings  of  the  Society  ;  to  keep  order ;  to 
state  the  business  lying  before  the  Society  ;  to  state 
and  put  questions,  which  shall  have  been  moved  and 
seconded,  and,  in  case  of  an  equal  division  on  any 
question,  to  give  the  casting  vote;  tocall  for  accounts 
and  reports  from  all  committees  ;  to  call  all  extra 
meetings  of  the  Society,  when  requested  so  to  do 
by  any  five  of  its  members,  and  generally  to  execute 
or  superintend  the  execution  of  such  By-Laws  and 
regulations,  as  the  Society  shall  from  time  to  time 
enact  or  adopt,  not  otherwise  provided  for. 


SECTI{3N  IIT. 


THE     VICE      PRESIDENTS, 


In  case  of  the  absence  of  the  President  from  any 
of  the  meetings  of  the  Society,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  senior  Vice  President  then  present,  to  take 
the  chair,  who  shall  for  the  time,  have  and  exercise 
all  the  authority,  privileges  and  power  of  the  Presi- 
dent ;  and  in  case  neither  the  President,  or  either 
of  the  Vice  Presidents  shall  be  present  at  any  meet- 
ing of  the  Society,  the  Society  shall  then  choose  viva 
voce,  a  President |?ro  tempore,  who  shall,  for  the  time, 
be  invested  with  all  the  power  and  authority  of  the 
President. 


CONSTITUTION.  J  J 

SECTION  IV. 

THE     TREASURER. 

The  Treasurer  shall  receive  for  the  use  of  the 
Society  all  sums  of  money  due  or  payable  thereto, 
and  shall  keep  and  disburse  the  same,  as  shall  be 
prescribed  from  time  to  time,  by  the  regulations  and 
By-Laws  of  the  Society. 

SECTION  V. 

THE     CORRESPONDING     SECRETARY. 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  shall  prepare  all 
letters  to  be  written  in  the  name  of  the  Society, 
and  conduct  its  correspondence.  He  shall  receive 
and  read  all  letters  and  papers  addressed  to  the  So- 
ciety, and  shall  dispose  of  them  in  such  manner  as 
shall  be  prescribed  by  the  By-Laws,  or  directed  by 
the  Society.  He  shall  inform  members,  when  ad- 
mitted, of  their  election  and  furnish  them  with  a  di- 
ploma. In  the  absence  of  the  Corresponding  Sec- 
retary, the  Recording  Secretary  shall  perform  his 
duties  under  the  direction  of  the  President. 


SECTION  VI. 

THE       RECORDING       SECRETARY. 

The  Recording  Secretary  shall  keep  the    minutej 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  Society,  and  shall  regulai 


12  CONSTITUTION. 

\y  record  the  same  in  a  book  to  be  provided  and  kept 
for  that  purpose,  and  prepare  and  give  notice  of  all 
meetings  of  the  Society.  In  the  absence  of  the  Re- 
cording Secretary,  the  Corresponding  Secretary  shall 
perform  his  duties.  And  in  the  absence  of  both  sec- 
retaries the  President  shall  appoint  either  a  Corres- 
ponding, or  Recording  Secretary,  or  both,  jjro  tem- 
pore. 

SECTION  VII. 

THE   ELECTION  OF  MEMBERS. 

All  elections  of  members  of  this  Society  shall  be 
by  ballot.  Candidates  for  admission  may  be  propo- 
sed and  balloted  for  at  any  meeting  of  the  Society 
regularly  notified. 

SECTION  VIII. 

ANNUAL      ASSESSMENT. 

Whensoever  any  member  shall,  after  notice,  ne- 
glect for  the  space  of  three  years  to  pay  his  annual  as- 
sessment, his  connexion  with  the  Society  shall  cease; 
and  any  member  may  at  any  time  withdraw  from  the 
Society,  on  notice  given  to  any  officer  of  the  Society, 
and  paying  to  him  the  amount  for  which  he  is 
liable,  but  he  shall  be  responsible  for  the  annual  as- 
sessments up  to  the  period  of  such  notice. 

SECTION  IX. 

THE     ANNIVERSARY. 

The  Anniversary  of  the  Society  shall  be  observed 
m  the  fust  Saturday  of  October  in  each  year. 


CONSTITUTION.  13 


SECTION  X. 


THE     STATED      MEETINGS 


The  stated  meetings  of  the  Society  shall  be  held 
on  the  first  Saturday  of  March,  of  June,  of  Septem- 
ber, and  of  December,  at  such  time  and  place  as 
shall  be  directed  by  the  Society.  And  such  number 
of  members  as  shall  from  time  to  time  be  prescribed 
by  the  By-Laws,  shall  form  a  quorum  for  the  trans- 
action of  business. 


SECTION  XI. 

AMENDMENTS     TO     THE      CONSTITUTION,      HOW     MADE. 

This  Constitution  may  be  amended  in  manner  fol- 
lowing. Any  amendment,  or  amendments,  thereto 
may  be  proposed  at  any  stated  meeting  of  the  So- 
ciety. They  shall  be  entered  on  the  minutes,  and 
the  President  shall  read,  or  direct  them  to  be  read 
by  the  Secretary,  and  stated  for  discussion  at  the 
next  stated  meeting  of  the  Society,  and  if  a  ma- 
jority of  the  members  present,  shall  vote  in  favor  of 
adopting  them,  they  shall  be  recorded  as  part  of  the 
Constitution. 


'//.• 

.h^^ 


H     ^     o    a     ^     "^ 


ARTICLE  1. 

NO  TICS     OF     ELCTIONS 


At  least  ten  days  notice  shall  be  given  by  the  Re- 
cording Secretary,  of  every  annual  election,  by  pub- 
lishing the  same  in  not  more  than  three  newspapers 
printed  in  this  city.  The  notice  shall  specify  partic- 
ularly the  time  and  place,  when  and  where  the  said 
election  is  to  be  held,  and  the  different  officers  to  be 
voted  for.  And  unless  thirteen  members  at  least 
shall  attend  on  the  first  Saturday  in  October,  and 
give  in  their  votes,  the  President  or  presiding  officer 
shall  adjourn  the  said  election  to  some  convenient 
day,  prior  to  the  next  stated  meeting  of  the  society, 
of  which  adjourned  election  the  like  notice  shall  be 
given,  as  of  the  regular  annual  election,  and  the  elec- 
tion shall  then  proceed,  whatever  may  be  the  number 
of  members  present. 

ARTICLE  II. 

THE       CHOICE     OF      STANDING      COMMITTEES. 

There  shall  be  chosen  by  ballot  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing the  following  standing  committees,  viz  : — an  Ex- 


^ 


16  BY-LAWS. 

ecutive  Committee,  of  five  members  ;  a  Committee 
on  Trees  and  Fruits,  of  eleven  members ;  a  Com- 
mittee on  Products  of  Kitchen  Gardens,  of  seven 
members  ;  a  Committee  on  Flowers  and  Shrubs,  of 
seven  members  ;  a  Committee  on  the  Library,  of 
five  members  and  one  Librarian  ;  a  Committee  on 
Finance,  of  three  members  ;  a  Committee  on  Sy- 
nonyms, of  four  members,  and  such  other  Commit- 
tees as  may  from  time  to  time  be  deemed  expedient, 

ARTICLE  III. 

DUTIES    OF     TREASURER. 

The  Treasurer  shall  keep  regular  accounts  of  all 
sums  of  money  received  and  disbursed  by  him  on 
account  of  the  Society.  All  payments  shall  be 
made  by  order  of  the  Society,  or  of  the  Committes 
of  Finance.  The  accounts  of  the  Treasurer  shall 
be  audited  annually  by  a  Committee  of  the  Society, 
who  shall  report  at  the  Anniversary  Meeting  the  bal- 
ance in  the  Treasurer's  hands,  and  the  general  state 
of  the  funds  of  the  Society. 

ARTICLE   IV. 

THE     COUNCIL. 

The  Council  shall  consist  of  not  more  than  twenly- 
four,  besides  the  officers  of  the  Society,  who  shall 
be  members  ex  officio  —  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
supervise   the  general  interest  of  the    Society,   and 


BV-LAWS.  17 

suggest  such  measures  for  its  adoption  as  may  be 
calculated  to  promote  its  welfare,  and  which  may  be 
acted  upon  at  any  meeting  of  the  Society  legally 
notified. 

ARTICLE  V. 

THE     OBJECT      AND      DISTRIBUTION      OF      PREMIUMS. 

Premiums  or  gratuities  may  be  awarded  to  such 
persons  as  shall  have  essentially  advanced  the  objects 
of  the  Society,  or  for  the  exhibition  to  the  Society 
of  any  fruits,  vegetables  or  plants  of  their  growth  or 
cultivation,  and  either  new  in  their  kind,  or  of  un- 
common excellence  as  to  quality,  or  for  any  new  and 
successful  method  of  cultivating  any  kind  of  escu- 
lent vegetables,  fruits,  ornamental  flowers,  shrubs  or 
trees,  or  any  other  subjects  connected  with  horticul- 
ture— Provided,  that  seeds,  cuttings,  scions  or  plants, 
as  the  case  may  be  —  or  the  fruits,  vegetables  or 
plants  shall  have  been  given  to  the  Society  for  dis- 
tribution and  have  been  exhibited  at  some  of  the 
meetings  of  the  Society  ;  and  provided  also,  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  do  report  that  it  is  expedient  to 
award  such  premium  or  gratuity. 

ARTICLE  VL 

EACH      MEMBER     TO      HAVE     COPY      OF     CONSTITUTION,       ETC. 

Every  member,  at  the  time  of  his  admission,  shall 
be  presented  by  the  Recording  Secretary  with  a 
printed  copy  of  the  Charter,  Constitution  and  By- 
Laws  of  the  Society. 


1°  BY-j.AUS. 


ARTICLE  VII. 

FEE    or    A  n  .-M  1  s  .s  I  o  N  , 

Each  member,  before  he  receives  his  certificate  or 
takes  his  seat,  shall  pay  the  sum  ol  five  dollars. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

THE     ANNUAL     CONTRIBUTION. 

The  Annnal  Contribution  shall  be  payable  at  the 
time  of  his  election  ;  but  any  member  of  the  Soci- 
ety may  at  any  time  compound  for  his  future  con- 
tributions by  the  payment  of  fifteen  dollars. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

THE      CONSEQUENCES      OF      NOT      PAYING      CONTRIBUTIONS. 

No  member  of  the  Society  shall  be  entitled  to  re- 
ceive any  publication  of  the  Society,  or  to  vote  at 
any  election  or  meeting  of  the  Society,  or  be  eligible 
to  any  office  therein,  who  has  for  more  than  three 
years  omitted  to  pay  his  annual  contribution.  And 
if  his  contribution  shall  at  any  time  be  in  arrears  for 
more  than  that  time  he  may  be  ejected  from  the  So- 
ciety, by  the  votes  of  two  thirds  of  the  members 
present,  at  any  stated  meeting. 

ARTICLE  X. 

THE      ADMISSION      OF      EVERY      MEMBER      TO      BE      RECORDED. 

The  election  and  admission  of  every  member,  with 
the  time  thereof,  shall  be  recorded,  and  the  Record- 
ing Secretary  shall  issue  notice  to  each  person  elect- 


dL 


19 


ed  of  his  election,  and  shall  also  notil'j  the  Treasurer 
of  the  fact. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

Q  U  O  H   U  M   . 

Six  members,  exclusive  of  the  President  or  presi- 
ding officer,  shall  be  a  quorum  for  transaction  of 
business. 

ARTICLE  XIL 

DIPLOMAS     TO      BE     FURNISHED. 

There  shall  be  transmitted  to  each  honorary  mem- 
ber, and  to  each  corresponding  member,  as  soon  as 
may  be  after  his  election,  a  diploma  or  certificate  of 
his  election,  under  the  seal  of  the  Society,  signed  by 
the  President,  and  countersigned  by  the  Secretary. 

ARTICLE  XIH. 

PRACTICAL      GARDENERS     JIAY    BE      AD   51  IT  TED      AS      MEBIBEES. 

Any  person  exercising  the  trade  or  profession  of  a 
gardener,  who  shall  have  received  any  reward  from 
the  Society,  or  who  shall  have  communicated  a  pa- 
per, which  shall  have  been  read  at  a  general  meeting 
of  the  Society,  and  which  shall  be  deemed  worthy  of 
publication,  or  who  may  be  recommended  by  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee,  may  be  admitted  a  member  of 
the  Society,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  privileges 
and  benefits  of  a  member  upon  the  payment  of  two 
dollars  for  his  admission  fee,  and  one  dollar  in  each 
year  for  his  contribution,  instead  of  the  fee  and 
annual  contribution,  as  before  provided  for. 


M 


20 


ARTICLE  XIV. 

LECTUBERS. 


Lecturers  on  Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology, 
on  f'ntomology,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  Horticulture, 
and  on  Horticultural  Chemistry,  shall  be  elected  at 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  Society. 


ARTICLE  XV. 

OF      VOTING. 


Voting  by  proxy  shall  not  be  admitted  at  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Society. 

ARTICLE   XVL 

DUTIES      OF     STANDING      COMMITTEES. 

The  Committee  on  Fruit  Trees  and  Fruits  shall 
have  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  multiplica- 
tion of  fruit  trees  and  vines,  by  seed,  scions,  buds, 
layers,  suckers,  or  other  modes  ;  the  introduction  of 
new  varieties  ;  the  various  methods  of  pruning  and 
training  them,  and  whatever  relates  to  their  culture, 
and  that  of  all  other  fruits  ;  the  recommendation  of 
objects  for  premiums  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

The  Committee  on  the  Culture  and  Products  of 
the  Kitchen  Garden,  shall  have  charge  of  whatever 
relates  to  the  location  and  management  of  Kitchen 
Gardens  ;  the  cultivation  of  all  plants  appertaining 
therc^to ;  the  introduction  of  new  varieties  of  escu- 
lent, medicinal,  and  all  such  vegetables  as  are  useful 


21 


in  the  arts,  or  subservient  to  the  other  branches  of 
national  industry  ;  the  structure  and  management  of 
hot-beds,  and  the  recommendation  to  the  Executive 
Committee  of  objects  for  premiums. 

The  Committee  on  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubs, 
Flowers,  and  Green-Houses,  shall  have  charge  of 
whatever  relates  to  the  culture,  multiplication,  and 
preservation  of  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  and 
flowers  of  all  kinds  ;  the  construction  and  manage- 
ment of  green-houses,  and  the  recommendation 
to  the  Executive  Committee  of  objects  for  premi- 
ums. 

The  Committee  on  the  Library  shall  have  charge 
of  all  books,  drawings,  and  engravings,  and  to  recom- 
mend from  time  to  time  such  as  it  may  be  deemed 
expedient  to  procure  ;  to  superintend  the  publication 
of  such  communications  and  papers  as  may  be  di- 
rected by  the  Society  ;  to  recommend,  as  before  pro- 
vided, premiums  for  drawings  of  fruits  and  flowers, 
and  plans  of  country  houses,  and  other  edifices  and 
structures  connected  with  horticulture  ;  and  for  com- 
munications on  any  subject  in  relation  thereto;  may 
annually  appoint  a  Librarian ;  and  shall  also  adopt 
and  enforce  the  following  regulations  for  the  Library 
and  Cabinet,  viz  : — 

ARTICLE    I. 

All  books,  man iiscri[)ts,  drawings,  engravings,  paintings,  tnodels  and 
other  articles  belonging  to  the  Society  shall  be  confided  to  the  special 
care  of  the  Committee  on  the  Library,  which  shall  make  a  report  at 
the  annual  meeting  on  the  first  Satnrday  of  October,  of  their  condi- 
tion, and  what  measures  may  be  necessary  for  their  preservation  and 
auffinentation. 


i 


22 


ARTICLE    II. 

Tliore  sliall  be  [jrocureil  proper  cases  and  cabinets  for  the  books 
and  all  other  article?,  in  which  they  shall  be  arranged,  in  such  a  man- 
ner, as  the  Committee  on  the  Library  may  direct. 

ARTICLE    HI. 

All  additions  to  the  collection  of  books  and  other  articles  shall  be 
placed  upon  the  table,  in  the  Hall  of  the  Society,  fur  exhibition  for 
one  week,  and  as  much  longer  as  the  Library  Committee  may  deem 
expedient,  previous  to  their  being  arranged  in  their  appropriate  situ- 
ations, 

ARTICLE  IV. 

The  following  books  of  record  shall  be  kept  in  the  Hall  of  the 
Society. 

Number  1.  To  contain  a  Catalogue  of  the  Books. 

"        2.  To   contain  a  Catalogue  of  the  Manuscripts. 

"        3.  To  contain  an  account  of  the  drawings,  engravings, 

paintings,  models,  and  all  other  articles. 
"        4.  The  register  of  books  loaned. 

ARTICLE  v. 
When  any  book,  or  any  other  article  shall  be  presented   to  the  So- 
ciety, the  name  of  the  donor  shall  be  inserted  in  the  appropriate  re- 
cord book,  and  the  time  it  was  received. 

ARTICLE    VI. 

Every  book  and  article  shall  have  a  number  affixed  to  it,  in  the  or- 
der in  which  they  are  arranged  in  the  several  books  of  record. 

ARTICLE    VII. 

When  any  new  book  is  received,  it  sliall  be  withheld  from  circula- 
tion at  least  one  week  ;  and  very  rare  and  costly  works  shall  not 
be  taken  from  the  Hall  without  the  permission  of  the  Library  Com- 
mittee. 

ARTICLE    VIII. 

Not  m  )re  than  two  volumes  shall  be  taken  out  by  any  member,  at 
one  time,  or  retained  longer  than  two  v,  ceks  ;  niid  every  person  shall 


BY  L.-^WS.  23 

be  subject  to  a  fine  of  ten  cents  a  week   for  every   volume  retained 
beyond  tliat  time. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

Every  book  shall  be  returned  in  good  order,  regard  being  had  to 
the  necessary  wear  thereof,  with  proper  usage  ;  and  if  any  book  shall 
be  lost  or  injured,  the  person  to  whom  it  stands  charged  shall  replace 
it  by  a  new  volume  or  set,  if  it  belonged  to  a  set,  or  pay  the  current  price 
of  the  volume  or  set,  and  thereupon  the  remainder  of  the  set,  if  the 
volume  belong  to  a  set,  shall  be  delivered  to  the  person  so  paying  for 
the  same. 

ARTICLE    X. 

All  books  shall  be  returned  to  the  Hall  for  examination  on  or  before 
the  first  Saturday  of  September,  annually,  and  remain  until  after  the 
third  Saturday  of  said  month  ;  and  every  person  then  having  one  or 
more  books,  and  neglecting  to  return  the  same,  as  herein  required, 
shall  pay  a  fine  of  one  dollar  ;  and  if,  at  the  expiration  of  one  month 
after  the  third  Saturday  of  September,  any  book  has  not  been  return- 
ed, which  was  taken  out  previous  to  the  annual  examination  of  the 
Library,  the  person  to  whom  it  stands  charged,  shall  be  required  to 
return  the  same,  and  if,  after  such  request,  it  is  not  placed  in  the  Hall 
within  two  weeks,  he  shall  be  liable  to  pay  therefor,  in  the  manner 
prescribed  in  the  ninth  article. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

No  member  shall  loan  a  book  to  any  other  person,  under  the  penal- 
ty of  a  fine  of  one  dollar. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

When  a  written  request  shall  be  left  at  the  Hall  for  a  particular 
book,  then  out,  it  shall  be  retained  for  the  person  requiring  it,  for  two 
days  after  it  shall  have  been  returned. 

The  Committee  on  the  Synonjmesof  Fruits  shall 
facilitate  an  interchange  of  fruits  with  the  Philadel- 
phia, New  York,  and  Albany  Horticultural  Socie- 
ties, and  others,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  their 
sjnonymes. 


24  BY-LA  U'S. 

ARTICLE   XVII. 

ME  SI   BEES      RESIDING     AT     A      DISTANCE. 

Members  of  the  Society,  residing  more  than 
twenty  miles  from  the  city  of  Boston,  shall  be  ex- 
empt from  the  annual  assessment,  provided  they 
have  paid  the  fee  of  admission  and  one  general  as- 
sessment. 


AN 

ADDRESS 

DELIVERED  BEFORE  THE 

MASSACHUSETTS    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY, 

ON    THE  ^"^ 

CELEBRATION  OF  THEIR  FIRST  ANNIVERSARY, 

SEPTEMBER  19,  1829. 


BY  H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN. 


Man  hath  his  daily  work  of  body,  or  mind 

Appointed,  which  declares  his  dignity. 

And  the  regard  of  heaven  on  all  iSs  ways.    Milton. 


SECOND    EDITION. 


BOSTON: 

PRINTED    BY    J.    T.    BUCKINGHAM. 

M  DCCC  XXXIII. 


A 


ADDRESS. 


Gentlemen  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society, — 

The  history  of  Horticulture  is  co-extensive  with 
that  of  the  human  race.  The  first  movement  to- 
wards civilization  is  evinced,  in  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil ;  and  a  garden  is  the  incipient  type  of  extended 
agriculture,  and  of  flourishing  empires  ;  the  wild  and 
erratic  pursuits  of  the  savage  are  exchanged  for  the 
local  and  quiet  avocations  of  the  husbandman  ;  the 
arts  and  sciences  are  gradually  developed,  and  ren- 
dered subservient  to  the  wants  of  society  :  but  in  the 
progress  of  intelligence  and  refinement,  those  which 
were  earliest  called  into  existence,  although  expanded 
and  rendered  universal,  to  meet  the  demands  of  an  in- 
creased, and  condensed  population,  are  the  last  which 
are  perfectly  matured.  All  the  others  must,  previ- 
ously, have  approximated  towards  perfection.  It  is 
then,  that  the  grand  results  of  their  united  applica- 
tion are  manifested,  in  the  variety,  number,  utility, 
and  beauty  of  the  products  of  rural  industry  ;  and  that 
the  conveniences,  comforts,  and  enjoyments  of  life 
are  fully  realized,  by  the  triumphant  labors  of  the 
accomplished  horticulturalist. 

The  imperious  demands  of  man  are  food,  raiment, 
and  shelter.     These  are   furnished  by  the  harvests, 


4 

herds,  and  flocks  of  agriculture,  and  the  toils  of  the 
mechanic.  As  riches  are  multiplied,  and  ambition 
excited,  they  are  rendered  conspicuous  in  the  splen- 
dor of  apparel,  the  magnificence  of  mansions,  and  the 
sumptuousness  of  furniture.  The  embellishments  of 
letters,  and  the  discoveries  of  science  gradually  claim 
attention,  and  operating,  alternately,  as  cause  and 
effect,  accelerate  the  progress  of  nations,  in  the  ca- 
reer of  prosperity,  power,  and  glory  ; — legislation, 
jurisprudence,  and  statistics,  become  subjects  of  pro- 
found study,  and  the  deepest  interest ; — the  honorable 
profession  of  arms,  in  the  field  and  on  the  ocean,  ob- 
tains precedence  among  the  active,  and  aspiring,  over 
the  less  alluring  and  unostentatious  vocations  of  civil 
life  ;  while  music,  poetry,  eloquence,  painting,  sculp- 
ture and  architecture  have  their  votaries,  and  com- 
petitors, for  the  prize  of  distinction  and  immortality ; 
but  it  is  not  until  after  all  these  various  objects  of 
immediate  interest,  or  of  contingent  and  associated 
importance,  have  been  zealously  pursued  and  success- 
fully attained,  that  horticulture  unfolds  her  endearing 
attributes  and  exalted  beauties.  She  forms  the  wreath 
which  crowns  the  monument  of  an  empire's  greatness, 
and  takes  rank  among  the  number,  and  becomes  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  fine  arts. 

The  mighty  kingdoms  of  antiquity  were  conspicu- 
ous for  their  martial  achievements,  wealth,  and  ex- 
tended domination, — for  the  intellectual  attainments 
of  their  inhabitants,  and  most  of  the  embellishments 
which  gave  them  lustre,  and  renown,  in  the  imposing 
•march  towards  national  grandeur,  before  the  genius  of 
horticulture  was  successfully  invoked.     Egypt,  the 


cradle  of  civilization,  so  far  perfected  her  tillage,  that 
the  fertile  banks  of  the  Nile  were  adorned  by  a  suc- 
cession of  luxuriant  plantations,  from  the  cataract  of 
Syenna  to  the  marine  shores  of  the  Delta  ; — but  it 
was  after  Thebes,  with  its  hundred  brazen  gates,  had 
been  erected,  and  wliile  the  regal  cities  of  Memphis, 
Heljopolis  and  Tentjra,  were  rising  in  magnificence, 
and  the  stupendous  temples,  pyramids  and  obelisks 
of  her  mythology  became  the  wonders  of  the  n  orld. 

The  olive-crowned  hills,  extended  vales,  and  teem- 
ing plains  of  Palestine,  have  ever  been  celebrated  for 
the  beautiful  gardens  which  varied  and  enriched  the 
landscape, — indicating  the  effect  of  that  long  ances- 
tral residence  of  the  Israelites  within,  and  their  Juxta- 
position to  the  realm  of  the  Pharaohs  ;  but  it  was  not 
until  the  embattled  walls  and  holy  temple  of  Jeru- 
salem announced  the  resources  and  advancement, 
and  the  prophets  had  rebuked  the  extravagance  and 
luxurious  pleasujces  of  that  eternal  race.  The  queen 
of  the  East  "  had  heard  of  the  fame  of  Solomon," 
and  went  to  do  him  homage, — his  commercial  fleets 
of  Ezion-Geber  and  Tharshish,  brought  him  the  gold 
of  Ophir,  the  silver,  ivory,  spices,  and  precious  stones 
of  Africa  and  Asia, — the  kings  of  Tyre  and  Arabia 
were  his  tributaries,  and  princes  his  merchants,  ere 
he  "  made  orchards,"  "  delighted  to  dwell  in  gar- 
dens," or  planted  the  "  vineyard  of  Banlhamon." 

The  Assyrians  had  peopled  the  borders  of  the 
Tigris  and  Euphrates,  from  the  Persian  Gulf  to  the 
mountainous  regions  of  Ararat,  and  their  victorious 
princes  had  founded  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  before  we 
hear  of  the  expensive  gardens  of  Semiramis. 


6 

The  Persian  empire  had  extended  from  the  Indus 
to  the  Archipelago,  when  the  Paradise  of  Sardis  ex- 
cited the  astonishment  of  the  Spartan  General,  and 
Cyrus  mustered  the  Grecian  auxiliaries  in  the  garden 
of  Celfense. 

The  Greeks  had  repulsed  the  formidable  invasions 
of  Darius  and  Xerxes,  and  Athens  had  reached  the 
culminating  point  of  her  exaltation,  when  the  accom- 
plished and  gallant  Cimon  established  the  Academus, 
and  presented  it  to  his  fellow-citizens,  as  a  public 
garden.  Numerous  others  were  soon  planted  and 
decorated  Avith  temples,  porticos,  altars,  statues,  and 
triumphal  monuments ; — but  this  was  during  the 
polished  age  of  Pericles ; — when  Socrates  and  Plato 
taught  their  sublime  philosophy,  in  the  sacred  groves  ; 
— when  the  theatres  were  thronged  to  listen  to  the 
enrapturing  poetry  of  Euripides  and  Aristophanes  ; — 
when  the  genius  of  Phidias  was  displayed  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  incomparable  Parthenon,  and  sculp- 
turing the  statues  of  the  gods  ; — when  eloquence 
and  painting  had  reached  perfection,  and  history  was 
taught  by  Herodotus,  Thucydides.  and  Xenophon. 

Imperial  Rome  had  subjugated  the  w^orld,  and 
emulated  Greece  in  literatui'e,  science,  and  the  arts, 
when  the  superb  villas  of  Sallust,  Crassus,  Pompey, 
Caesar,  Mecasnas,  and  Agrippina  were  established, 
and  the  palaces  of  the  Emperors  were  environed  by 
magnificent  gardens. 

The  history  of  modern  nations  presents  similar  re- 
sults. Horticulture  had  lingered  in  the  rear  of  other 
pursuits,  until  the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  when  it  began  to  claim  the  attention  of  some 


of  the  most  illustrious  characters  of  England  ;  but  the 
origin,  establishment,  and  extension  of  the  present 
improved  style  of  gardening  are  of  recent  date.    "  Ba- 
con was  the  prophet,  Milton  the  herald,  and  Addison, 
Pope,  and  Kent  the  champions  of  true  taste."     The 
principles,  which  were  developed  in  their  writings, 
and  those  of  Shenstone,  the  Masons,  and  Wheatly, 
and  their  successful  application  in  the  examples  pro- 
duced by  the  taste  and  genius  of  Bridgeman,  Wright, 
Brown,  and  Eames,  soon  rendered  the  system  popu- 
lar, and,  gradually  extending   over    Europe,  it  ulti- 
mately reached  this  country.     Still,  gardening,  in  the 
broadest  signification  of  the  term,  did  not  receive  that 
distinguished   and   universal   consideration,   which   it 
merits,  until  the  establishment  of  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society,  which  constitutes  an  era  in  the  an- 
nals of  Great-Britain,  of  momentous  import.     It  has 
given  an  impetus  to  cultivation,  which   is  felt  in  the 
remotest  regions  of  the  globe.     The  noble  example 
has  been  followed  in  the  most  flourishing  kingdoms  of 
the  Eastern  continent,  and  many  similar  institutions 
have  been  founded  in  the  United  States.     An  interest 
has  thus  been  excited,  and  a  spirit  of  inquiry  awak- 
ened, which  cannot  fail  of  producing  highly  important 
results.     The  auspices  are  favorable,  and  the  period 
is  not  distant  when  these  associations  will  become 
the  foci  for  concentrating,  and  from  whence  will  be 
disseminated  the  horticultural  intelligence  and  prod- 
ucts of  every  clime. 

Notwithstanding  gardening  preceded,  it  was  ulti- 
mately surpassed,  by  agriculture,  for  a  long  succession 
6f  ages  ;  still,  when  prosecuted  with  the  lights  of  ex- 


Jiik^ 


8 

pcrience,  the  instructions  of  matured  theory,  and  the 
advantages  of  various  and  multiplied  examples,  horti- 
culture becomes  the  successful  rival  of  her  younger, 
yet  more  favored  sister,  and  finally  usurps  her  entire 
domain  ;  for,  "  that  field  is  best  cultivated,  which  as- 
sumes the  appearance  of  a  wide-extended  garden." 
It  was  this  learned  and  skillful  tillage,  which,  in  an- 
cient times,  maintained  the  dense  population,  that 
crowded  the  classic  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  the 
fertile  islands  of  Crete,  Cyprus,  and  Rhodes,  the  em- 
eralds which  spangle  the  ^Egean  sea,  and  realized  in 
Sicily  the  Hesperides  of  fabulous  poetry  ; — and  which, 
in  our  age,  is  so  conspicuous  in  China,  Holland,  por- 
tions of  France,  Germany,  Italy,  and  Switzerland,  and 
has  rendered  the  rural  economy  of  England  the  model 
of  all  countries. 

When  nations  first  emerge  from  a  state  of  barbar- 
ism, the  demands  for  food  and  clothing  offer  the  most 
powerful  inducements  for  agricultural  industry,  and 
the  coarsest  products  satisfy  the  general  consump- 
tion ;  but  as  manufactures  and  commerce  begin  to 
divide  the  labors  of  an  increasing  and  more  intelli- 
gent population,  and  the  accumulated  wealth  of  suc- 
cessful enterprise  creates  a  more  refined  taste,  and 
furnishes  the  means  of  gratification,  the  industrious 
cultivator  of  the  soil  is  encouraged  to  increase  the 
variety,  quantity,  delicacy  and  value  of  his  legumes, 
esculent  vegetables,  fruits  and  flowers,  until  his  rude 
fields  are  converted  into  gardens.  It  is  then  that 
horticulture  assumes  a  station,  which  commands,  not 
only  individual  interest,  but  governmental  considera- 
tion,  as   one   of    the   most    important   branches   of 


national  industry,  and  is  deemed  "vvoithj  of  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  state.  Such  is  its  present  elevated 
character ;  and  while  the  sovereigns,  princes,  and 
nobles  of  Europe  are  proud  to  enroll  their  names 
among  the  members  of  those  institutions,  which  have 
been  founded  for  the  rational  and  patriotic  purposes 
of  mutual  instruction,  and  the  diffusion  of  informa- 
tion on  all  the  branches  of  rural  economy,  we  must 
profit  by  the  experience  of  other  nations,  and  emulate 
the  honorable  examples  they  have  presented,  for  per- 
fecting the  tillage  of  our  native  land. 

The  co-operation  of  individuals,  by  the  means  of 
variously  organized  societies,  for  the  accomplishment 
of  objects  of  public  utility,  and  general,  local  or  pri- 
vate interest,  is  a  discovery  of  the  moderns,  and  has 
been  one  of  the  most  efficient  means  of  accelerating 
the  progress,  and  enlarging  the  bounds  of  knowledge. 
They  have  explored  the  vast  Herculaneum  of  antiq- 
uity for  those  treasures  of  intellect,  which  once  gave 
lustre  to  empires,  and  traced  the  history  of  the  inven- 
tions, discoveries  and  improvements  of  all  ages  ;  they 
have  collected  the  facts  of  isolated  research,  and  the 
valuable  results  of  private  experiment ;  they  have 
brought  to  light  the  labors  of  unobtrusive  genius,  ren- 
dered local  information  available  to  all,  and  concen- 
trated the  scattered  intelligence  of  nations,  in  every 
department  of  science  and  art.  With  the  facilities 
afforded  by  the  wonderful  art  of  printing,  they  are 
substitutes  for,  or  have  superseded  that  long-cherish- 
ed desideratum,  a  universal  languao;e  ;  for  whatever 
is  valuable,  merits  attention,  or  is  worthy  of  adop- 
tion, in  the  writings  of  the  ancients,  or  the  publica- 
2 


10 

tions  of  existing  nations,  is  speedily  acclimated  and 
rendered  as  familiar,  as  if  it  were  of  indigenous 
growth.  There  is  still  another  glorious  advantage 
in  these  institutions,  most  honorable  to  the  human 
race  ; — in  war,  as  well  as  in  peace,  their  names  be- 
come the  paroles  of  intercourse  between  the  republics 
of  letters,  of  science,  and  of  arts,  round  the  globe. 

Having  witnessed  the  happy  effects  of  associations, 
for  the  promotion  of  literature,  natural  history, 
physics,  agriculture,  the  mechanic,  economical  and 
fine  arts,  we  may  confidently  anticipate,  that  the 
same  salutary  influence  will  be  experienced,  in  the 
operations  of  horticulture,  by  the  harmonious  labors 
of  those  numerous  societies,  which  have  been  found- 
ed for  its  encouragement. 

The  literature,  history,  science,  art  and  practice  of 
gardening,  open  a  wide  field  for  study  and  inquiry, 
and  present  exhaustless  sources  of  pleasure,  instruc- 
tion and  wealth.  Blessed  is  the  man  who  partici- 
pates in  these  enjoyments.  They  are  not  too  hum- 
ble for  the  most  exalted,  or  beyond  the  reach  of  hon- 
est and  retiring  industry.  It  is  a  banquet  of  reason, 
at  which  wisdom  and  health  preside,  and  where  the 
amphictyons  of  genius  and  taste  revel,  in  the  unsa- 
tiating  luxuries  of  nature  and  intellect. 

The  holy  scriptures  teach  us,  that  the  Almighty 
sanctioned  the  peerless  beauties  and  refined  pleasures 
of  a  garden,  by  planting  that  of  Eden,  and  consecrat- 
ing it  as  a  terrestrial  paradise,  for  the  progenitors  of 
the  human  race.  The  Elysian  Fields  were  the 
heaven  of  heathen  mythology,  and  to  each  part  of 
their  prototypes,  on  earth,  was  assigned  a  tutelary 


11 

divinity.  The  promised  rewards  of  the  Mahomedan 
religion  are  the  perennial  felicities  of  celestial  gar- 
dens. 

The  bards,  scholars,  and  philosophers  of  the  classic 
ages,  have  transmitted  descriptions  of  the  picturesque 
plantations  of  the  ancients,  from  those  in  which  Ho- 
mer places  the  regal  palace  of  Alcinous  and  the  rustic 
dwelling  of  Laertes,  to  the  magnificent  villas  of  Pliny 
and  Lucullus. 

By  numerous  works  of  imagination  and  instruc- 
tion,— which  have  rendered  their  authors  illustrious, 
and  established  epochs  in  the  grand  cycle  of  events, 
since  the  revival  of  letters, — we  are  enabled  to  ascer- 
tain the  actual  state  of  cultivation,  to  perceive  the 
relative  estimation  in  which  it  has  been  held,  and  to 
appreciate  the  beneficial  consequences  of  progressive 
ameliorations,  from  the  first  humble  efforts  of  the 
anchorites  of  St.  Basil  and  St.  Benedict,  to  the 
splendid  developments  of  individual  enterprise  and 
public  patronage,  which  characterize  the  period  in 
which  we  live. 

The  scientific  relations  of  Horticulture  are  numer- 
ous, and  require  an  extensive  acquaintance  with  the 
various  branches  of  Natural  History  and  Physics. 
Botany,  Mineralogy,  Hydraulics,  Chemistry,  Archi- 
tecture, and  Mechanics  are  called  upon  to  furnish 
their  several  contributions ;  and  it  is  the  special 
province  of  the  artist,  to  render  them  subservient  to 
his  practical  operations,  by  a  judicious  application  of 
each  to  its  appropriate  purpose. 

In  this   pursuit,  as  in  all  others,  practice  has  bee 
too  long  estranged  from  scientific  theory.     Each  has 


.M 


12 

had  its  prol'essois  and  disciples,  but  without  any 
reciprocation  of  benefits,  or  scarcely  the  recognition 
of  affinity.  Science  was  cultivated  as  an  abstract 
mental  embellishment,  rather  than  to  facilitate  the 
labors  of  the  artist,  while  the  arts  have  been  prac- 
tised, unaided  by  the  instructions  of  science.  The 
latter  was  deemed  too  ctherial  and  sacred,  to  pass 
even  beyond  the  seclusions  of  philosophy,  save  in  a 
language  which  was  unintelligible  to  the  multitude  ; 
and  the  uninitiated  operator  accomplished  his  work, 
ignorant  that  he  was  successfully  performing  an 
experiment,  which  depended  on  established  theoret- 
ical principles,  as  the  scientific  was  incapable  of 
illustrating  the  correctness  of  his  theory,  by  actual 
experiment.  There  was  an  ostentatious  display  of 
intelligence  without  practical  utility,  while  the  useful, 
unaided  by  intelligence,  was  but  imperfectly  prac- 
tised. But  more  comprehensive  and  liberal  views 
are  now  entertained,  and  it  is  the  enlightened  policy 
of  modern  instruction,  to  effect  a  re-union  of  science 
and  art,  of  theory  and  practice.  We  behold  philoso- 
phy directing  the  labors  of  the  work-shop,  and  prac- 
tical mechanics  giving  instruction  in  the  halls  of 
science.  The  happy  consequences  of  this  moral 
revolution — its  exhilarating  influence  on  all  the  eco- 
nomical, as  well  as  the  ornamental  arts,  are  apparent, 
in  the  unparalleled  prosperity  of  those  nations,  which 
have  taken  the  lead  in  the  development  of  the  mind, 
the  encouragement  of  industry,  and  the  prudential 
management  of  their  natural  resources. 

Chemistry  has  taught  the  manufacturer  the  mode 
of  ascertaining  the  causes,  which  so  often  disappoint- 


!M 


13 

ed  his  hopes  of  successful  results, — has  enabled  him 
to  rectify  mistakes,  without  the  loss  of  materials, — 
to  discover  new  resources,  perfect  his  manipulations, 
improve  the  quality  of  his  products,  and  open  other 
avenues  to  wealth. 

The  mechanic  is  guided  by  a  knowledge  of  phys- 
ics ; — the  illustrations  of  science  have  enabled  the 
machinist  to  triumph  over  the  inertia  of  matter,  and 
to  give  it  such  an  infinitely  varied  combination  of 
movements,  that  they  appear  the  effects  of  viialii}' 
and  intelligence.  Who  can  behold  the  mysterious 
movements  of  the  steam-engine,  without  being  forci- 
bly impressed  with  the  idea,  that  it  acts  like  a  thing 
of  life, — that  it  is  some  huge  monster, — a  subdued 
Polyphemus,  who,  breathing  vapor,  and  smoke,  and 
fire,  labors,  in  agony  and  wrath,  obedient  to  the  will 
of  man.  Located  in  the  gorges  of  the  mountains,  it 
drains  subterranean  rivers,  from  the  profound  caverns 
of  the  miner  ;  and,  affixed  to  the  fleets  of  commerce 
and  of  war,  they  are  driven  triumphantly  through 
adverse  tides  and  storms,  like  roused  leviathans. 

The  unnatural  alienation  of  the  sciences  and  arts, 
which  so  long  retarded  every  other  branch  of  national 
industry,  had  the  same  deleterious  effect  on  tillage, 
which  was  also  doomed  to  encounter  other  difficul- 
ties, equally  if  not  more  discouraging.  It  was  too 
generally  considered  as  a  degrading  occupation,  and 
was  scarcely  ranked  among  the  pursuits  of  the  learn- 
ed and  affluent,  until  Lord  Bacon  and  the  erudite 
Evelyn  deemed  it  worthy  of  attention,  and  gave  it 
the  sanction  of  their  illustrious  names. 

The  first  English  treatise  on  rural  economy  was 


M. 


14 

Fitzherbert's  "  Book  of  Husbandry,"  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1634.  Tusser's  "  Five  Hundred  Points  of 
Husbandry,"  appeared  about  thirty  years  after,  and 
was  followed  by  Barnaby  Googe's  "  Whole  Art  of 
Husbandry,"  and  "  The  Jewel  Houses"  of  Sir  Hugh 
Piatt.  Early  in  the  eighteenth  century,  the  cele- 
brated treatise  of  Jethro  Tull  excited  much  attention, 
and  several  new  works  of  considerable  consequence 
were  announced  before  1764,  when  the  valuable 
publications  of  Arthur  Young,  Marshel,  and  of  nu- 
merous other  authors,  spread  a  knowledge  of  cultiva- 
tion, and  cherished  a  taste  for  rural  improvements 
throughout  Great-Britain,  which  has  rendered  that 
kingdom  as  distinguished  for  its  tillage,  as  for  its 
advancement  in  manufactures  and  commercial  enter- 
prise. Agriculture  has  covered  her  barren  heaths 
with  luxuriant  crops,  converted  her  pools  and  mo- 
rasses into  verdant  meadows,  and  clothed  her  bleak 
mountains  with  groves  of  forest  trees, — while  horti- 
culture is  rapidly  extending  her  beneficent  and  glad- 
some influence,  from  the  palace  to  the  cottage,  and 
adorning  the  precincts,  or  overspreading  the  entire 
regions  of  her  adventurous  precursor. 

After  the  immortal  Linnaeus  published  his  "  Sys- 
tem of  Nature,"  Botany  became  a  popular  science, 
and  its  numerous  votaries  produced  a  variety  of  inter- 
esting elementary  works,  which,  with  those  of  Mil- 
ler, Wheatly,  Abercrombie,  Hepton,  Price,  Maddock, 
Panty,  Sang,  Loudon,  and  Knight, — the  British 
Columella, — rapidly  diffused  intelligence  among  all 
classes  of  society.  A  passion  for  experiment  and 
ornamental  planting  was  thus  induced,  which  give 


15 

sufificient  promise,  that  what  had  been  figuratively 
expressed,  might  be,  ultimately,  realized,  and  the 
whole  island  become,  in  truth,  a  "  Garden." 

Architecture  claims  a  conspicuous  rank  among  the 
arts  which  are  subservient  to  rural  economy  ;  but  in 
the  United  States  it  cannot  be  expected,  that  indi- 
viduals should  indulge  that  natural  propensity  of 
man,  for  magnificent  edifices ;  still  their  establish- 
ments may  assume  the  beauties  of  a  refined  taste, 
and  be  made  to  harmonize  more  perfectly  with  the 
purposes  of  their  appropriation,  and  the  scenery  in 
which  they  are  embowered,  without  enhancing  the 
cost  of  construction.  The  error  has  not  been  merely 
that  of  negligence  in  the  plan,  indifference  as  to  loca- 
tion, and  a  disregard  of  all  the  characteristics  of  the 
various  orders  of  architecture  ;  but  in  the  heedless 
selection  of  materials,  an  ostentatious  extravagance 
in  the  size,  and  a  wasteful  exuberance  of  fancied 
embellishments. 

There  being  no  law  of  primogeniture  in  the  Amer- 
ican Republics,  estates  are  continually  subdivided, 
until  each  portion  is  so  reduced,  as  not  to  exceed  the 
means  of  general  occupancy  :  whatever  sums,  there- 
fore, are  lavished  on  a  country  residence,  beyond  the 
conveniences  and  comforts  usually  required  by  the 
great  mass  of  the  freeholders,  are  lost  to  the  heirs, 
and  often  prove  ruinous  to  the  aspiring  projector. 

We  admire  what  has  been  done  in  other  countries, 
and,  possessing  means  ample  as  the  actual  proprietor 
of  the  stately  edifice,  rashly  imitate  the  pleasing  ex- 
ample, without  reflecting,  that  what  we  behold,  has 
been  the  work  of  successive  heirs,  during  the  lapse  of 


16 

ages,  and  will  descend  with  increasing  grandeur  to 
countless  generations. 

If  stone  be  substituted  for  wood,  utility  and  neat- 
ness for  extent  and  fantastic  ornaments,  and  less  be 
expended  on  the  structures  and  more  in  improving 
the  grounds,  each  farm  would  be  rendered  intrinsic- 
ally more  valuable,  and  the  whole  country  would  as- 
sume that  flourishing,  picturesque,  and  delightful 
aspect,  which  so  emphatically  bespeaks  the  prosper- 
ity, intelligence,  and  happiness  of  a  people. 

The  natural  divisions  of  Horticulture  are  the  Kitch- 
en Garden,  Seminary,  Nursery,  Fruit  Trees  and 
Vines,  Flowers  and  Green  Houses,  the  Botanical  and 
Medical  Garden,  and  Landscape,  or  Picturesque  Gar- 
dening. 

Each  of  these  departments  require  to  be  separately 
considered  and  thoroughly  understood,  in  all  its  rami- 
fications, before  it  can  be  ably  managed,  or  all  so 
happily  arranged,  as  to  combine  utility  and  comfort 
with  ornament  and  recreation.  To  accomplish  this, 
on  a  large  scale,  and  in  the  best  manner,  artists  and 
scientific  professors  are  employed  in  Europe,  and  are 
much  required  in  this  country.  Hitherto  their  ser- 
vices have  been  generally  supplied  by  the  owners  of 
the  soil,  who,  as  amateurs,  have  devised  and  executed 
plans  of  improvement,  which  do  honor  to  their  taste 
and  skill,  and  encourage  the  hope,  that  these  lauda- 
ble examples  of  successful  cultivation,  will  have  a 
salutary  influence  throughout  the  Union. 

The  Kitchen  Garden  is  an  indispensable  appendage 
to  every  rural  establishment,  from  the  stately  mansion 
of  the  wealthy,  to  the  log  hut  of  the  adventurous 


,.&MI^ 


17 

pioneer,  on  the  borders  of  the  wilderness.  In  its 
rudest  and  most  simple  form,  it  is  the  nucleus,  and 
miniature  sample  of  all  others,  having  small  compart- 
ments of  the  products  of  each,  which  are  gradually 
extended,  until  the  whole  estate  combines  those 
infinitely  various  characteristics,  and  assumes  that 
imposing  aspect,  which  constitutes  what  is  graphically 
called  the  picturesque. 

The  details  of  each  grand  division  of  Horticulture 
cannot  be  embraced  within  the  range  of  such  general 
remarks,  as  propriety  seems  to  prescribe  for  an  occa- 
sion like  the  present.  They  are  to  be  sought  in  the 
works  of  the  learned,  and  rendered  familiar  by  pre- 
cedent and  progressive  experiments.  The  field  is 
ample,  and  requires  an  untiring  perseverance,  to  gather 
in  the  rich  harvest  of  instruction,  and  render  it  prac- 
tically available.  I'hat  this  may  be  achieved  in  the 
most  economical,  speedy,  effectual  and  satisfactory 
manner,  Horticultural  Associations  have  been  deemed 
indispensable.  They  excite  the  public  interest,  foster 
a  taste  for  the  useful  and  ornamental  branches  of 
culture,  and  stimulate  individual  exertion  ;  by  the 
distribution  of  entertaining  and  instructive  publica- 
tions,— by  a  correspondence  between  the  officers  and 
among  the  members  of  like  institutions, — by  the 
establishment  of  libraries, — by  premiums  for  rare, 
valuable,  beautiful,  early,  or  superior  products, — 
important  discoveries,  estimable  inventions,  excellence 
of  tillage,  and  meritorious  communications, — by  peri- 
odical meetings,  for  the  interchange  of  opinions  and 
mutual  instruction, — by  public  exhibitions, — and  by 
3 


18 

collecting  and  disseminating  seeds,  plants,  models  of 
implements,  and  information  on  all  subjects,  connect- 
ed with  the  theory  and  practice  of  gardening. 

Numerous  esculent  vegetables,  delicious  fruits, 
superb  flowers,  ornamental  shrubs  and  trees,  cereal, 
vulnerary,  and  medicinal  plants,  and  others  subservient 
to  the  arts,  manufactures,  and  public  economy,  both 
exotic  and  indigenous,  are  either  unknown  to  us,  or 
but  partially  cultivated.  Several  varieties,  which 
have  been  obtained  from  the  equatorial  regions,  and 
confined  to  the  shelter  and  warmth  of  green-houses, 
stoves  and  conservatories,  have  been  found  to  bear 
the  severities  of  a  boreal  winter,  even  when  first 
exposed,  or  have  been  gradually  acclimated ;  and 
many  are  annually  detected,  in  every  quarter  of  the 
globe,  which  deservedly  merit  naturalization  ;  and 
still,  what  numbers  are  "  born  to  blush  unseen,  and 
waste  their  fragrance  on  the  desert  air !" 

Most  of  our  common  fruits,  flowers,  and  oleraceous 
vegetables  were  collected  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
from  Egypt,  Asia,  and  other  distant  climes,  and  suc- 
cessively extending  over  Western  Europe,  finally 
reached  this  country.  But  so  gradual  was  their 
progress,  "  it  was  not  till  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 
that  any  salads,  carrots,  turnips,  cabbages,  or  other 
edible  roots  were  produced  in  England.  The  little 
of  these  vegetables  that  was  used,  was  imported  from 
Holland."  Fuller  observes,  that  "  Gardening  was 
first  brought  into  England,  for  profit,  about  the  com- 
mencement of  the  seventeenth  century,  before  which 
we  fetched  most  of  our  cherries  from  Holland,  apples 
from  France,  and  hardly  had  a  mess  of  rath-ripe  peas. 


19 

but  from  Holland,  which  were  dainties  for  ladies,  they 
came  so  far,  and  cost  so  dear." 

Peaches,  nectarines,  apricots,  plums,  pears,  cher- 
ries, strawberries,  melons,  and  grapes  were  luxuries, 
but  little  enjoyed  before  the  time  of  Charles  II.  who 
introduced  French  gardening  at  Hampton  Court, 
Carlton,  and  Marlborough,  and  built  the  first  hot  and 
ice  houses. 

At  this  period  Evelyn,  the  great  apostle  of  plant- 
ing, translated  "  The  Complete  Gardener,"  and  a 
Treatise  on  Orange  Trees  by  Quintinyne,  a  French 
author  of  great  merit ;  and  having  devoted  the  remain- 
der of  his  life  to  the  cultivation  of  his  rural  seat,  at 
Sayes  Court,  near  Deptford,  and  in  the  publication  of 
his  Sylva,  Kalendarium  Hortense,  Terra,  Pomona 
and  Acetaria,  he  "  first  taught  gardening  to  speak 
proper  English." 

The  Horticulture  of  France  had  hitherto  been  con- 
siderably in  advance  of  that  of  Great-Britain  ;  it  was 
soon,  however,  destined  to  be  surpassed  by  her  pow- 
erful rival  in  the  contest  for  national  grandeur  ;  but 
these  kingdoms  are  again  approximating  towards  an 
equality,  in  the  progress  of  tillage. 

In  the  literature  and  science  of  Gardening,  France 
has  produced  numerous  authors  of  celebrity,  and  sev- 
eral whose  works  have  not  been  superseded  by  those 
of  any  other  country.  The  publications  of  Du  Hamel, 
Thouin,  Buffon,  Gerardin,  D'Argenville,  Rosier,  Du 
Petit  Thours,  and  the  two  Jussieus  are  agronomic 
text-books  of  the  highest  repute. 

The  nursery  of   the  fathers  of   the    Chartreaux,*i 
established  by  Louis  XIV.  near  the  Luxembourg,  long 


20 

supplied  a  great  part  of  Europe  with  fruit  trees.  The 
Jardin  des  Plants,  in  Paris,  "  includes  departments 
which  may  be  considered  as  schools  for  horticulture, 
planting,  agriculture,  medical  botany,  and  general 
economy  ;"  and  there  can  be  no  question,  says  Lou- 
don, of  its  being  the  most  scientific  and  best  kept  in 
Europe. 

The  flower  garden  of  Malmaison,  the  botanical 
garden  of  Trianon,  and  numerous  nursery,  herb, 
medicinal,  experimental,  and  botanic  gardens,  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  kingdom,  are  pre-eminent  for  the 
variety,  number,  and  excellence  of  their  products,  and 
for  the  perfection  of  their  cultivation. 

Holland  has  been  di&tinguished,  since  the  period  of 
the  Crusades,  for  her  flower  gardens,  culinary  vegeta- 
bles, and  plantations  of  fruit  trees.  The  north  of 
Europe  and  this  country,  are  still  dependent  upon  her 
florists,  for  the  most  splendid  varieties  of  the  bulbous 
rooted  plants,  and  her  celebrated  nurseries,  which 
long  replenished  those  of  England,  have  been  recently 
enriched  by  the  acquisitions  of  Van  Mons  and  Du- 
quesne.  Several  of  the  new  kinds  of  fruits  produced 
by  those  indefatigable  experimentalists,  already  orna- 
ment our  gardens,  and,  with  the  excellent  varieties 
created  by  Knight,  promise  to  replace  those,  which 
have  either  become  extinct,  or  are  so  deteriorated  in 
quality,  as  to  discourage  their  farther  cultivation. 

This  method  of  hybridous  fructification  is  founded 
on  Linnaeus's  Sexual  System  of  Plants ;  but  the  ven- 
erable President  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society 
is  entitled  to  the  merit  of  having  first  practically 
availed  of  a  suggestion,  which  emanated   from  the 


21 

beautiful  theory  of  the  northern  Plmy.  On  the  Afri- 
can coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  a  custom,  based  on 
the  same  principles,  has  prevailed,  from  the  earlie&t 
ages,  in  the  cultivation  of  the  Date — that  "  Tree  of 
Life"  to  the  natives  of  those  sultry  regions.  The 
stamens  and  pistils  of  that  species  of  Palm  are  pro- 
duced on  different  trees,  and  those  which  afford  the 
former  being  relatively  quite  low,  it  is  necessary  to 
cut  off  the  blossoms  and  place  them,  by  means  of 
ladders,  over  those  of  the  female  trees,  which  are 
very  lofty.  If  this  is  not  done,  the  pollen  does  not 
reach  the  stigmas,  and  there  is  no  fruit.  This  prac- 
tice, however,  does  not  derogate  from  the  honor  due 
to  the  scientific  Knight,  to  whom  we  are  unquestion- 
ably indebted  for  that  valuable  discovery,  by  which 
new  varieties  of  every  species  of  fruit  and  flower 
may  be  infinitely  multiplied. 

Having  been  so  long  dependent  upon  our  trans- 
atlantic co-laborators,  it  now  becomes  a  duty,  to  at- 
tempt a  reciprocation  of  the  numerous  benefits  we 
have  received  ;  and,  by  emulating  their  zeal,  intelli- 
gence, and  experimental  industry,  we  must  develop 
the  resources  of  our  own  country,  which  offers  such 
an  extensive,  interesting,  and  prolific  field  of  research 
to  the  adventurous  naturalist.  Many  of  the  most  use- 
ful and  magnificent  acquisitions  of  the  groves,  fields, 
gardens,  and  conservatories  of  Europe,  are  natives  of 
the  Western  hemisphere.  The  indigenous  forest- 
trees,  ornamental  shrubs,  flowers,  fruits,  and  edible 
vegetables  of  North-America  are  remarkable  for  their 
variety,  size,  splendor,  and  value.  Extending  from 
the  Polar  regions  to  those  of  the  tropics,  and  from  the 


22 

shores  of  the  Atlantic  to  the  waves  of  the  Pacific,  this 
mightj  section  of  the  continent,  embraces  every  clime 
and  every  variety  of  soil,  teeming  with  innumerable 
specimens  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  in  all  the  luxu- 
riance of  their  primeval  and  unexplored  domains. 

Catesby,  Pursh,  Michaux,  Mulenburg,  Bigelow, 
Nuttall,  Eliot,  Torrey,  Golden,  Bartram,  Barton, 
Hosack,  Mitchell,  Darlington,  Ives,  Dewey,  Hitch- 
cock, and  Short,  have  rendered  themselves  illustrious, 
as  disciples  of  Botany,  by  traversing  our  immense 
forests,  mountains,  and  prairies,  and  exploring  the 
borders  of  our  mighty  rivers  and  lakes  in  quest  of 
additions  to  the  Flora  of  the  United  States. 

Peters,  Hosack,  Lowell,  Perkins,  McMahon,  Cox, 
Dean,  Thacher,  Adlum,  Powel,  and  Buel,  have,  by 
precept  and  example,  assiduously  fostered  a  taste  for 
cultivation,  and  successfully  promoted  developments, 
in  all  the  various  branches  of  rural  economy.  As 
pioneers  in  the  science  and  art  of  Agriculture  or  gar- 
dening, their  services  have  been  invaluable  ;  and 
while  most  of  them  still  live  to  behold  the  rapid  and 
extensive  progress  of  their  cherished  pursuits,  the  im- 
portant results  of  their  experiments,  and  the  gladden- 
ing influence  of  their  beneficent  labors,  their  names 
will  be  ever  held  in  grateful  remembrance,  as  distin- 
guished benefactors  of  their  country. 

Enlightened  by  their  instructions,  and  roused  by 
their  manly  enthusiasm,  let  us  zealously  imitate  their 
commendable  efforts,  and  endeavor  to  render  our  in- 
stitution as  beneficial,  in  its  practical  operations,  as 
it  is  cheering,  in  theoretical  promise. 


FIRST 
ANNIVERSARY  FESTIVAL 

OF    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


The  first  Anniversary  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  So- 
ciety was  held  on  Saturday  the  19th  Sept.  at  the  Exchange 
Coffee  House,  under  the  n)ost  promising  auspices,  and  in  a 
manner  truly  gratifying  to  its  friends.  The  dining-hall  was  very 
tastefully  ornamented  with  festoons  of  flowers  suspended  from 
the  chandeliers  ;  and  the  tables  were  loaded  with  orange  trees  in 
fruit  and  flower;  (from  Mr.  Lowell's  green-house;)  a  large 
variety  of  Mexican  Georginas  of  uncommon  size  and  beauty  ; 
(from  Air.  Pratt  and  others;)  a  splendid  collection  of  roses  and 
other  choice  flowers;  (from  Mr.  Aspinwall  of  Brookline  ;)  a 
fine  specimen  of  the  India  rubber  tree,  (from  Mr.  Belknap  of 
this  city,)  interspersed  with  large  boquets  of  beautiful  flowers, 
and  numerous  baskets  of  grapes,  peaches,  pears,  melons,  apples, 
&.C.  tfcc.  The  arrangement  of  the  decorations  was  made  by 
Mrs.  Z.  Cook,  Jr.  and  Misses  Downer,  Haven,  Tuttle,  and 
Cook,  of  Dorchester,  assisted  by  Mr.  Haggerston  of  Charles- 
town,  and  Messrs  Senior  and  Adamson  of  Roxbury. 

The  address  before  the  Society  and  others,  was  delivered  in 
the  picture  gallery  of  the  Athenaeum,  at  three  o'clock,  by  the 
President,  Gen.  Dearborn.  He  gave  an  interesting  and  com- 
prehensive view  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  Horticulture  ;  its 
various  branches  ;  its  effects  in  multiplying  and  enriching  the 
fruits  of  the  earth  ;  and  alluded  to  the  promoters  and  benefactors 
of  the  art  ;  to  the  formation  and  beneficial  labors  of  Horticultural 
Societies  ;  and  to  their  prospects  of  increasing  usefulness. 

Among  the  fruits  presented,  were  two  baskets  of  uncommonly 
fine  grapes  and  pears  from  Wm.  Dean  of  Salem  ;  a  basket  of 
superior  peaches  and  grajies  from  S.  G.  Perkins  of  Brookline  ; 
fine  fruits,  (including  a  single  bunch  of  grapes  weighing  three 
pounds,)  from  Mr.  Lowell  ;  a  basket  of  fine  sweet  water-grapes 


24 

and  peaches  from  Mr.  Fosdick  of  Charlestown ;  several  baskets 
of  white  Muscadine  grapes,  intermixed  with  the  Bartiett  pear 
and  Malaga  grape  from  Z.  Cook,  Jr.  of  Dorchester ;  superior 
black  grapes  from  E.  Breed  of  Charlestown ;  fine  grapes, 
peaches,  and  nectarines  from  Mrs.  T.  H.  Perkins  of  Brookline; 
a  basket  of  beautiful  nectarines  from  E.  Sharp  of  Dorchester;  a 
basket  of  peaches  and  nectarines  from  John  Breed  of  Chelsea  ; 
a  basket  of  choice  apples  and  pears  from  J.  Prince  of  Roxbury  ; 
two  large  baskets,  comprising  six  varieties  of  superior  melons 
from  T.  Brewer  of  Roxbury  ;  Bartiett  pears,  with  peaches  and 
nectarines  from  Enoch  Bartlett  of  Roxbury  ;  a  basket  of 
beautiful  Semiana  plums  fioin  John  Derby  of  Salem  ;  a  basket 
of  Black  Hamburg  and  Black  Cape  grapes,  large  peaches,  and 
100  kinds  of  ornamental  plants  from  Winship's  Nursery  at 
Brighton  ;  a  box  of  choice  apples  and  pears  from  Gorham 
Parsons  of  Brighton  ;  a  box  of  fine  fruits  from  Rev.  G.  B.  Perry 
of  Bradford  ;  several  varieties  of  fine  pears,  currant  wine,  six 
years  old,  and  raspberry  wine,  from  S.  Dow^ner  of  Dorchester  ; 
a  basket  of  fine  large  French  pears  from  John  Heard,  Jr.  of 
Watertown  ;  three  baskets  of  Fulton  pears,  and  a  fine  native 
autumnal  apple  from  John  Abbott  of  Brunswick,  Me.  ;  fine 
bunches  of  Black  Hamburg  grapes  from  Richard  Sullivan  of 
Brookline  ;  various  fruits  from  A.  D.  Williams  of  Roxbury  ;  a 
basket  of  fine  Black  Hamburg  and  Black  Cape  grapes  from  D. 
Haggerston's  Charlestown  Vineyard  ;  a  large  basket  of  melons 
from  H.  A.  Breed  of  Lynn  ;  Isabella  and  other  grapes  from  N. 
Seaver  of  Roxbury  ;  several  large  specimens  of  the  fruit  of  the 
egg  plant  from  N.  Davenport  of  Milton  ;  a  box  of  fine  Persian 
melons  from  C.  Oakley  of  New- York  ;  a  basket  of  large  peaches 
from  J.  Hastings  of  Cambridge;  a  basket  of  rare  peaches  from 
R.  Manning  of  Salem  ;  a  basket  of  the  new  Fulton  pear  from 
T.  Greenleaf  of  Quincy  ;  a  basket  of  various  fruits  from  Gen- 
eral Dearborn  of  Roxbury,  and  a  specimen  of  Isabella  wine, 
three  years  old,  from  Wm.  Prince  of  Long-Island  ;  a  basket  of 
Cushing  pears  from  Benj.  Thomas,  of  Hingham — a  delicious  fruit, 
first  brought  into  notice  by  the  exertions  of  the  Society. 

The  plants  were  furr)islied  by  Mr.  Lowell,  Mr.  Pratt,  by  the 
Botanic  Garden  at  Cambridge,  by  Mr.  Aspinwall  of  Brookline, 
Mr.  Leathe  of  Cambridge,  Mr.  Lemist  of  Roxbury,  Mr.  Hag- 
GERSTON  of  Charlestown,  Mr.  Prince  of  Jamaica  Plains,  Mr. 
Breed  of  Lynn,  Messrs.  Winships  of  Brighton,  and  many  other 
gentlemen  in  this  vicinity.  Mr.  Pratt's  splendid  collection  of 
Mexican  Georginas  was  unrivaled.  The  show  of  fruits  and 
flowers,  generally,  was  probably  never  surpassed  in  New-England. 
It  would  bei  unpleasant  to  make  any  invidious  comparisons,  where 
all  exhibited  such  satisfactory  specimens  ;  but,  in  the  opinion  of 
many,  the  grapes  of  Mr.  Cook  and   Mr.  Fosdick,  raised  in  the 


25 

open  air,  and  the  green-house  grapes  of  Messrs.  Dean,  Perkins, 
and  Sullivan,  deserved  particular  commendation. 

A  large  box  of  very  fine  peaches,  nectarines  and  pears,  sent  by 
Mr.  Wilson  of  New- York,  were  received  too  late  for  the  dinner, 
in  consequence  of  the  detention  of  the  steam-boat. 

The  Hall  of  the  Exchange  was  literally  crowded  with  visiters, 
from  twelve  to  two.  It  was  much  regretted  by  the  Committee  of 
Arrangements  that  a  larger  Hall  had  not  been  engaged  for  the 
occasion. 

At  four  o'clock,  the  Society,  with  their  friends  and  invited 
guests,  to  the  number  of  nearly  IGO,  sat  down  to  a  sumptuous 
dinner,  prepared  by  Messrs.  Johnson  &  Castlehouse,  when  the 
following  sentiments  were  drunk. 

REGULAR  TOASTS. 

1.  Hortiadtiire — That  rational  and  noble  art,  which  regales  and  delights 
nearly  all  the  senses ;  which  nourishes  a  generous  gratitude  to  the  Author 
of  all  blessings ;  and  enables  man  to  create  a  new  Eden  in  recompense  of 
that  which  his  first  ancestor  forfeited. 

2.  Human  Skill  and  EnUghtcned  Cultivation — They  have  changed  the 
Crab  to  the  Newton  Pippin — the  austere  Mazzard  to  th«  Tartarean  and 
Bio-arreau — the  Hog  peach  to  the  Noblesse  and  Vanguard. 

3.  That  art  which  makes  all  climates  one — which  mocks  at  local  distinc- 
tions, and  makes  the  tropics  tributary  to  the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  Hy- 
perborean regions — which  gives  even  to  Russia  the  Pine  Apple  and  the 
Mangostein. 

4.  Our  Native  Fruits— Ma.y  they  be  sought  out  with  care  and  judicious 
skill — one  Scckic  will  be  a  reward  for  ten  years'  research.  Nature  is  our 
best  preceptress,  and  where  she  points  we  may  safely  follow. 

5.  May  our  cultivators  be  distinguished  rather  by  their  deeds  than  their 
words.  Select  cautiously,  but  cultivate  liberally.  A  good  fruit  will  reward 
labor. 

6.  Let  us  encourage  a  taste  for  Flowers.  God  gave  them  to  us  for  our 
delight,  and  it  is  an  omen  of  a  cultivated  age  to  encourage  them.  They 
are  the  best  apparel  of  the  best  part  of  human  nature. 

7.  The  Curator  of  the  Cambridge  Garden,  Thomas  Nuttall— modest  and 
unpretending^ — few  men  have  done  more  for  American  Botany  than  he. 

8.  Jigriculture  and  Horticulture — Allied  Divinities,  who  cause  the  Desert 
to  teem  with  abundance,  and  the  "  Wilderness  to  blossom  like  the  Rose." 

9.  Gardening — In  all  its  degrees  and  diversities,  from  the  plat  of  culinary 
vegetables,  which  embosoms  the  cottage  of  economy,  to  the  paradise  of 
sweets  which  embowers  the  mansion  of  opulence. 

10.  The  Fair  Sex  and  Floriculture — 

Wliile  many  a  Fair,  in  youth  and  beauty's  sheen, 
Presides  the  Flora  of  the  Sylvan  srene, 
Full  many  a  flower  shall  boast  its  cultivator, 
Herself  the  fairest,  finest  flower  in  nature. 

11.  Historical  Facts — God  made  the  first  Garden — Cain  built  the  first 
City. 

12.  The  Feast  of  Reason — God  made  a  world  of  good  thing& — and  it  is. 
man's  duty,  as  well  as  his  privilege,  to  make  the  most  of  them. 

4 


26 

13.  The  Empire  of  Man — May  it  be  enlarged  by  fresh  acquisitions  from 
the  vegetable  kingdom.  Every  cultivated  plant  was  once  wild — may  every 
wild  plant,  capable  of  being  rendered  useful,  be  cultivated,  till  not  a  fruit 
or  a  flower  sliall  dissipate  its  fragrance,  nor  "  waste  its  sweetness  on  the 
desert  air." 

VOLUNTEERS. 

By  the  President,  Hon.  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn.  Intelligence  and  Industry — 
the  only  conservators  of  the  Republic. 

By  the  Hon.  Thomas  L.  Winthrop.  The  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society — the  intelligence  and  zeal  manifested  in  its  inlancy  are  sure  pre- 
sages of  its  future  usefulness  and  prosperity. 

By  the  Hon.  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  Mayor  of  the  City.  The  standard  prin- 
ciples wliich  our  fathers  planted  in  the  old  garden  of  Massachusetts — may 
the  taste  and  fashion,  introduced  from  the  old  world,  come  free  from  the 
canker-worm  and  rot. 

From  several  gentlemen  invited  and  expected,  letters  were  received,  ex- 
pressing their  respect  and  interest  in  regard  to  the  Society,  but  declining  to 
accept  the  invitation  to  attend  on  this  occasion.  Among  these  were  Mr. 
Lincoln,  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  J.  Q.  Adams,  Ex-President  of  the 
United  States,  Joseph  Story,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  John  Lowell,  Esq.  Sir  Isaac  Coffin,  Commodore  Morris,  Josiah 
QuiNCY,  President  of  Harvard  University,  Benjamin  Gorham,  M.  D.  and 
Gen.  Wadsworth,  of  New-York.  Judge  Story  sent  the  following  senti- 
ment : — 

The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  whose  excellence  is  proved  by 
the  best  of  maxims  ;  "  By  their  fruits  ye  shall  know  them." 

Mr.  Lowell  transmitted  the  following: — 

The  Horticultural  Society  of  Massachusetts — I  give  it  welcome,  as  the 
proper  means,  the  best  means,  the  only  means  of  concentrating,  the  individ- 
ual skill  of  our  excellent  and  intelligent  cultivators — May  its  success  equal 
my  hopes,  it  cannot  exceed  them. 

Sent  by  Jacob  Lorrillard,  Esq.  President  of  the  New- York  Horticul- 
tural Society  : — 

Massaclaisclts — A  trunk  whose  distinguished  branches  produce  good 
fruits  in  every  state  of  the  Union. 

Transmitted  by  Wm.  Prince,  Esq.  Vice-President  of  the  New-York 
Horticultural  Society,  and  a  generous  patron  of  the  Massachusetts  Horti- 
cultural Society : — 

The  State  of  Massachusetts — First  in  achieving  the  independence  of  our 
country,  and  foremost  in  developing  the  independence  of  her  soil. 

Transmitted  by  Wm.  Robert  Prince,  Esq.  of  the  New-York  Horticul- 
tural Society  : — 

The  Spirit  of  Horticulture — Which  strews  our  paths  with  the  sweets  of 
Flora,  and  loads  our  tables  with  the  offerings  of  Pomona. 

Bjj  Dr.  Bigelow,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Society.  In  allusion  to  a 
sentiment  expressed  by  the  President,  in  his  Address  : — 

That  department  of  the  Horticulturist,  in  which  all  citizens  are  interest- 
ed, the  Seminary. 

By  Mr.  Emmons,  Recording  Secretary.  Horticulture — The  first  employ- 
ment of  man  ;  may  every  day's  experience  convince  him  that  it  is  the  best. 

By  the  Hon.  Daniel  Webster,  a.  member  of  the  Societi/,  accompanied  by 
some  pertinent  introductory  remarks  upon  the  high  professional  character 
and  useful  life  of  Mr.  Lowell.  The  Hon.  John  Lowell — The  uniform 
friend  of  all  sorts  of  rural  economy. 


27 

By  Rev.  F.  W.  P.  Greemcood.  The  cultivation  of  the  eartli,  the  mind 
and  tlie  heart — May  they  advance  among  us  rapidly  and  simultaneously, 
till  our  whole  country  blooms  like  Eden. 

Bij  John  C.  Gray,  Esq.  2d  Jlcc-Prcsldcnt.  The  art  of  Horticulture, 
which  furnishes  us  with  delicious  but  wholesome  luxuries,  and  with  cheap 
but  splendid  ornaments  ;  May  it  never  want  encouragement  in  a  Repub- 
lican and  economical  country. 

By  Enoch  Bartlett,  Esq.  3d  Vice-President.  Agriculture,  Horticulture, 
and  all  other  cultures  which  ameliorate  the  condition  of  man. 

By  a  generous  Patron  of  the  Society.  The  United  States — May  their  por- 
tion of  the  earth  never  be  "  subdued,"  but  by  the  musket  turned  into  the 
ploughshare,  and  the  sword  into  the  pruning-hook. 

By  H.  J.  Finn.  The  Heraldry  of  English  Horticulture.  Great-Britain 
may  be  pi^ud  of  her  privilege  to  confer  titles  of  nobility,  but  Nature  be- 
stowed a  higher  honor  on  its  peerage,  when  she  created  a  Knight. 

By  Thomas  Green  Fessendcn,  Esq.  Editor  of  the  Xew-EngJand  Farmer. 
The  greatest  good  of  the  greatest  number.  The  whole  world  a  garden, 
hands  enough  to  cultivate  it,  and  mouths  enough  to  consume  its  produc- 
tions. 

By  a  Guest.  The  rising  generation  ;  May  these  twigs  be  so  trained  as  to 
need  but  little  trimming,  become  va\aable  staridurds,  produce  fruits  worthy 
a  premium,  and  receive  prizes  at  the  great  final  exMbition. 

By  a  Guest.  Thomas  A.  Knight,  Esq.,  President  of  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society  ;  the  Genius  and  Philanthropist  in  the  science  of  Horticul- 
ture. 

By  Hon.  Oliver  Fishe,  of  Worcester.  Horticulture,  the  best  substitute  to 
our  progenitors  for  their  loss  of  Paradise,  and  the  best  solace  to  their  pos- 
terity for  the  miseries  they  entailed. 

By  George  Kent,  Esq.  of  JV.  II.  The  fruits  and  flowers  this  day  e.xhibit- 
ed.  A  splendid  exemplification  of  the  industry  and  enterprise  of  the  intel- 
ligent founders  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  "  If  such 
things  are  done  in  the  green  tree,  what  will  be  done  in  the  dry?" 

By  a  Guest.  Horticulture — The  first  occupation  instituted  for  man  :  to 
him  was  given  "  every  herb,  and  every  tree  upon  the  face  of  the  earth." 

By  John  Prince,  Esq.  of  Salem.  The  wedding  we  this  day  celebrate, 
the  union  of  hearty  culture  and  horticulture.  May  the  pair  be  ever  held  at? 
choice  as  the  apple  of  our  eye. 

By  the  Editor  of  the  Boston  Courier.     Hon.  Daniel  Webster — 

Jleii  are  the  growth  our  frozen  realms  supply, 
And  iojtZs  are  ripened  in  our  northern  sky. 

By  D.  L.  Child,  Esq.  Editor  of  the  Massachusetts  Journal.  The  Ladies  — 
They  are  like  "  the  lilies  of  the  field,  which  toil  not,  neither  spin  ;  and  yet 
Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed  as  one  of  these."  No  wonder 
then,  that  we  have  such  a  profuse  display  of  coxcombs  and  marigolds. 

By  the  same.  The  farmers  of  Massachusetts  ;  success  to  their  efforts  to 
extirpate  the  worst  enemy  of  their  mowing  lands,  the  Can-a-day  thistle. 

By  J.  Thornton  Mams,  E.fq.  Editor  of  the  Ccntinel.  Agriculture  and 
Horticulture.  Fields  of  action  and  ambition  as  extensive  as  the  soil  of  our 
country. 

By  Kathan  Hale,  Esq.  Editor  of  the  Boston  Daily  Mvertiscr.  Horticul- 
ture— the  Art  by  which  nature  is  taught  to  improve  her  own  production. 

By  Mr.  Wilson,  of  the  Kcio-York  Horticultural  Society.  The  State  of  Mas- 
sachusetts— the   love  of  liberty   is  an   indigenous   production   of  her  soil. 


28 

Her  sons  led  the  van  in  cleaning  it  from  the  deleterious  brush  of  tyrannical 
oppression.  May  equal  success  attend  their^  labors  in  the  more  pleasant 
and  delightful  departments  of  a  milder  species  of  Horticulture. 

By  T.  Brewer,  Esq.  of  Rorhury.  Hon.  John  Lowell — the  Macajnas  of 
New-England  Horticulture.  IJiinself  a  Patron,  and  his  premises  a  Pattern 
of  correct  and  scientific  cultivation. 

By  Ben].  J'.  French,  £.*(/.  of  the  Committee  of  Arrangements.  The  Mas- 
sachusetts Horticultural  Society, — proniising  in  its  infancy, —  may  its  fruits, 
like  those  of  olden  time,  require  two  to  carry  a  bunch  of  grapes  upon  a 
staif. 

After  the  President  had  retired,  Zebedee  Cook,  jr.  Esq.  1st  Vice-Presi- 
dent, gave — 

H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  President  of  the  Society — Under  his  auspices  it  is 
more  honorable  to  gatiier  garlands  in  the  garden  of  the  cultivator,  than  to 
win  laurels  in  the  field  of  the  conqueror.  * 

By  Samuel  Downer,  Esq.  of  Dorchester.  Our  native  fruits — may  they 
continue  to  advance,  developing  their  excellent  qualities,  until,  like  their 
native  soil,  they  become  the  admiration  of  other  climes  and  the  pride  of 
our  own. 

By  a  Crucst.  The  Queen  of  flowers,  the  Lily — which  (as  is  had  on  the 
best  authority)  eclipsed  tiie  glory  of  Solomon  in  his  imperial  purple — "  for 
he  was  not  arrayed  like  one  of  these." 

By  a  Guest.  Horticulture — the  science  which  teaches  man  to  increase 
by  diminishing  ;  a  profitable  barter  of  quantity  for  quality. 

By  Mr.  J.  B.  Russell,  Publisher  of  the  JVcto- Engl  and  Farmer.  The  Long 
Island  Prince  of  Horticulture — Entitled,  by  his  science,  zeal,  and  activity 
to  the  coronet  of  Flora,  a  badge  of  distinction  more  honorable  than  the 
crown  of  the  conqueror :  in  hiui  we  are  favored  with  an  excellent  excep- 
tion to  the  ancient  adage,  "  Put  no  trust  in  Princes." 

Sent  by  Mr.  Grant  Thorhurn,  of  .M'cw-York.  The  city  of  Boston — its 
splendid  churches,  its  public-spirited  citizens,  and  its  magnificent  villas. 

By  Mr.  E.  IV.  Mctcalf.  The  cultivation  of  the  earth,  and  the  Art  of 
Printing;  the  sources  of  animal  life,  and  of  mental  improvement. 

By.  Mr.  Jeremiah  Fitch.  Our  country's  independence  :  the  best  fruit  its 
soil  ever  produced. 

By  Mr.  Rchello,  Charge  d'  Affairs  from  Brazil.  Mutual  transplantations 
between  North  and  South-America — the  happiness  of  mankind  is  based  on 
the  liberal  exchange  of  respective  natural  products. 

By  Dr.  Thacher,  of  Plymouth.  American  Farmers — who  increase  the 
capabilities  of  the  soil,  gather  the  honey,  and  shear  the  _^cecc,  and  reap  the 
harvest  for  themselves  and  not  for  another. 

By  the  same.  Mrs.  Mary  Griffith,  the  scientific  Apiarian  of  New- 
Brunswick. 

By  Capt.  Mcholson,  of  U.  S.  JVavy.  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  and  Com- 
merce— the  graces  of  civilization. 


The  following  Song,  written  for  the  occasion  hy  Mr.  Finn,  of 
the  Trcmont  Theatre,  loas  sung  by  him. 

"  Let  one  great  day, 

To  celebrated  sports  and  tloral  play 
Be  set  aside." — Prior. 

This  is  our  Rome,  and  I 

A  Flamen  Pomonnlis  ; 

V  11  prove  in  Men's  pursuits, 

Some  Horticultural  is; 

But  while  [he  glass  goes  round, 

Let  not  a  sucker  stray,  Sirs  ; 

Transported  by  the  xine, 

'T  would  be  our  Botany  hay,  Sirs. 

The  Fruits  o?  Horticulture 
You  '11  find  in  every  shape,  Sirs, 
Our  sailors  stem  the  Currant, 
In  battle, /orcc  the  Grape,  Sirs. 
King  George,  in  olden  Thyme, 
Could  not  with  Spcar-m\n\.  loyal, 
Compel  our  soldiers  Sage, 
To  pay  the  Pe7iny-Royal. 

A  lawyer  in  his  books, 

Discovers  foliation. 

And  often  makes  his  bread 

By  a.floiver-y  oration  ; 

The  Sportsman  likes  the  Turf 

To  train  his  cattle  jadish, 

If  he  buys  a  reddish  horse, 

He  's  sure  to  like  Horse-radish. 

Fairest  of  Eden's  flowers 
Was  Woman,  ere  farewell.  Sirs, 
She  bade  to  Eden's  fruit, 
The  fatal  Nonpareil,  Sirs. 
Here's  Woman  !  from  the  time 
Creation's  pencil  drew  lips. 
And  the  breathings  of  the  iR.ose, 
That  lives  upon  her  two-lips. 

And  when  at  Gretna  greens 
Young  ladies  wish  a  frolic, 
If  Pa  says  "  Cant-elope," 
Why  they  feel  JIfe/on-cholic  ; 
Good  wives  the  Nursery  love, 
Their  tender  plants  to  feed.  Sirs, 
And  widows  wish,  siih-rosa, 
To  throw  aside  their  toeeds,  Sirs. 


30 

The  Gambler,  on  a  spade 

His  all  on  earth  will  stake,  Sirs  ; 

Tlie  Drunkard  is  a  sieve, 

The  Libertine  's  a  rake,  Sirs  : 

May  he  who — lilie  a  blight — 

The  Maiden's  peace  has  broke,  Sirs, 

A  lifniging-Ga.rden  see. 

And  feel  the  Art-lo-choke ,  Sirs. 

T!he  pretty  Gentleman, 
So  lady-like  and  lazy, 
Who  goes  to  Mari-gold, 
And  lisps  out  "  lauk  a  daisey,^' 
Of  Navarino  stock — 
A  nice  corsetted  scion, 
Among  the  Garden  stuff. 
He  's  dubbed  a  Dande-lion. 

The  Spendthrift  ends  with  slugs, 

And  "  Verbum-sat"  's  a  hint,  Sirs — 

The  Miser  is  a  Snail, 

That  starves  upon  the  Mint,  Sirs  : 

You  may  Old  Bachelors 

In  Elder-hernes  nab.  Sirs, 

Old  Maids  they  say  are  Medlars 

Grafted  on  the  Crab,  Sirs. 

We  '11  toast  the  kitchen  garden, 
The  dishes  all  and  each.  Sirs, 
It  would  our  taste  un-pair. 
Their  goodness  to  im-peach.  Sirs  : 
And  may  we  never  want 
The  means  such  limbs  to  lop,  Sirs, 
And  always  have  good  grounds. 
To  gather  a  full  Crop,  Sirs. 

My  lines  I  must  re-trench, 
They  better  things  impede,  Sirs, 
And  as  my  song  's  sow,  sow. 
Perhaps  you  may  see  seed.  Sirs ; 
I  'm  certain,  with  your  leaves. 
If  doggrels  thus  should  trick  us 
Out  of  our  good  wine, — 
Each  would  be  Hortus  siccus. 

Then  may  Life's  evening  sun, 
In  setting  be  serene,  Sirs  ; 
Time  well  employed — in  Age 
Will  make  us  evergreen,  Sirs  ; 
And  when  the  pruning -knife — 
From  feather,  or  from  cot-bed — 
Transplants  us  to  the  soil, 
May  we  escape  a  Hot-bed. 


31 


NAMES  OF  MEMBERS 

ADMITTED  SINCE  THE  PUBLICATION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  AND  BY- 
LAWS OF  THE  SOCIETV,  AUGUST,  1829. 

DANIEL  WEBSTER,  Boston. 

JOHN  B.  DAVIS,  " 

JEREMIAH  FITCH,         " 

EBENEZER  ROLLINS.  " 

E.  P.  HARTSHORN,     '  " 

CALVIN  WHITING,        " 

JAMES  READ,  " 

NATHANIEL  BALCH,    " 

BENJAMIN  GIBBS,         " 

AARON  D.  WILD,  Jr.     " 

JOHN  DERBY,  Salem. 

SAMUEL  WALKER,  Roxbury. 

JOHN  PARKINSON,        " 

JOHN  HEATH, 

EBENEZER  CRAFTS,     " 

RICHARD  WARD,  " 

EDMUND  M'CARTHY.  Brighton. 

NATHL  RICHARDSON.  M.  D.  South  Reading. 

FERDINAND  ANDREWS,  Lancaster. 

JOSEPH  WILLARD,  " 

JOHN  SPRINGER.  Sterling. 

JOSEPH  W.  NEWELL,  Maiden. 

ISAAC  MEAD,  Charlestown. 

WILLIAM  HURD,      " 

AMOS  ATKINSON,  Brookline. 

WILLIAM  P.  ENDICOTT,  Danvers. 

EDWARD  M.  RICHARDS,  Dedham. 

LEONARD  STONE.  Watertown. 

WILLIAM  COTTING,  West  Cambridge. 

NATHAN  WEBSTER,  Haverhill. 

J.  B.  FRANCIS,  Warwick,  R.  I. 

STEPHEN  H.  SMITH,  Providence,  R.  I. 


CORRESPONDING  MEMBERS. 

ABRAHAM  HALSEY,  Esq.  of  New-York,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the 

JS'ew-York  Horticultural  Society. 
GEORGE  C,  THORBURN,  Esq.  "New- York. 


The  name  of  BENJAMIN  ABBOTT,  LL.  D.  Principal  of  Phillips's 
Exeter  Academy,  (admitted  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Society,  at  a 
special  meeting  held  on  the  27th  of  June  last)  was  accidentally  omitted  in 
the  publication  of  the  Constitution  and  By-Laws. 


TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  SOCIETY. 

The  following  papers  have  been  read  before  the  Society,  at 
different  meetings,  and  have  been  published  in  the  New-England 
Farmer,  as  mentioned  below  : — 

1.  "  On   engrafting   the   European    Swreet    Water    Grape    on    American 

Stocks."  By  John  Prince,  Esq.  and  Gen.  W.  R.  Armistead. 
JYew-England  Farmer,  vol.  vii.  page  329. 

2.  "  On  the  Cultivation  of  Squashes  and  Melons,  and  the  Extirpation  of 

Insects  from  Vines."  By  J.  M.  Gourgas,  Esq.  Weston.  Ihid.  vol. 
vii.  page  345. 

3.  "  Schedule  of  Fruit  Trees,  of  fifty-two  choice  varieties,  presented  to 

the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  by  the  Proprietors  of  the 
Linna;an  Garden,  near  New-York,  April,  1829.  By  William  Prince, 
with  Descriptive  Remarks."  Ibid.  vol.  vii.  page  385,  and  vol.  viii. 
page  18. 

4.  "Description  of  the  Capiaumont   Pear,  with   a  Drawing."      By  S. 

Downer.     Ibid.  vol.  vii.  page  409. 

5.  "On  the  Culture  of  the  Strawberry."     By  the  Hon.  H.  A.  S.  Dear- 

born, (President.)     Ibid.  vol.  viii.  page  9,  22. 

6.  "  On  the  Treatment  of  Bees  ;  and  Observations  on  the  Curculio."    By 

Mary  Griffith,  New-Jersey.     Ihid.  vol.  viii.  page  17. 

7.  "  Description  of  a  Native  Seedling  Pear,  in  Dorchester,  with  a  Draw- 

ing."    By  S.  Downer.     Ibid.  vol.  viii.  page  51. 

8.  "On  the  Culture  of  the   Sweet  Potatoe,  and  description  of  different 

varieties."     By  Hon.  John  Lowell.     Ibid,  vol  viii.  page  (35. 

9.  "  Description  of  the  Cushing  Pear,  with  a  Drawing."     By  S.  Downer, 

and  B.  Thomas,  Esq'rs.     Ibid.  vol.  viii.  p.  113. 

10.  "  On   Budding  or  Inoculating  Fruit    Trees."     By    Levi    Bartlett, 

Warner,  N.  H.     Ibid.  vol.  viii.  page  114. 

11.  "Notes  and  Observations  on  the  Vine."     By  Wm.  Kenrick.     Ibid.. 

vol.  viii.  page  129. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  New-England  Farmer  contains 
a  weekly  Report  and  description  of  the  new  Fruits  left  at  the 
Society's  Hall,  No.  52,  North  Market-street,  for  examination. 


AN 


ADDRESS, 

PRONOUNCED   BEFORE    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

IN    COMMEMORATION    OF    ITS  J 

SECOND    ANNUAL    FESTIVAL, 

THE  10th  of  SEPTEMBER,  1830. 


BY   ZEBEDEE    COOK,  Jr 


BOSTON: 

PRINIED   BY   ISAAC   K.    BUTTS. 

1830. 


\ 


ADDRESS. 


I 


i^!P^^ 


sy  <* 


Mr  President, 

AND  Gentlemen  of  the 

Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society, — 

The  propitious  circumstances  under  which  we 
have  assembled  to  celebrate  our  second|^annual  festi- 
val, must  be  gratifying  to  all  who  cherish  an  interest 
in  the  prosperity  of  our  institution,  and  more  particu- 
larly to  those  who  have  labored  to  acquire  for  it  its 
present  prosperous  and  elevated  condition.  The  ex- 
periment has  been  fairly  tested,  and  thus  far  its  results 
are  too  apparent  to  permit  even  the  most  skeptical 
to  doubt  of  cither  its  utility  or  its  final  success.  Its 
interests  are  too  closely  identified  with  the  general 
good,  as  well  as  with  individual  comfort  and  happi- 
ness, to  allow  us  to  waver  in  our  hopes,  or  to  falter 
in  our  exertions  to  effect  the  original  design  of  its 
creation. 

We  have  not  come  up  hither  to  recount  the  ex- 
ploits of  military  prowess,  or  to  mingle  in  the  strife, 
or  participate  in  the  conquests  of  political  gladiators. 
We  come  not  to  swell  the  paeans  of  the  conqueror  or 


to  mourn  over  our  prostrate  liberties.  We  come  not 
to  indulge  in  the  feelings  which  are  incited  by  the 
contemplation  of  such  objects,  for  we  war  not  with 
the  sword,  nor  seek  to  gather  laurels  in  the  field  of 
hostile  or  fierce  contentions. 

But  we  have  come  together  at  the  ingathering  of 
the  harvest,  to  exhibit  an  acceptable  offering  of  a 
portion  of  its  bounties.  We  have  come  in  the  pa- 
cific and  genial  spirit  of  the  pursuits  we  love  to  partici- 
pate in,  the  enjoyments  the  occasion  imparts,  and  we 
have  come  to  reciprocate  the  congratulations  of  the 
season,  in  the  success  with  which  our  labors  and  our 
experiments  have  been  crowned. 

The  primitive  employment  of  man  was  that  of  a 
tiller  of  the  ground,  and  the  garden  of  Eden,  planted 
and  ornamented  by  the  hand  of  its  Creator,  was  as- 
signed to  the  care  of  our  great  progenitor  '  to  dress 
and  to  keep  it.'  From  the  earliest  period  of  the 
world  to  the  present  day,  the  cultivation  of  the  ground 
has  been  viewed  with  special  favor  by  all  civilized 
nations.  Even  heroes,  philosophers,  and  statesmen 
have  sought  in  rural  employments  a  temporary  re- 
laxation from  the  cares  and  perplexities  incident  to 
their  public  labors.  It  is  not  necessary  to  explore  the 
annals  of  ancient  history  for  the  names  of  individuals 
who  have  been  thus  distinguished.  The  records  of 
our  own  times,  and  especially  of  our  own  country, 
and  our  own  personal  observations,  afford  instances  of 
illustrious  men  who  have  been  thus  preeminent,  and 
there  are  those  now  living  amongst  us,  who,  by  their 
precept  and  example,  by  their  scientific  and  practical 


knowledge  and  skill,  and  devotion  to  its  interests, 
have  imparted  an  impulse  to  the  pursuit,  that  will  be 
felt  and  acknowledged  long  after  they  have  ceased 
to  cheer  us  by  their  presence,  or  to  influence  us  by 
by  their  personal  illustrations. 

The  pursuits  of  horticulture  are  peaceful.  The 
cultivation  of  fruits  and  flowers  is  an  unfailinij  source 
of  pleasant  and  instructive  occupation  and  amuse- 
ment. Labor  is  lightened,  and  care  is  recompensed, 
and  industry  is  cheered  in  the  contemplation  of  the 
expanding  beauties  of  spring,  in  the  delightful  fra- 
grance and  glowing  and  grateful  anticipations  of 
summer,  and  in  the  consummation  of  our  hopes  in 
autumn. 

The  pursuits  of  horticulture  are  salutary  to  the 
physical  and  moral  nature  of  man.  They  impart 
vigor  to  the  body,  and  expansion  and  elevation  to  the 
mind.  The  plants  that  are  everywhere  scattered  in 
his  pathway,  and  around,  above  and  beneath  him, 
delighting  the  senses  with  their  sweetness,  their  sim- 
plicity, their  grandeur,  and  perfect  adaptation  to  his 
joys  and  to  his  necessities,  are  silent  but  impressive 
emblems  of  the  benignity  of  our  heavenly  Father, 
admonishing  the  recipient  of  his  indebtedness,  and 
claiming  from  him  the  return  of  a  sincere  and  lively 
gratitude. 

Industry,  intelligence,  and  skill  are  indispensable 
agents  in  the  business  of  horticulture.  A  thorough 
acquaintance  with  the  views  of  eminent  scientific 
and  experimental  writers,  as  well  as  with  the  more 
legible   and   definite    compositions   of    nature,   are 


essential  to  the  formation  of  an  accomplished,  and 
distinguished  cultivator.  The  information  we  derive 
from  study,  as  from  the  practical  observations  of  the 
workings  of  inanimate  nature,  will  administer  to  our 
success,  and  prevent  in  a  measure  the  recurrence  of 
errors  which  flow  from  inattention,  or  from  the  want 
of  some  established  system  of  operation.  A  judicious 
selection  of  soil  and  aspect  is  necessary  to  the  health 
of  the  plant,  and  will  repay  our  care  in  the  vigor  of  its 
growth,  and  in  the  improvement  of  the  quality  and 
quantity  of  its  fruit. 

The  opinions  of  foreign  writers,  however  applicable 
they  may  be  in  practice  to  the  mode  of  cultivation 
pursued  in  those  regions  of  which  they  treat,  are  not 
always  suited  to  the  climate  and  soil  of  that  which 
adopts  them.  That  which  is  ascertained  to  be  of 
practical  utility  in  one  country,  under  one  climate, 
may  be  unfavorable  to  the  production  or  maturity  of 
the  same  variety  of  fruit  or  vegetables,  or  ornamental 
trees  in  another. 

In  some  climates,  indigenous  and  exotic  plants  and 
fruits,  that  require  the  aid  of  artificial  culture  and 
great  care  in  their  preservation,  are  matured  in 
others  with  comparatively  little  labor.  Unassisted 
nature  performs  nearly  all  that  is  needful  in  their  pro- 
duction, relieving  man  from  the  toil  and  anxiety  of 
cultivation,  and  affording  him,  at  the  appropriate  sea- 
son, a  portion  of  her  abundance. 

The  present  flourishing  condition  of  horticulture 
inour  country  may,  I  think,  be  ascribed  to  the  refined 
taste  and  liberality  of  its  citizens,  and  in  a  measure  to 


the  improved  condition  of  those  whose  ingenuity  and 
industry  is  exerted  in  affording  the  means  of  gratify- 
ing that  taste,  and  exciting  that  hberahty.  A  laudable 
spirit  of  competition  has  been  awakened  among  the 
practical  and  amateur  cultivators  in  this  vicinity,  which 
I  hope  will  be  productive  of  great  and  useful  results 
to  this  community.  We  have  witnessed  with  no  ordi- 
nary gratification  the  increasing  variety  of  flowers,  the 
introduction  of  new  and  valuable  kinds  of  fruits,  and 
the  amelioration  of  those  which  have  been  long  fami- 
liar to  us.  And  among  those  fruits  which  we  may, 
without  the  imputation  of  a  violent  presumption,  con- 
sider as  original  native  productions,  the  Baldwin  Ap- 
ple, theSeckle,  Gushing,  Wilkinson,  Gore's  Heathcote, 
Lewis,  Andrews,  and  Dix  Pears,  the  Lewis  or  Boston 
Nectarine,  and  the  Downer  Gherry,  may  be  classed 
among  the  most  desirable  of  their  kinds. 

It  is  true  that  the  introduction  of  these  several  varie- 
ties of  fruits  was  the  result  of  accident ;  this  consid- 
eration does  not  diminish  their  value,  nor  should  de- 
tract from  the  merit  of  those  under  whose  auspices 
they  were  derived,  or  introduced  to  public  notice. 

An  opinion  seems  to  be  entertained  by  some  of  our 
most  experienced  cultivators,  that  few  if  any  of  the 
choice  varieties  of  pears,  considered  by  others  as  na- 
tive fruits,  are  indigenous  to  our  soil.  That  this  opi- 
nion is  not  w^ell  founded,  I  think  has  been  abundantly 
demonstrated  by  the  production  of  some  in  the  in- 
stances to  which  I  have  before  referred.  Those 
fruits  were  discovered  in  isolated  situations,  in  pas- 
tures or  in  the  woods,  or  generally  remote  from  habi- 


8 

tations,  and  where  no  traces  of  '  mail's  device '  could 
be  discernible  in  their  vicinity,  or  the  ameliorating  ef- 
fects upon  the  tree  itself,  by  engrafting  or  inoculation. 
In  some  cases  we  have  positive  evidence,  derived  from 
the  personal  observation  of  the  proprietor,  that  the 
tree  originated  in  the  place  it  now  occupies,  and  has 
never  been  subjected  to  the  operation  of  artificial 
change.  The  process  of  raising  ameliorated  fruits  of 
this  description  is  very  slow,  if  we  wait  the  develop- 
ment of  the  product  in  the  maturity  of  the  original 
tree.  The  first  generation  of  fruit  may  aflford  the  de- 
sired degree  of  amelioration,  although  the  balance  of 
probabilities  may  be  against  the  fulfilment  of  that  ex- 
pectation. A  more  summary  mode  of  producing  the 
desired  result  is  to  transfer  a  shoot  or  a  bud  from  a 
young  plant  to  a*  thrifty  mature  tree,  and  to  plant 
the  seed  of  the  fruit  that  it  may  produce,  and  thus 
proceed  in  the  multiplication  of  chances  by  alternate 
planting  and  engrafting  from  the  fruit  and  plant  pro- 
duced, until  the  required  quality  is  obtained.  This, 
according  to  the  theory  of  an  ingenious  modern 
writer,  may  be  effected  in  the  fifth  or  sixth  genera- 
tion. The  experiment,  though  it  may  require  much 
time  and  labor,  and  demand  no  inconsiderable  share 
of  patience,  is  worthy  the  attention  of  those,  whose 
views  are  not  confined  to  the  narrow  precincts  of  a 
selfish  and  exclusive  pohcy,  but  are  disposed  to  imi- 

*  It  has  been  suggested  to  me  by  a  distinguished  Horticulturist, 
that  this  experiment  would  probably  succeed  better,  if  the  shoot  or  bud 
were  placed  upon  an  old  tree,  or  one  of  slow  growth,  as  it  would  thus 
earlier  develope  the  fruit. 


tate  their  predecessors  in  the  hberal  provision  they 
made  for  their  successors.  But  I  make  not  this  ap- 
peal to  any  who  are  actuated  by  similar  feelings  to 
those  which  were  indulged  by  the  enlightened  legis- 
lator, who,  in  the  discussion  of  a  subject  bearing  some 
analogy  to  this,  inquired,  what  has  posterity  done  for 
us !  that  we  should  be  required  to  do  this  for  our  pos- 
terity ! 

The  reflection  that  we  may  not  realize  the  advan- 
tages of  those  experiments,  should  not  deter  us  from 
making  them.  We  should  be  influenced  by  more 
patriotic  and  liberal  sentiments.  Every  generation 
of  men  is  a  link  in  the  great  chain  that  has  been 
forming  from  the  creation  of  the  world,  connecting 
the  present  with  the  past,  and  is  to  be  lengthened  out 
through  succeeding  ages.  Be  it  our  province  then, 
as  it  is  our  duty,  to  preserve  the  brightness  of  this 
chain,  that  our  appropriate  division  of  it  may  loose 
nothing  upon  a  comparison  with  all  its  parts,  but  that 
the  period  of  which  it  is  typical,  may  be  regarded  as 
one  that  was  characterized  by  a  suitable  respect  for 
ourselves,  and  as  a  stimulus  to  the  coming  generation 
to  evince  a  like  regard  to  the  claims  of  those  who  are 
to  follow. 

The  agricultural  interests  of  Nev/  England  have 
been  greatly  promoted  by  the  skilful,  judicious,  and 
generous  exertions  of  the  society  long  since  instituted 
in  Massachusetts  for  that  purpose.  To  the  ardor 
and  zeal  that  has  been  unceasingly  manifested  by  the 
distinguished  men  who  have  directed  its  eflbrts,  this 
2 


10 

section  of  our  country  is  particularly  indebted  for  the/ 
advances  that  have  been  made  in  this  department  of 
national  industry,  and  which  may  not  be  inaptly 
termed  a  branch  of  the  '  American  System.'  They 
have  given  an  impulse  to  the  energies  and  the  hopes 
of  our  yeomanry.  They  have  instilled  into  their 
minds  a  portion  of  their  sentiments,  and  have  excited 
in  them  a  spirit  of  emulation,  and  the  advantages  that 
have  accrued,  and  still  continue  to  follow  their  la- 
bors, are  legible  in  every  field,  and  are  daily  conspicu- 
ous in  our  market-places. 

The  industry,  and  perseverance,  and  forecast  of 
the  people  of  New  England,  is  the  basis  upon  which 
their  prosperity  and  security  must  be  sustained. 

Possessed  of  fewer  natural  advantages  of  soil  and 
climate  than  are  enjoyed  in  other  sections  of  our 
country,  \Ye  are  happily  exempted  from  many  of  the 
evils  to  which  they  are  necessarily  subjected,  by  cir- 
cumstances they  cannot  control.  If  we  are  denied 
the  privilege  of  a  milder  atmosphere,  and  a  more 
temperate  climate,  if  we  m.ust  submit  to  the  rigors  of 
our  northern  winter,  and  find  no  escape  from  the 
chilling  colds  of  a  protracted  spring,  we  can  do  so 
without  murmuring  or  repining. 

If  Providence  has  been  pleased  to  withhold  from 
us,  what  in  its  wisdom  it  has  seen  fit  to  confer  on 
others,  it  has  given  us  much,  and  withheld  from  us 
much  for  which  we  should  be  grateful. 

The  habits  and  peculiarities  of  trees  and  plants  is 
a  subject  which  should  interest  our  attention,  as  a 
knowledge  of  it  will  tend  to  prevent  much  of  the 


11 

confusion,  and  avert  much  of  the  disappointment,  to 
which  those  are  exposed  who  neglect  it. 

The  unskilful  use  of  the  sav/  and  the  pruning  knife, 
is  frequently  detrimental  to  trees,  not  only  in  the  ex- 
tent of  their  application,  but  in  the  unseasonableness 
of  the  operation.  Winter  pruning  is  sometimes  prac- 
tised for  the  very  cogent  reason  that  it  is  a  time 
of  comparative  leisure.  Similar  excuses  have  not 
been  unfrequently  resorted  to,  on  other  occasions, 
and  the  reminiscences  of  by-gone  days  may  remind 
some  of  us  of  certain  mischievous  acts  performed,  for 
the  equally  commendable  reason,  that  we  could  find 
no  more  rational  employment  for  our  time.  It  is 
thought  by  those  who  have  given  much  attention  to 
the  subject,  that  the  most  appropriate  time  for  such 
operations  is  when  the  sap  flows  freely,  or  from  the 
latter  end  of  April  to  the  middle  of  May.  This  is  un- 
doubtedly true  in  relation  to  the  apple  and  pear  tree, 
but  in  the  opinion  of  some  experienced,  and  distin- 
guished cultivators,  the  peach,  nectarine,j  apricot, 
plum,  and  cherry  trees  should  not  be  pruned  except 
in  August  or  September.  The  latter  should  be  sub- 
jected to  this  operation  as  sparingly  as  possible.  Lop- 
ping off  the  leading  shoots,  or  any  other  of  the  prin- 
cipal branches,  should  be  avoided  as  much  as  practi- 
cable, and  while  they  preserve  their  health  and  vigor, 
those  parts  should  be  suffered  to  remain  entire,  and 
only  the  smaller  superfluous  branches  removed. 

The  wounds  caused  by  the  removal  of  the  greater 
or  lesser  branches  should  be  immediately  covered 
by  a  composition  of  adhesive  and  healing  ingredients. 


12 

which  will  prevent  the  air  and  moistore  from  pene- 
trating, and  as  the  juices  are  then  in  an  active  state, 
little  or  no  injury  may  be  apprehended.  If  this  were 
practised  more  generally  than  it  has  been,  we  should 
not  witness  so  much  of  premature  decay  that  is  seen 
so  extensively  in  our  orchards  and  gardens. 

I  am  unwilling  to  dismiss  this  subject  without  urging 
upon  you  the  necessity  of  avoiding  as  much  as  possible, 
the  removal  of  large  and  vigorous  branches  from  your 
trees  at  any  season.  To  secure  success  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  fruit  trees,  and  to  give  them  a  tasteful  and  orna- 
mental, as  well  as  useful  form,  with  a  view  to  produc- 
tiveness, and  a  simultaneous  ripening  of  their  fruits, 
pruning  should  be  commenced  the  year  after  they  are 
transplanted,  and  repeated  every  successive  spring, 
by  cutting  out  from  the  centre,  and  from  the  exterior 
all  the  small,  and  superfluous,  and  intersecting  shoots, 
wherever  they  appear,  leaving  the  interior  of  the  tree 
in  the  form  of  a  tunnel.  By  this  method  the  fruit,  on 
all  parts  of  the  tree,  will  be  equally  accessible  to  the 
influence  of  the  sun,  and  will  consequently  be  more 
equally  matured,  and  of  similar  qualities  on  all  its 
sections.  Trees,  like  children,  should  be  taught  cor- 
rect habits  v^hile  they  are  susceptible  of  good  impres- 
sions, and  as  v/e  are  directed  to  train  up  the  latter  in 
the  way  they  should  go,  that  in  maturer  life  they  shall 
not  depart  from  the  precepts  that  are  instilled  into 
their  minds  in  youth,  so  is  it  desirable  in  relation  to 
the  former,  that  we  should  cultivate  the  young  plant 
with  reference  to  the  future  tree,  and  prune  and  train 
it  as  we  would  have  it  to  ^row. 


13 

But  this  is  not  all  that  is  essential  to  give  efficacy 
to  our  labors.  There  is  an  evil  to  which  many  kinds 
of  trees  and  plants  are  subjected,  that  demands  our 
particular  attention,  and  even  when  that  has  been 
patiently  and  zealously  exercised,  it  has  proved  only 
partially  successful.  The  numerous  kinds  of  insects 
which  not  only  produce  incalculable  mischief  to  the 
health,  and  beauty,  and  productiveness  of  the  tree, 
but  deprives  us  of  no  inconsiderable  portion  of  their 
fruits,  has  hitherto  eluded  the  vigilance  and  the  in- 
genuity of  man,  in  his  efforts  to  provide  either  a  pre- 
ventive or  a  remedy  for  the  injury  thus  occasioned. 
The  insidious  mode  of  attack  in  which  they  are 
guided  by  an  unerring  instinct,  would  seem  to  require 
the  exercise  of  almost  super-human  skill,  to  avert  or 
repress  their  ravages. 

Cleanliness  is  indispensable  to  the  health,  and  beau- 
ty, and  usefulness  of  fruit  trees.  The  moss- covered 
wall  is  venerated  as  an  object  of  antiquity ;  but  the 
moss-covered  tree  excites  no  such  reverential  emo- 
tions. Nor  is  our  respect  for  the  sentimental  cultiva- 
tor of  caterpillars,  elevated  in  the  ratio  of  success  he 
attains  in  the  pursuit  of  his  favorite  art.  It  were  well 
enough  while  it  administers  to  his  pleasures,  and 
gratifies  his  taste,  that  he  should  enjoy  the  exclusive 
benefit  of  his  labors,  and  far  better  if  he  would  re- 
strain those  objects  of  his  regard  within  the  limits  of 
his  own  domain.  If  the  propagation  of  those  inge- 
nious architects  is  an  interesting  employment ;  if  he  is 
gratified  by  the  exhibition  of  their  industry,  and  is 
impressed  with  the  belief  that  it  would  be  an  act  of 


14 

cruelty  to  demolish  their  dwellings,  and  devote  the 
occupants  to  death ;  that  they  would  thus 

'  in  corporal  suffering 

Feel  a  pang  as  great  as  when  a  giant  dies,' 

he  must  be  indulged  in  the  exercise  of  those  kindred 
feelings,  and  in  the  unenvied  possession  of  his  vitiated 
taste.  But  the  criminal  disregard  of  the  duties  he 
owes  to  his  neighbors,  in  the  indulgence  of  such  pro- 
pensities, whether  they  proceed  from  choice  or  in- 
dolence, deserve  the  most  severe  and  unrestrained 
rebuke. 

Exudations,  or  any  other  unusual  appearance  of  un- 
healthiness  or  unthriftiness  in  trees  often  indicate  the 
proximity  of  the  enemy,  although  such  effects  are  pro- 
duced sometimes  by  unskilful  pruning.  An  early  and 
careful  examination  will  lead  to  the  detection  of  the 
assailant,  and,  if  seasonably  made,  may  preserve  the 
tree.  No  effectual  preventive  against  the  injurious 
operations  of  the  borer  upon  many  of  our  fruit,  and 
some  of  our  forest  trees,  has  yet  been  devised. 

The  cankerworm  and  the  curculio  are  the  most 
extensively  fatal,  as  they  are  the  most  crafty  of  the 
insect  race,  and  no  certain  means  have  yet  been  dis- 
covered to  induce  the  belief  that  an  effectual  preven- 
tive will  be  found  to  stay  their  annual  ravages.  The 
time,  and  labor,  and  experiments  that  have  been  de- 
voted to  the  attainment  of  this  desirable  object,  or 
employed  in  the  investigation  of  the  subject,  are 
deserving  of  more  success  than  have  resulted  from 
those  efforts.  Much  useful  and  satisfactory  informa- 
tion as  to  their  character  and  habits,  has,  however, 


15 

been  elicited,  but  that  most  desirable  end,  the  pre- 
vention of  their  devastating  effects,  has  been  but  par- 
tially attained.  '  It  is  a  consummation  devoutly  to 
be  wished,'  that  all  who  are  interested  would  unite 
their  eftbrts  in  the  endeavor  to  arrest  the  further  pro- 
gress of  this  scourge  of  our  fruit  trees.  The  energies 
of  the  whole  agricultural  world  could  not  be  concen- 
trated in,  and  applied  to  a  more  important  purpose 
connected  with  the  cultivation  of  fruits.  Should  any 
individual  be  so  fortunate  as  to  make  the  discovery 
that  shall  prove  an  infallible  antidote  to  the  incursions 
of  this  withering  and  blighting  infliction,  he  will 
have  the  proud  and  enviable  satisfaction  of  contribu- 
ting much  to  the  prosperity  of  his  country,  and  will 
richly  deserve  to  be  numbered  among  its  benefactors. 
It  must  be  obvious  to  those  who  have  devoted  their 
attention  to  the  cultivation  of  fruits,  that  the  same 
varieties  will  thrive  better  in  one  quality  of  soil,  than 
in  another.  This  is  undoubtedly  true  even  of  some 
of  the  most  hardy,  and  more  especially  of  those  of 
the  more  tender  and  delicate  kinds.  The  russetting 
apple  affords  an  example  of  this  ameliorating  effect, 
and  will  furnish  a  satisfactory  elucidation  of  this  po- 
sition. The  most  perfect  are  those  which  are  pro- 
duced upon  elevated  or  dry  soils  interspersed  with 
rocks;  while  those  which  grow  in  low  and  moist 
lands,  possess  less  of  the  distinguishing  traits  of  that 
variety.  I  do  not  state  this  so  much  as  the  result  of 
my  own  practical  observations,  as  from  those  of  more 
experienced  cultivators.  Such  being  the  fact  in  re- 
lation to  one  sort  of  fruit,  may  it  not  be  rationally  in- 


16 

ferred  that  it  should  be  likewise  true  of  many  others  ? 
The  subject  commePids  itself  to  our  attention  with 
peculiar  interest,  and  I  cannot  doubt  but  that  it  will 
receive  the  consideration  it  merits. 

Associations  directed  to  the  promotion  of  horticul- 
tural pursuits  are  of  comparatively  recent  date.  It 
was  reserved  to  that  country,  from  whence  the  in- 
trepid band  of  Pilgrims  came,  to  found  an  empire  in 
this  Western  hemisphere,  to  become  the  pioneers  in 
this  acceptable  work,  as  she  had  ever  been  in  all 
others  that  had  a  tendency  to  shed  a  lustre  upon  her 
name,  and  to  impart  to  other  nations  the  influence 
of  her  beneficent  and  glorious  example.  The  time 
has  passed  away,  and  with  it  the  excitement,  I  trust, 
never  to  be  revived,  when  to  speak  in  commendation 
of  the  institutions  of  Great  Britain,  would  subject  the 
eulogist  to  the  suspicion  that  he  was  distrustful  of 
those  of  his  native  country.  I  leave  to  abler  hands, 
and  more  gifted  minds,  the  correction  of  those  un- 
manly and  illiberal  personalities,  that  have  degraded 
the  literature  of  England  in  relation  to  our  manners 
and  habits,  and  the  uncharitable  and  mistaken  views 
of  our  government,  and  the  administration  of  its  laws, 
which  have  been  furnished  by  itinerant  book-makers, 
in  return  for  the  generous  hospitalities  of  our  country- 
men, and  thus  made  the  only  adequate  return  of  which 
they  were  capable. 

The  Horticultural  Society  of  London  was  estab- 
lished in  1805,  under  the  highly  flattering  auspices 
of  distinguished  scientific  and  practical  men,  and  was 
the  first  institution  of  the  kind  that  had  been  founded 


17 

in  Europe.  It  has  developed  a  wide  field  of  opera- 
tions, and  extended  its  researches  to  almost  every 
accessible  part  of  the  globe.  Innumerable  specimens 
of  the  riches  of  the  natural  world  have  been  collected 
under  its  direction,  and  transferred  to  England.  Asia 
and  Africa,  and  America  and  Continental  Europe, 
have  contributed  to  swell  the  catalogue  of  rare  and 
valuable  plants,  to  enrich  and  beautify  the  rural  re- 
treats of  our  father  land. 

In  1 809  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society  was 
formed  in  Scotland,  and  still  numbers  among  its  pa- 
trons the  first  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  that  loyal 
nation. 

The  Horticultural  Society  of  Paris  was  instituted 
in  182G,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  numbers  and  in 
influence.  Between  the  society  of  Massachusetts 
and  that  of  Paris  the  most  friendly  relations  exist,  and 
are  fostered.  We  have  received  t  e  most  conclusive 
evidence  of  their  regard,  and  of  their  desire  to  pro- 
mote a  reciprocal  interchange  of  opinions  and  sen- 
timents upon  the  subject  of  our  mutual  pursuits. 

We  have  invited  the  cooperation  of  the  several 
Horticultural  Societies  in  our  own  country,  to  par- 
ticipate with  us  in  extending  the  influence,  and  im- 
parting a  taste  for  rural  employments.  W^e  have  ex- 
pressed a  desire  to  be  identified  with  them  in  the 
general  design  of  our  labors.  We  founded  this  insti- 
tution for  purposes  of  public  utility,  and  we  wish  to  see 
its  benefits  become  coextensive  with  the  limits  of  our 
land.  W^hatever  of  good  may  result  from  our  indus- 
try, or  be  achieved  by  our  exertions,  must  be  seen  and 
3 


18 

felty  and  will,  I  trust,  ])e  ackovvledged  by  the  conr- 
munity. 

A  taste  for  rural  pursuits  and  improved  culture  hag 
been  widely  diffused  through  the  influence  and  ex- 
ample of  this  society.  An  emulation  has  been  excited 
which  has  been  productive  of  highly  gratifying  results. 
The  weekly  exhibitions  at  our  Hall  the  past  and  pass- 
ing season,  have  furnished  undeniable  evidence  of  the 
truth  of  this  assertion.  The  increased  varieties  of 
beautiful  flowers,  and  rich  fruits,  and  fine  culinary 
plants,  have  surpassed  our  anticipations,  and  more 
than  all  these,  are  the  gratifying  effects  that  have 
followed  those  exhibitions  in  the  expressions  of  delighS 
we  have  heard  from  those  w^ro  have  attended  them. 
We  cannot  be  insensible  to  the  commendation  of  our 
fellow-citizens;  we  ask  for  their  support  and  en- 
couragement ;  and  I  feel  assured  that  a  generous  and 
tasteful  community  can  never  be  unmindful  of  the 
importance  of  sustaining  an  institution  that  contributes 
so  essentially  to  the  supply  of  their  common  necessi- 
ties, and  administers  so  abundantly  to  the  happiness 
of  the  healthful,  and  the  solace  of  the  invalid. 

The  varieties  of  soil  and  of  climates  with  which 
our  country  is  diversified,  are  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  almost  every  plant,  which  nature  yields  to  the  wants 
or  the  tastes  of  man.  The  magnolia,  the  tulip,  the 
judas,  the  laurel,  and  other  flowering  trees  that  may 
vie  in  beauty  and  fragrance  with  almost  any  of  the 
exotic  plants,  are  indigenous  to  our  forests,  and  are 
improved  by  cultivation  when  transplanted  to  appro- 
priate situations.     And  we  are  indebted  to  the  provi- 


19 

deiU  care  of  nature  for  the  origin  of  many  of  our 
most  valuable  esculents  which  have  become  amelior- 
ated by  culture,  and  which  use  has  rendered  in  a 
measure  indispensable  to  our  convenience  and  comfort. 
In  the  interminable  forests  where  the  voice  of  civi- 
lized man  has  not  been  heard,  nor  the  foot  of  civilized 
man  penetrated,  where  the  silence  of  nature  has  con- 
tinued undisturbed  since  the  earliest  dawn  of  creation, 
save  by  the  hov/lings  of  the  untamed  enemies  of  our 
race,  or  the  murmuring  of  v.aters  rushing  to  their 
appointed  destination  in  hidden  meanderings,  or  glid- 
ing in  silvery  brightness  through  verdant  meadows, 
and  over  rocky  precipices,  tumbhng  in  wild  and  fear- 
ful confusion  into  the  deep  chasm,  thence  flinging 
their  glittering  spray  upv^^ards,  mingling  in  sunbeams, 
and  hanging  midway  in  the  heavens  the  transient 
beauties  of  the  bow  of  promise! — there,  where  na- 
ture reposes  in  her  lofty,  but  rude  and  simple  gran- 
deur, in  coming  years,  though  perhaps  remote,  men 
from  all  sections  of  this  vast  country,  and  from  nations 
beyond  the  sea,  will  bo  gathered  together,  and  from 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  far-off  bor- 
ders of  the  Pacific  Sea,  under  the  protecting  ssgis  of 
our  insignia  of  liberty,  villages,  and  towns  and  cities 
will  arise,  and  associations  will  be  established  where 
the  cheering  light  of  science  and  the  arts  shall  blend 
their  influence,  and  seminaries  of  learning  will  be 
founded,  that  shall  give  to  mind  its  power  and  to 
man  his  m.erited  elevation,  and  a  taste  for  all  that  ad- 
ministers to  the  improvement  of  social  life,  and  the 
diffusion  of  the  means  of  social  happiness,  and  God 


20 

shall  be  worshipped  in  temples  consecrated  to  His 
service  in  the  simplicity,  and  truth,  and  power  of 
His  word. 

In  this  future  vision,  that  is  not  destined  to  bless  our 
sight,  but  is  reserved  to  future  generations  to  look 
upon,  may  we  not  hope  that  the  influence  of  those 
principles  we  now  commemorate  may  be  implanted 
and  widely  diff'uscd. 

It  is  a  common  observation  of  travellers,  that  in  the 
interior  portions  of  New  England,  remote  from  popu- 
lous towns,  very  httle  if  any  attention  is  given  to  the 
cultivation  of  good  fruits,  and  it  is  equally  true  that 
many  of  our  substantial  practical  agriculturists  in 
those  regions,  deny  themselves  even  the  convenience 
or  luxury  of  a  kitchen  garden.  Mankind  must  be 
permitted  to  stint  themselves  in  the  enjoyments  of 
the  bounties  of  nature  if  such  be  their  pleasure.  If 
indifference  or  parsimony  induce  such  self-denial, 
and  they  who  practise  it  were  alone  inconvenienced, 
it  is  a  matter  with  which  a  stranger  need  not  inter- 
meddle ;  but,  inasmuch,  as  such  a  disuse  of  the  boun- 
ties of  heaven  are  detrimental  to  the  public  at  large, 
we  may  rebuke  the  unpatriotic  spirit  by  which  they 
are  influenced. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  in  all  parts  of  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe  where  fruits  are  abundant,  and  cheap- 
ly procured,  a  greater  degree  of  temperance  in  the 
use  of  intoxicating  liquors  is  prevalent  among  all 
classes  of  the  inhabitants  than  elsewhere.  This  con- 
sideration alone,  conmicnds  the  subject  most  forcibly 
to  the  general  favor,  and  in  an  especial  manner  to 


21 

those  philanthropic  men  who  arc  devising  plans  for 
the  suppression  of  that  debasing  and  destructive  prac- 
tice of  intemperance.  Horticultural  societies  are  in 
a  measure  auxiliary  to  this  benevolent  design,  in  ad- 
ministering an  antidote  to  that  baneful  indulgence 
which  makes  havoc  of  the  mind,  by  furnishing  a  sub- 
stitute in  the  wholesome  beverage  expressed  from  the 
apple,  the  pear,  the  grape  and  the  currant,  as  in  the 
solace  to  be  derived  from  the  natural  and  ordinary 
use  of  the  fruit. 

Rural  architecture  may  not  inappropriately  claim  a 
passing  notice  on  the  present  occasion.  It  has  not 
hitherto,  here,  received  the  attention  it  deserves. 
One  reason  why  it  has  not,  is  probably  the  unwilling- 
ness, or  the  apprehension  of  incurring  an  expensive 
outlay,  without  the  immediate  prospect  of  an  ade- 
quate return.  This,  I  think,  it  may  be  made  apparent, 
is  niore  imaginary  than  real.  It  is  not  to  be  denied 
that  large  sums  have  been  injudiciously  expended  in 
the  construction  of  some  of  our  rural  retreats,  and 
more  especially  in  the  erection  of  the  house,  the  pre- 
paration of  gravel-walks,  the  construction  of  observa- 
tories, artificial  caverns,  fish-ponds,  etc.  Those  who 
possess  the  means  have  an  unquestionable  right  to 
gratify  their  tastes,  and  indulge  their  fancies,  in  such 
expenditures,  but  it  does  not  follow  that  others,  with 
more  limited  resources,  may  not  procure  as  much 
satisfaction  by  a  less  conspicuous  display  of  their 
tastes  and  their  fancies.  Durability  in  the  materials 
selected,  and  convenience  and  simplicity  in  the  de- 
sign and  construction  of  the  house,  are  all    that   is 


22 

essential  for  a  country  residence.  A  white  exterior, 
which  presents  a  pleasing  contrast  to  the  green  vest- 
ments, the  prevailing  coloring  of  nature  in  her  rural 
empire,  is  preferable  to  any  other.  The  artificial 
embellishments  of  the  exterior  of  the  house  are  of 
secondary  consideration.  The  honey-suckle,  the  big- 
nonia,  the  eglantine  and  the  woodbine,  intermingling 
and  entwining  their  flexible  branches,  and  attaching 
themselves  by  their  tendrils,  or  other  means  with 
which  nature  has  provided  them,  to  any  object  that 
v/ill  afford  them  support,  or  artificially  secured  and 
tastefully  arranged,  will  present  a  far  more  pleasing 
aspect  than  the  ingenuity  of  man  can  devise,  or  the 
application  of  art  accomplish.  But  it  is  upon  the 
grounds  that  the  taste  of  the  proprietor  should  be  ex- 
hibited, and  this  can  be  effected  at  comparatively 
little  expense.  Most  of  the  native,  and  many  of  the 
foreign  varieties  of  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  may 
be  raised  from  seeds,  and  a  nursery  thus  formed  will 
in  a  few  years  afford  a  sufficient  supply  to  occupy  the 
borders  or  other  places  designed  for  their  reception. 
Collections  of  many  desirable  kinds  may  be  procured 
from  the  contiguous  forests.  The  work  of  preparing 
the  borders  or  divisions  of  the  enclosure  to  be  appro- 
priated to  the  location  of  the  plants,  may  be  done  at 
intervals  when  leisure  will  permit,  or  when  it  will  not 
interfere  with  more  important  duties.  The  gravel- 
ling of  garden  avenues  may  be  dispensed  with.  Tiie 
ordinary  soil  levelled,  and  laid  smooth  with  the  roller, 
will  present  an  agreeable  surface  with  less  labor  and 
cost  than  the  former.     Grass  edgings  are  preferable 


to  those  of  box,  their  symmetry  can  be  preserved  with 
less  care,  and  are  less  obnoxious  to  the  charge  of  the 
treasonable  practice  of  affording  shelter  and  suste- 
nance to  myriads  of  insects  which  prey  upon  the  de- 
licious products  of  the  vine  and  other  rare  fruit. 

We  have  been  too  long  accustomed  to  rely-  upon 
foreign  nurseries  for  fruit  trees  and  other  plants.  1  am 
aware  that  to  a  certain  extent  this  is  unavoidable.  But 
we  should  depend  more  upon  our  own  resources,  and 
learn  to  appreciate  them.  We  have  suffered  too  much 
of  disappointment,  and  experienced  too  much  of  vexa- 
tion from  the  carelessness  of  others  to  submit  with 
patience  to  a  repetition  of  them.  We  have  waited 
season  after  season  for  several  successive  years  for  the 
development  of  fruits  that  were  sent  to  us  under  the 
imposing  title  of  some  rich  and  rare  variety,  and  have 
found  in  the  reality  that  the  good  consisted  alone  in  the 
name.  I  would  encourage  the  public  nurseries  in 
our  own  vicinity,  not  to  gratify  any  exclusive  or  sec- 
tional views,  but  because  we  may  thereby  the  more 
easily  avoid  the  inconveniences  which  have  long  been 
the  subject  of  complaint  against  others  more  remote. 
The  fear  of  prompt  and  immediate  detection  and  ex- 
posure, will  have  a  tendency  to  render  their  proprie- 
tors more  cautious,  w^hile  the  liberal  support  they 
would  receive,  would  stimulate  them  to  secure  and 
retain  the  confidence  reposed  in  them.  The  imposi- 
tion that  Vv^as  practised  upon  the  patriarch  Jacob,  who 
was  compelled  to  accept  Leah  as  the  reward  of  seven 
years  of  labor  and  toil,  for^Seteffia,  is  somewhat 
analagous  to  the  case  of  many  of  us.     We,  too,  have 


24 

numbered  full  seven  years  in  anticipation  of  the  de- 
velopment of  fruits  under  assurances  as  specious  as 
those  by  which  the  patriarch  was  stimulated  to  the 
performance  of  his  stipulated  servitude,  and,  like  him, 
-^  on  its  termination,  have  found  a  Leah  in  the  place  of 

^^JuJL^^  -/^LnjiitiTf,  and  have  again,  like  him,  to  accomplish 
another  term  of  years  ere  we  could  realize  the  hopes 
we  had  formed  in  the  acquisition  of  the  object  of 
our  desires. 

The  pubhc  nurseries  and  gardens  of  Middlesex 
and  Norfolk  are  entitled  to  preeminence  among  those 
of  New  England,  and  Newton  and  Brighton,  and 
Charlestovvn  and  Milton  and  Roxbury,  are  laudably 
competing  with  similar  establishments  in  other  sec- 
tions of  our  country  for  the  general  patronage. 

A  familiar  acquaintance  with  the  synonymes,  and 
their  identity  with  the  fruit,  is  essential  to  the  conve- 
nience of  all  classes  of  cultivators,  and  indispensable 
to  the  proprietors  of  extensive  nurseries.  It  will  pre- 
vent much  of  the  confusion  which  now  prevails,  and 
tend  to  correct  the  mistakes  which  frequently  occur 
to  those  who  have  not  attended  to  this  subject. 

If  it  has  been  the  prevailing  fashion  to  underrate 
almost  everything  of  domestic  origin,  and  attach  a 
value  to  exotics  in  proportion  to  the  distance  from, 
and  the  expense  at  which  they  were  procured,  it 
was  no  less  true  of  the  products  of  the  soil,  than  of 
those  of  the  workshop  and  the  loom.  Even  the  in- 
tellectual labors  of  our  countrymen  have,  until  within 
a  short  period,  been  received  with  the  cold  formality 
with  which  an   indigent   acquaintance  is  often  re- 


25 

cognised.  While  everything  that  bore  the  impress 
of  a  foreign  original  was  sought  after,  admired  and 
eulogised  without  much  regard  to  its  intrinsic  merits. 
But  these  antinational  prejudices  and  predilections 
are  fast  receding  before  the  beaming  and  unquencha- 
ble light  of  intelligence  and  patriotism. 

I  have  spoken  of  the  influence  that  our  association 
has  exerted  in  relation  to  the  primary  objects  of  its 
institution.  There  are  other  subjects  connected  with 
its  success  and  usefulness,  to  which  I  have  adverted, 
and  which  should  interest  our  attention.  A  practical 
acquaintance  with  the  different  departments  of  natural 
history  will  be  found  to  be  highly  advantageous  in  the 
business  of  horticulture.  I  hope  we  may  avail  our- 
selves of  the  facilities  that  will  be  afforded  us,  to  ac- 
quire a  knowledge  of  this  subject,  when  it  will  com- 
port with  the  convenience  of  the  gentlemen  who  have 
been  designated  as  professors  and  lecturers  on  botany 
and  vegetable  physiology,  entomology  and  horticul- 
tural chemistry.  I  anticipate  from  those  resources 
not  only  much  intellectual  gratification,  but  that, 
from  their  abundant  stores  of  scientific  attainments, 
we  may  be  instructed  and  encouraged  to  persevere  in 
obtaining  a  familiar  intimacy  with  all  that  is  essential 
to  our  pursuits. 

The  protection  and  preservation  of  useful  birds  is 
a  subject  I  would  propose  for  your  particular  consid- 
eration. To  those  whose  souls  are  attuned  to  the 
harmony  of  their  music,  who  delight  to  listen  to  the 
warbling  of  nature's  choristers,  little  need  be  urged  to 
ensure  them  security  in  the  peaceful  possession  of 
4 


^6 

their  accustomed  haunts.  But  if  this  consideration 
is  not  sufficient,  there  is  another  vi'ew  in  which  the 
subject  may  be  presented,  that  cannot  fail  to  render 
them  tlie  objects  of  our  care  and  watchfulness.  We 
must  eitlier  encourage  them,  or  resign  our  gardens 
and  orchards  to  the  overwhehning  ravages  of  innume- 
rable insatiate  insects.  We  must  preserve  them,  and 
consent  to  tolerate  their  minor  depredations,  or  suffer 
them  to  be  destroyed,  and  with  them  all  hopes  of  pre- 
serving any  portion  of  our  fruits. 

It  is  asserted  upon  competent  authority,  that  nearly 
all  the  food  of  small  birds  from  the  commencement  of 
spring  to  the  middle  of  June,  consists  of  insects;  and 
that  a  pair  of  sparrows  during  the  time  they  have  their 
young  ones  to  provide  for,  destroy  every  week  about 
three  thousand  three  hundred  caterpillai-s.  By  a  wise 
and  judicious  enactment  of  the  legislature  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, the  protection  of  the  law  is  extended  to 
the  preservation  of  certain  kinds  of  birds  that  are 
enumerated,  and  a  penalty  provided  for  every  infrac- 
tion of  its  provisions.  Let  this  association  unite  in 
giving  efficiency  to  the  laws,  by  enforcing  its  opera- 
tions upon  every  violater,  and  thus  shall  we  subserve 
the  pubhc  interests,  protect  our  property,  and  pre- 
serve those  innocent  and  useful  co-laborers,  who  am- 
ply repay  us  in  the  aid  they  afford,  and  in  the  grati- 
fication we  derive  from  their  presence,  and  in  listening 
to  their  inspiring  and  animating  melody. 

The  pursuits  which  it  is  our  object  to  promote,  are 
not  only  subservient  to  the  happiness  of  social  and 
domestic  life,  in  multiplying  the  resources  of  inno- 


^1 

cent  indulgence,  and  of  the  interchange  of  the  kind 
offices  of  mutual  good  will,  and  not  only  tend  to  excite 
and  elevate  that  taste  for  the  beauties  of  creation, 
which  almost  of  necessity  leads  to  communion  with 
its  All-Glorious  Author,  but  may  be  consecrated  also 
to  the  holy  purpose  of  randering  more  interesting  and 
cittractive  our  final  resting-place. 

The  improvement  and  embellishment  of  grounds 
devoted  to  public  uses,  is  deserving  of  especial  consi- 
deration, and  i-hould  interest  the  ingenious,  the  libe- 
ral and  tasteful  in  devising  '  ways  and  means  '  for  the 
accomplishment  of  so  desirable  an  object ;  and  i 
deem  this  a  suitable  occasion  to  direct  the  attention 
of  our  citizens  to  a  subject  I  have  long  wished  to 
see  presented  to  tlieir  consideration,  with  an  elo- 
quence that  could  not  fail  to  awaken,  and  with  argu- 
ments that  will  not  fail  to  insure  the  influence  of  all 
in  its  execution. 

I  refer  to  the  establishment  of  a  public  cemetery, 
similar  in  its  designs  to  that  of  Pere  La  Chaise  in  the 
environs  of  Paris,  to  be  located  in  the  suburbs  of  this 
metropolis.  A  suitable  regard  for  the  memory  of  the 
dead  is  not  inconsistent  with  tlie  precepts  of  religion 
or  of  our  duty  to  the  living.  The  place  of  graves 
affords  to  the  serious  and  the  contemplative,  instruc- 
tion and  admonition.  It  teaches  us  '  what  shadows 
we  are,  and  what  shadows  we  pursue.'  It  is  there 
that  the  heart  is  chastened,  and  the  soul  is  subdued, 
and  the  affections  purified  and  exalted.  It  is  there 
that  ambition  surveys  the  boundaries  of  its  powers, 
of  its  hopes,  and  its  aspirations.     And  it  is  there  that 


28 

we  are  constrained  to  adinit,  that  human  distinctions, 
and  arrogance,  and  influence  must  terminate.  I 
would  render  such  scenes  luoio  alluring,  more  fami- 
liar and  imposing,  by  the  aid  of  rural  embellishments. 
The  skill  and  taste  of  the  architect  should  be  exerted 
in  the  construction  of  the  requisite  departments  and 
avenues ;  and  appropriate  trees  and  plants  should  de- 
corate its  borders  ;  —  the  weeping  willow,  v/aving  its 
graceful  drapery  over  the  monumental  marble,  and 
the  sombre  foliage  of  the  Cyprus  should  shade  it, 
and  the  undying  daisy  should  mingle  its  bright  and 
glowing  tints  with  the  native  laurels  of  our  forests. 
It  is  there  I  would  desire  to  see  the  taste  of  the  florist 
manifested  in  the  collection  and  arrangement  of  beau- 
tiful and  fragrant  flowers,  that  in  their  budding  and 
bloom  and  decay  they  should  be  the  silent  but  expres- 
sive teachers  of  morality,  and  remind  us  that,  although, 
like  the  flowers  of  autumn,  the  race  of  man  is  fading 
from  off'  the  earth,  yet  like  them  his  root  will  not  per- 
ish in  the  ground,  but  will  rise  again  in  a  renewed 
existence,  to  shed  the  sweet  influence  of  a  useful  life, 
in  gardens  of  unfading  beauty  ! 


SECOND 
AIVNIVERSARY  FESTIVAL 

OF    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


The  Second  Anniversary  of  tlie  Massachusetts  Horticultural  So- 
ciety was  celebrated  on  Friday,  the  10th  of  September,  at  the  Ex- 
change Coffee  House,  in  a  very  splendid  manner,  notwithstanding 
the  unpropitious  state  of  the  weather  for  several  days  previous,  which 
it  was  feared  would  prevent  so  handsome  a  display  of  fruits  as  was 
made  last  year.  The  dining  hall  was  very  tastefully  ornamented 
with  festoons  and  vases  of  flowers,  and  the  table  loaded  with  nu- 
merous baskets  of  beautiful  peaches,  grapes,  pears,  melons,  apples, 
&c.,  arranged  in  a  very  chaste  and  appropriate  manner.  Much 
credit  is  due  to  the  public  spirit  of  E.  Edwards,  Esq.,  of  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  a  member  of  the  Society,  who,  in  addition  to  the  pleasure 
his  own  company  gave  at  the  dinner  table,  enriched  it  with  ten 
baskets  of  beautiful  peaches,  plums,  and  pears,  the  produce  of  his 
own  and  his  neighbors'  gardens.  The  trellis  of  grapes,  raised  in 
the  open  air  by  Mr  Fosdick,  of  Charlestown,  excited  much  atten- 
tion. The  Hall  of  the  Exchange  was  literally  crowded  with  visiters 
from  12  to  2  o'clock. 

The  Society  was  favored  with  an  eloquent  and  interesting  Ad- 
dress, by  Z.  Cook,  Jr.,  Esq.,  of  Dorchester,  at  the  Lecture  Room 
at  the  Athenaeum,  at  11  o'clock,  A.  M. 

Among  the  fruits  presented,  were  baskets  of  very  fine  Esperione 
and  Black  Hamburg  Grapes,  from  Wm.  De.\n,  of  Salem ;    from  J* 


30 

W.  Treadwell,  Salem,  Pears,  Johonnot;  from  T.  H.  Peukins, 

Grapes,  St  Peters,  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  white  Fronlignac,  black 
do. ;  black  Hamburg,  flame  colored  Tokay,  Chasselas  or  Sweet 
Water ;  Peaches  and  Nectarines,  branches  of  Irish  Ivory,  from 
plants  raised  by  Col.  P.,  from  cuttings  taken  by  himself  from  Car- 
risbrook  and  Warwick  castles,  England,  a  beautiful  vine,  and  per- 
fectly hardy ;  from  John  Lowell,  Grapes,  black  Hamburg,  (one 
bunch  weighing'  3-2  ounces,)  and  white  Tokay  ;  Peaches ;  a  plant 
in  flower,  of  Musea  Coccinea,  has  never  been  flowered  before  in 
this  country;  from  Rufus  F.  Piiii'ps,  Charlestown,  Nectarines,  and 
Andrews  Pears;  from  Dr  Webster,  Cambridge,  flowers,  Dahlias, 
.&,c. ;  from  Du  Aoams,  Boston,  magnum  bonum  Plums;  from 
Thomas  Whitmarsh,  Brookline,  Peaches;  from  John  Heard,  Jr. 
Watertown,  Bartlett  Pears  ;  from  Du.  S.  A.  Suurtleff,  Boston,  St 
Michael's  and  Broca's  Bergamot  Pears,  White  Muscadine  Grapes, 
open  ground;  from  N.  Clapp,  Dorchester,  Peaches,  natural  of  the 
oth  and  Gth  generation,  has  never  deteriorated  from  the  parent  fruit; 
from  J.  B.  RicHAiiDSOiV,  Boston,  Peaches;  from  E.  M.  Richards, 
Dedham,  Summer  Russet,  Red  Juneating,  and  Benoni  (a  native) 
Apples,  and  uncommonly  fine  natural  Peaches ;  from  David  Fos- 
DicK,  Charlestown,  White  Muscadine  Grapes,  tastefully  arranged 
;Upon  a  trellis ;  from  David  Haggerston,  Charlestown,  black 
Hamburg  Grapes  and  Flowers;  from  Elisha  Edwards,  Spring- 
field, Peaches,  natural,  very  large  and  beautiful,  also  large  and 
beautiful  Pears  and  Plums ;  from  John  A.  W.  Lamb,  Boston, 
Peaches;  from  Nathaniel  Seaver,  Roxbury,  Bartlett  Pears  and 
Peac'ies  ;  from  J.  and  F.  Winship,  Brighton,  flowers  ;  from  Messrs 
Kenrick,  Newton,  flowers  ;  from  Ebenlzer  Breed,  Charlestown, 
'Grapes,  five  clusters  black  Hamburg,  (two  weighing  2i  lbs.  each, 
1  weighing  2  lbs.)  white  Chasselas  and  Muscat,  also  flowers ;  from 
S.  Downer,  Bartlett  Pears,  Porter  and  Ribstone  Pippin  Apples. 
Morris'  White  Peaches,  four  pots  Balsam ine,  and  two  pots  Snow- 
berry;  from  Ezra  Dyek,  Boston,  Plums  and  Peaches;  from  John 
Prince,  Roxbury,  Ribstone  Pippin  Apples;  Verte  longue,  An- 
drews, Bartlett,  and  green  Catharine  Pears;  yeliow  letter  Melon, 
Royal  D'Tours,  Plums,  a  large  braiich  of  Datura  Arborea,  in 
flower,  Dahlias,  &.c.;    from   Z.   Cook,  Jr.,  Dorchester,  Bartlett 


31 

Pears,  and  flowers;  from  Hector  Coffin,  Newburyport,  Bon  Cre- 
tion  Pears;  from  Enoch  Baktlett,  Dorchester,  Peaches,  and 
Bartlett  Pears ;  from  S.  R.  J(jhns(in,  Charlcstovvn,  White  Gage 
and  Bohnar's  Washington  Plams;  from  R.  Tooiiey,  Waltham,  by 
E.  W.  Payne,  Black  Hamburg  Grapes,  Pears,  Peaches,  and  Mel- 
ons;  from  VVm.  Stone,  city  farm,  Soutii  Boston,  a  Muskmelon, 
weighing  19^  lbs.  ;  from  E.  G.  Austin,  Boston,  magnum  boniim 
white  Plums;  from  Edward  Sharp,  Dorchester,  very  fine  red 
Roman  Nectarines;  from  Richard  Sullivan,  Brookline,  black 
Hamburg  Grapes;  from  Andrew  Brimmer,  Boston,  White  Gage, 
or  Prince's  fine  white  and  Hill's  native  Plums,  and  a  branch  of 
Swan  Pears,  and  a  basket  of  Pears;  from  H,  A.  S.  Dearboun, 
Roxbury,  great  mogul  Plums  ;  from  G.  W.  Pratt,  Waltham,  huge 
Bouquets  of  flowers;  from  Wm.  Carter,  Botanic  Garden,  Cam- 
bridge, natural  Peaches,  very  large  and  beautiful,  and  flowers  ; 
from  Elias  Phinney,  native  Grapes,  and  Nectarines;  from  Che-^ 
VER  Newhall,  Dorchester,  fine  natural  Peaches;  from  Nehemiah 
D.  Williams,  Roxbury,  Porter  and  other  Apples  ;  from  O.  Pettee,. 
Newton,  Caroline  Cling-Stone  Peaches;  from  S.  G.  Perkins,  a 
dressed  basket  of  fruit,  consisting  of  black  Hamburg,  black  Cape, 
and  Muscat  of  Alexandria  Grapes;  and  the  Alberge  Admirable,. 
Great  Montague  Admirable,  Morris'  White  or  Pine,  and  Landreth's 
Cling-Stone  Peaches;  from  E.  Vose,  of  Dorchester,  beautiful 
Groose  Mignonne  Peaches,  Bartlett  Pears,  Persian  and  Pine  Ap- 
ple Melons,  and  large  Watermelons;  from  Henry  A.  Breed,  of 
Lynn,  Watermelons;  from  Peter  C.  Brooks,  of  Medford,  by 
Georcje  Tiio:\!pson,  gardener,  large  clusters  of  black  Hamburg 
Grapes,  and  fine  Spice  Apples  ;  from  John  Lemist  of  Roxbury, 
several  varieties  of  beautiful  flowers ;  Charles  Senior,  flowers  ; 
William  W'orthington  flowers,  in  wreaths. 

At  four  o'clock  the  Society,  with  their  friends  and  invited 
guests  sat  down  to  a  dinner  prepared  by  Mr  Gallagher,  when  the 
following  sentiments  were  drunk. 

regular  toasts. 
1.  JYa/}  England — The  hills   that  gave  shelter  to  Liberty  are 
now  crowned  with  the  blessings  of  Ceres. 


32 

2.  The  Constitution  of  tJte  United  States — The  vigor  of  the 
B'tock  will  soon  correct  the  saplings  that  may  be  engrafted  on  it. 

3.  Liberty — Having  completed  her  Temple — we  would  entwine 
he  stately  columns  with  the  peaceful  vine. 

4.  Our  Senator  in  Cangress. — Himself  invulnerable ;  he  fur- 
nishes arms  for  the  security  of  States. 

5.  Our  Controversies  with  the  Parent  Cotaitrij — Let  them  be 
manly  struggles  for  a  more  honorable  union  on  reciprocal  principles- 

6  Massachusetts  Cultivators — May  our  efforts  and  success  be 
in  an  inverse  ratio  to  our  climate  and  soil. 

7.  Golden  Apples  and  Golden  Fleeces — M  y  they  cease  to  be 
emblems  of  discord  and  disunion. 

8.  NuWJication — A  mode  of  re-dressing — highly  destructive  of 
the  black  and  white  sorts. 

9.  Horticulture  and  Floricidture — By  wliich  all  climates  and 
all  soils  may  be  compelled  to  concentrate  their  uses  and  beauties  at 
the  pleasure  of  man. 

10.  The  practical  and  scientijic  Cultivator — A  man  who  makes 
experiments  in  farming  and  in  gardening  for  the  heneft  of  his 
7ieighbijr. 

11.  Diffusion  of  kind  and  of  kindness — Our  grapes  can  never  be 
sour,  for  they  wdl  be  within  the  reach  of  everybody. 

12.  Woman — The  Industry,  science,  and  taste  of  man,  is  improv- 
incr  the  soil  for  a  more  extended  dominion  of  Flora. 

13.  Thefruits  of  the  Patriots  of  France— We  would  return  them 
renovated  and  more  grateful  to  the  world  by  American  adoption. 

14.  The  monarchies  of  Europe — Vicious  stocks  w««/s<  go  to  the 
wall  for  improved  cultivation. 

15.  Cultivation  in  its  two  great  branches,  mental  and  manual — 
The  latter  without  the  former  is  an  eddy  in  a  stream— always 
moving,  never  advancing. 

IG.  Novelties  in  cultivation — Never  adopted  without  caution, 
nor  rejected  without  trial— for  although  everything  which  is  new 
may  not  be  useful,  yet  everything  useful  was  once  ne:o. 


VOLUNTEERS. 

By  the  President,  General  Dearborn:  Lafavette— '  Without 
fear  and  without  reproach;'  the  illustrious  Champion  of  Liberty  in 
three  Revolutions. 

Bi/  His  Excellency  Gov.  Lincoln.  The  vine,  under  the  shadow 
of  which  Freemen  dwell  securely— May  its  ncio  growth  be  pro- 
tected in  that  country,  where  it  requires  rather  training  than 
heading. 

By  his  Honor  the  Mayor.  New  England — May  every  farm  be- 
come a  garden,  every  garden  adorned  with  vines— and  may  it  be 
the  boast  of  our  posterity,  that  their  Fathers  did  not  eat  sour  grapes. 

Bij  the  Chief  Justice.  Education — The  culture  of  the  mind, 
which  always  requites  the  faithful  laborer  with  the  sweetest  flowers 
and  the  richest  fruit. 

Bij  Hon.  B.  TV.  Crouminshield.  The  Apple  and  Plum — May 
we  never  eat  of  the  apple  of  discord,  and  have  plums  enough  to 
make  smooth  the  way  of  life. 

By  the  Rev.  Mr  Picrpont.  A  Garden— The  primitive  and 
perpetual  scene  of  all  that  makes  man  great— labor  and  serious 
thought ;  in  which,  having  seen  the  smile  of  God  in  the  heat,  he 
may  hear  his  voice  '  in  the  cool  of  the  day.' 

By  Judge  Chipmnn,  of  New  Brunstcick.  The  city  of  Boston — 
May  it  preserve  its  high  character  and  its  public  spirit. 

Communicated  by  the  Hon.  John  Lowell.  The  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society — May  liberality,  without  a  tincture  of  jealousy, 
and  cautious  and  scientific  scrutiny,  be  its  distinguished  charac- 
teristic. 

By  Zebedce  Cook,  Jr.  Esq.,  Ist  Vice  President.  The  Press — 
Charles  X.  and  his  '  travclhng  Cabinet ' — the  best  modern  com- 
mentary upon  its  power  and  influence  when  exerted  in  the  cause 
of  civil  liberty  and  the  rights  of  man. 

By  the  Hon.  Edivard  D.  Bangs,  Secretary  of  the  Common- 
wealth. Agriculture  and  Horticulture — Pursuits  in  which  compe- 
tition excites  no  jealousy,  and  where  ambition  is  often  crowned 
with  success. 

5 


34 

By  John  a  Gray,  Esq.  The  memory  of  Stephen  Elliot  of  South 
Carolina— The  death  of  an  accomplished  botanist  is  the  loss  of 
the  whole  world. 

By  E.  Phinney,  Esq.,  Vice  President.  Rural  employment— I 
gives  purity  and  freshness  to  the  opening  ftwc?  of  youth— beauty  and 
fragrance  to  the  floiccr  of  manhood-and  a  wholesome  soundness 
to  thc/rw«7sof  old  age. 

By  Dr  Thacher  of  Plymouth.  The  noble  achievements  of 
Horticulture-Peaches  and  Pears  big  as  pumpkins,  and  grapes  in 
clusters  like  that  borne  on  a  staif  by  two  men  from  the  valley  of 
Grapes  in  the  wilderness  of  Paran. 

By  Gen.  Sumner.  The  Nullificators— South  Carolina  Borers— 
as  nobody  cares  about  them  out  of  their  own  State,  they  ought  to 
be  dug  out  there. 

By  Dr  S.  A.  Shurtlcff.  Gen.  Lafayette— The  Hero  of  three 
Revolutions. 

Communicated  by  Judge  Story,  who  was  prevented  by  illness 
from  attendmg  the  meeting  :  The  pleasures  of  the  f%-The  fruits 
of  good  tasle,  and  the  taste  of  good  fruits. 

r/ic  soil  of  Algiers  under  French  culture—Lei  them  plant  the 
tree  of  Knowledge,  and  that  of  Liberty  will  spring  up  of  itself. 

By  J  C  Gray,  Esq.  TheRepublicsofSouth  America— Thrifty 
plants  which  have  withstood  fire  and  steel  by  dint  of  vigorous 
5/.oo^4-may  they  never  be  injured  by  any  injudicious  attempt 
at  Crown  Grafting. 

By  S.  Dormer,  Esq.  The  Second  Anniversary  of  our  Society- 
It  brincrs  with  it  the  strengthened  assurance  of  its  great  success,  in 
promoting  the  elegant,  useful,  and  interesting  science,  which  it 

has  for  its  object.  .  . 

The  Recipes  of  our  English  'Kitchener'  may  suit  a  foreign 
taste— We  prefer  the  prescriptions  of  a  Yankee  Cook. 
The  Garden  Festival — 

'  Blossoms  and  fruits  and  flowers  together  rise, 
And  the  whole  year  in  wild  profusion  lies.' 

After  the  Governor  had  retired— 

Gov.  LiNcoLN-Fearless,  independent,  and  patnotic-May  he 


35 

who  never  forgets  his  country,  be  always  supported  by  his  country- 
men. 

Communicated  by  Jacob  Lorrillard,  Esq.,  President  of  the  New 
York  Horticuhural  Society :  The  Massackuseits  Horticultural  So- 
ciety— Her  blossoms  insure  a  fruitful  harvest. 

Communicated  by  Judge  Buel,  President  of  the  Albany  Horti- 
cultural Society  :  Old  Massachusetts — a  nursery  of  Industry,  En- 
terprise, Talent,  and  Patriotism — Her  Plants  have  been  widely  dis- 
seminated, and  are  found  to  flourish  and  fruit  well,  in  every  climate 
and  in  every  soil. 

Sent  by  William  R.  Prince,  Esq.  of  Flashing,  N.  Y. :  The  Star 
of  Promise — the  Ancients  watched  its  glory  in  the  East — We 
hail  its  brightest  ascension  in  the  West. 

By  Dr  Storcr,  of  Boston.  Our  Society — In  these  her  days  of 
successful  operation,  may  she  gratefully  remember  the  vehicle 
which  has  borne  her  on  to  popularity  and  usefulness — a  Dearborn. 

Sent  by  Alfred  S.  Prince,  Esq.,  of  Flushing,  N.  Y.  :  Boston — 
Nature's  favored  spot,  where  the  flowers  of  rhetoric  commingle 
with  those  which  spring  from  the  domain  of  Flora. 

On  motion  of  Mr  Z.  Cook,  Jr.,  the  Hon.  Ward  Chipman,  of 
New  Brunswick,  was  elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  Society. 

When  Judge  Chipman  retired — 

Judge  Chipman — Our  new  member,  and  the  agent  of  the  British 
Government  for  establishing  our  Eastern  boundary — We  should 
be  pleased  to  have  such  a  one  fixed  as  would  bring  him  within 
our  limits. 

By  Mr  Edteards,  of  Springfield.  The  Massachusetts  Horticul- 
tural Society — Success  and  prosperity  to  all  her  experiments. 

After  the  President  had  retired,  Mr  Cook  gave — 

Henry  A.  S.  Dearborn,  President  of  the  Massachusetts  Horti- 
cultural Society — Under  his  assiduous,  skilful,  and  energetic  ad- 
ministration, this  institution  cannot  fail  to  realize  the  hopes  and 
anticipations  of  its  founders. 


THE  COURSE  OF  CULTURE. 

BY  G.  T.  FESSENDEN. 

Sting  at  the  Second  Anniversary  of  the  Massachusetts^  Horticultural  Society, 
to  the  tune— '  Jluld  Lang  Syne: 

Survey  the  world,  through  every  zone, 

From  Lima  to  Japan, 
In  lineaments  of  light  't  is  shown 

That  CULTURE  makes  the  man. 
By  manual  culture  one  attains 

What  Industry  may  claim, 
Another's  mental  toil  and  pains 

Attenuate  his  frame. 

Some  plough  and  plant  the  teeming  soil. 

Some  cultivate  the  arts ; 
And  some  devote  a  life  of  toil 

To  tilling  heads  and  hearts. 
Some  train  the  adolescent  mind. 

While  buds  of  promise  blow, 
And  see  each  nascent  twig  inclined 

The  way  the  tree  should  grow. 

The  first  man,  and  the  first  of  men, 

Were  tillers  of  the  soil ; 
And  that  was  Mercy's  mandate  then, 

Which  destined  man  to  moil. 
Indulgence  preludes  fell  attacks 

Of  merciless  disease. 
And  Sloth  extends  on  fiery  racks 

Her  listless  devotees. 

Hail   Horticulture!  Heaven-ordained, 

Of  every  art  the  source, 
Which  man  has  polished,  life  sustained, 

Since  time  commenced  his  course. 


37 

Where  waves  thy  wonder-working  wand 
What  splendid  scenes  disclose  ! 

The  blasted  heath,  the  arid  strand, 
Out-bloom  the  gorgeous  rose  ! 

Even  in  the  seraph-sex  is  thy 

Munificence  described  ; 
And  Milton  says  in  lady's  eye 

Is  Heaven  identified. 
A  seedling,  sprung  fi-om  Adam's  side, 

A  most  celestial  shoot ! 
Became  of  Paradise  the  pride, 

And  bore  a  world  of  fruit. 

The  Lilly,  Rose,  Carnation,  blent 

By  Flora's  magic  power, 
And  Tulip,  feebly  represent 

So  elegant  a  flower. 
Then,  surely,  Bachelors,  ye  ought, 

In  season  to  transfer 
Some  sprig  of  this  sweet  'toucii-me-not,' 

To  grace  your  own  parterre  ; 

And  every  Gardener  should  be  proud, 

With  tenderness  and  skill. 
If  haply  he  may  be  allowed 

This  precious  plant  to  till. 
All  that  man  has,  had,  hopes,  can  have, 

Past,  promised,  or  possessed. 
Are  fruits  which  culture  gives  or  gave 

At  Industry's  behest. 


OFFICERS 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


PRESIDENT. 

HENRY  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Roxbury. 

YICE-PRESIDENTS. 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr.,  Dorchester. 
JOHN  C.  GRAY,  Boston. 
ENOCH  BARTLETT,  Roxbia-y. 
ELIAS  PHINNEY,  Lexington. 

TREASURER. 

CHEEVER  NEWHALL,  Boston. 

CORRESPONDING    SECRETARY. 

JACOB  BIGELOW,  M.  D.,  Boston. 

RECORDING    SECRETARY. 

ROBERT  L.  EMMONS,  Boston. 

COUNSELLORS. 

AUGUSTUS  ASPINWALL,  Brookline. 
THOMAS  BREWER,  Roxbury. 
HENRY  A.  BREED,  Lynn. 
BENJ.  W.  CROVVNINSHIELD,  Salem. 
J.  G.  COGSWELL,  JVorthampton. 
NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT,  Milton. 
E.  HERSEY  DERBY,  Salem. 
SAMUEL  DOWNER,  Dorchester. 


39 

OLIVER  FISKE,  Worcester. 

B.  V.  FRENCH,  Boston. 

J.  M.  GOURGAS,  Jfeston. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D.,  Milton. 

S  VMUEL  JAQUES,  Jr.,  Charlestown  . 

JOS.  G.  JOY,  Bosto7i. 

WILLIAM  KENRICK,  JVewton. 

JOHN  LEMIST,  Ruxhwy. 

S.  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Boston. 

BENJAMIN  RODMAN,  Mw  Bedford. 

JOHN  B.  RUSSELL,  Boston. 

CHARLES  SENIOR,  Roxhury. 

WILLIAM  H.  SUMNER,  Dorchester. 

CHARLES  TAPPAN,  Boston. 

JACOB  TIDD,  Roxbury. 

M.  A.  WARD,  M.  D.,  Salem. 

JONA.  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 

WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Dorchester. 

AARON  D.  WILLIAMS,  Roxbury. 

E.  M.  RICHARDS,  Dedham. 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANT  AND   VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

MALTHUS  A.  WARD,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  HORTICULTURAL   CHEMISTRY. 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,  M.  D. 


STANDING  COMMITTEES 


or  THE 

COUNCIL.. 


I. 

ON  FRUIT  TREES,  FRUITS,  &C. 

To  have  cliarge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  multiplication  of  fruit 
trees  and  vines,  by  seed,  scions,  buds,  layers,  suckers,  or  other 
modes;  the  introduction  of  new  varieties;  the  various  methods  of 
pruning  and  training  them,  and  whatever  relates  to  their  culture, 
and  that  of  all  other  fruits ;  the  recommendation  of  objects  for 
premiums,  and  the  awarding  of  them. 

ELIAS  PHINNEY,  Chairman. 
SAMUEL  DOWNER, 
OLIVER  FISKE, 
ROBERT  MANNING, 
CHARLES  SENIOR, 
ELIJAH  VOSE, 
WILLIAM  KENRICK, 
E.  M.  RICHARDS. 

II. 

ON  THE  CULTURE  AND  PRODUCTS  OF  THE   KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

To  have  the  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  location  and 
management  of  Kitchen  Gardens ;  the  cultivation  of  all  plants 
appertaining  thereto  ;  the  introduction  of  new  varieties  of  esculent, 
medicinal,  and  all  such  vegetables  as  are  useful  in  the  arts  or  are 
subservient  to  other  branches  of  national  industry  ;  the  struc- 
ture and  management  of  hot-beds;  the  recommendation  of  object 
for  premiums,  and  the  awarding  of  them. 

DANIEL  CHANDLER,  Chairman. 
JACOB  TIDD, 
AARON  D.  WILLIAMS, 
JOHN  B.  RUSSELL, 
NATHANIEL  SEAVER, 
LEONARD  STONE. 


41 


III. 

ON  ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  SHRUBS,  FLOWERS,  AND  GREEN-HOUSES. 

To  have  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  cuhure,  multi- 
plication, and  preservation  of  ornamental  trees  and  sliruhs,  and 
flowers  of  all  kinds  ;  the  construction  and  management  of  green- 
houses, the  recommendation  of  objects  for  premiums,  and  the 
awarding  of  them. 

ROBERT  L.  EMMONS,  Chairman. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP, 
JOSEPH  G.  JOY, 
DAVID  HAGGERSTON, 
GEORGE  W.  PRATT. 

IV. 

ON  THE  LIBRARY. 

To  have  charge  of  all  books,  drawings,  and  engravings,  and  to 
recommend  from  time  to  time  such  as  it  may  be  deemed  expedient 
to  procure  ;  to  superintend  the  publication  of  such  communications 
and  papers  as  may  be  directed  by  the  council;  to  recommend  pre- 
miums for  drawings  of  fruits  and  flowers,  and  plans  of  country 
houses,  and  other  edifices  and  structures  connected  with  horticul- 
ture ;  and  for  communications  on  any  subject  in  relation  thereto. 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Chairman. 

JOHN  C.  GRAY, 

JACOB  BIGELOW, 

T.  W.  HARRIS, 

E.  H.  DERBY, 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr. 


COMMITTEE  ON  THE  SYNONYMES  OF  FRUITS. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Society,  June  20,  the  following  gentlemen 
were  chosen  a  Committee  to  facilitate  a  change  of  fruits  with  the 
Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Albany  Horticultural  Societies,  and 
others,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  their  synonymes. 

JOHN  LOWELL,  Chairman, 
ROBERT  MANNING, 
SAMUEL  DOWNER. 


MEMBERS 


MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


ASPINWALL,  AUGUSTUS,  Brookline. 
AMES,  JOHN  W.,  Dcdham. 
ANDREWS,  JOHN  H.,  Salem. 
ANDREWS,  EBENEZER  T.,  Boston. 
ANTHONY,  JAMES,  Providence, 


BARTLETT,  ENOCH,  Roxbury, 
BREWER,  THOMAS,  «' 

BRIMMER,  GEORGE  W.,  Boston. 
BRADLEE,  JOSEPH  P.,  «« 

BREED, EBENEZER,  " 

BUSSEY,  BENJAMIN,  " 

BREED,  HENRY  A.,  Lynn. 
BIGELOW,  JACOB,  Boston. 
BALDWIN,  ENOCH,  Dorchester. 
BREED,  JOHN,  Charlestown. 
BREED,  ANDREWS,  Lynn. 
BAILEY,  KENDAL,  Charlestown. 
BALLARD,  JOSEPH,  Boston. 


COOK,  ZEBEDEE,  Jr.,  Dorchester. 
CODMAN,  JOHN,  " 

CUNNINGHAM,  J.  A.,  " 
CLAPP,  NATHANIEL,  " 
COOLIDGE,  JOSEPH,  Boston. 
CORDIS  THOMAS,  " 

COPELAND,  B.  F.,  Koxbury. 
COGSWELL,  J.  G.,  Northampton. 
CHAMPNEY,  JOHN,  Roxbury. 
COWING,  CORNELIUS,  " 
CHANDLER,  1>ANIEL,  Lexington. 
CALLENDER,  JOSEPH,  Boston. 
CHASE,  HEZEKIAH,  Lynn. 


ANDREWS,  FERDINAND,  Lancaster, 
ATKINSON,  AMOS,  Brookline. 
APPLETON,  SAMUEL,  Boston. 
ADAMS,  D.\NIEL,  Newbury. 


B 


BROW"N,  JAMES,  Cambridge. 
BARTLETT,  EDMUND,  Newburyport. 
BUCKMLNSTER,  LAWSON,  Framingham^ 
BUCKMINSTER,  EDWARD  F.,        " 
BRECK,  JOSEPH,  Pepperell. 
BADLAM,  STEPHEN,  Boston. 
BRADFORD,  SAMUEL  H.,  Boston. 
BAILEY,  EBENEZER,  Boston. 
BANGS,  EDWARD  D  ,  Worcester. 
BOWDOIN,  JAMES,  Boston. 
BALCH,  JOSEPH,  Roxbury. 
BOND,  GEORGE,  Boston. 


c 


COLMAN,  HENRY,  Salem. 
CARNES,  NATHANIEL  G.,  New  Yorfe. 
CURTIS,  EDWARD,  Pepperell. 
CHANDLER,  SAMUEL,  Lexington. 
CAPEN,  AARON,  Dorchester. 
CROWNINSHIELD,  BENJ.  W.,  Salem. 
COTTING,  WM.,  West  Cambridge. 
CABOT,  SAMUEL,  Brookline. 
COFFIN,  HECTOR,  Rock  Farm,  Newbury. 
CURTIS,  NATHANIEL,  Roxbury. 
CLAP,  ISAAC,  Dorchester. 
CRAFTS,  EBENEZER,  Roxbury. 


43 


DEARBORN,  H.  A.  S.,  Roxbury. 
DAVIS,  ISAAC  P.,  Boston. 
DOWNEK,  SAMUEL,  Dorchester. 
DICKSON,  JAMES  A.,        " 
DOWSE,  THOMAS,  Cambridgeport 
DUDLEY,  DAVID,  Roxbury. 
DOGGETT,  JOHN,  Boston. 
DREW,  DANIEL,        " 
DERBY,  JOHN,  Salem. 

EMMONS,  ROBERT  L.,  Boston. 
EVERETT,  EDWARD,  Charlestown. 
EUSTIS,  JAMES,  South  Reading. 


D 

DAVENPORT,  NATHANIEL,  Milton. 
DAVIS,  CHARLES,  Roxbury. 
DORR,  NATHANIEL,    " 
DODGE,  PICKERING,  Salem. 
DEAN,  WILLIAM,  «« 

DERBY,  E.  H.,  " 

DODGE,  PICKERING,  Jr.  Salem. 
DAVIS,  JOHN  R,  Boston. 

E 

EDWARDS,  ELISHA,  Springfield. 
EAGER,  WILLIAM,  Boston. 
ENDICOTT,  WILLIAM  P.,  Danvers. 


FRENCH,  BENJAMIN  V.,  Boston.  FLETCHER,  RICHARD,  Boston. 

FESSENDEN,  THOMAS  G.,  Charlestown.    FIELD,  JOSEPH,  Weston. 


FROTHINGHAM,  SAMUEL,   Boston, 
FORRESTER,  JOHN,  Salora. 
FISKE,  OLIVER,  Worcester. 
FOSDICK  DAVID,  Charlestown. 


GRAY,  JOHN  C,  Boston. 
GREENLEAF,  THOMAS,  Quincy. 
GOURGAS,  J.  M.,  Weston. 
GREEN,  CHARLES  W.,  Roxbury. 
GORE,  WATSON,  " 

GANNETT,  T.  B.,  Cambridge. 


HARRIS,  SAMUEL  D.,  Boston. 
HUNTINGTON,  JOSEPH,  Rosbury. 
HASKINS,  RALPH,  « 

HUNTINGTON,  RALPH,  Boston. 
HEARD,  JOHN,  Jr.,  " 

HILL,  JEREMIAH,  " 

HOLLINGSWORTH,  MARK,   Milton. 
HARRIS,  WILLIAM  T.,  " 

HOLBROOK,  AMOS,  " 

HARRIS,  THADDEUS  M.,  Dorchester. 
HOWE,  RUFUS,  '« 

HAYDEN,  JOHN,  Brookline. 


rVES,  JOHN  M.,  Salem. 


JAaUES,  SAMUEL,  Jr.,  Charlestown. 
JOY,  JOSEPH  G.,  Boston. 


FITCH,  JEREMIAH,  Boston 
FRANCIS,  J.  B.,  Warwick,  (R.  I  ) 
FREEMAN,  RUSSELL,  New  Bedford. 
FAY,  SAMUEL  P.  P.,  Cambridge. 

G 

GARDNER,  W.  F.,  Salem. 
GARDNER,  JOSHUA,  Dorchester. 
GOODALE,  EPHRAIM,  Bucksport. 
GOODWIN,  THOMAS,  J.,  Charlestown. 
GUILD,  BENJAMIN,  Boston. 
GIBBS,  BENJAMIN,  Boston. 

H 

HOWES,  FREDERICK,  Salem. 
HAGGERSTON,  DAVID,  Charlestown. 
HUNT,  EBENEZER,  Northampton. 
HOWL  AND,  JOHN,  Jr.,  New  Bedford. 
HAYWARD,  GEORGE,  Boston. 
HIGGINSON,  HENRV,  Boston. 
HALL,  DUDLEY,  Medford. 
HARTSJIORNE,  ELIPHALET  P.,  Boston. 
HOUGHTON,  ABEL.  Jr.,  Lynn. 
HOVEY,P.  B.,  Jr.,  Cambridgeport. 
KURD,  WILLIAM,  Charlestown. 


I 

J 

JOY,  JOSEPH  B.,  Boston. 
JONES,  THOMAS  K.,  Roxbury. 


44 


JOHNSON,  SAMUEL,  R.,  Charlestown. 
JACKSON,  PATRICK  T.,  Boston. 


KENRICK,  WILLIAM,  Newton. 
KELLIE,  WILLIAM,  Boston. 


JACKSON,  JAMES,  Boston. 
JOHONNOT,  GEORGE  S.,  Salem. 

K 

KING,  JOHN,  Medford. 


LINCOLN,  LEVI,  Worcester. 
LINCOLN,  WILLIAM,  " 
LOWELL,  JOHN,  Roxbury. 
LEE,  THOMAS,  Jr.    '« 
LEWIS,  HENRY,         " 
LEMIST,  JOHN,  " 

LYMAN,  THEODORE,  Jr.,  Boston. 
LOWELL,  JOHN  A.,  " 


MANNING,  ROBERT,  Salem. 
MANNERS,  GEORGE,  Boston. 
MINNS,  THOMAS,  " 

MORRILL,  AMBROSE,  Lexington. 
MUNROE,  JONAS,  ^' 

MUSSEY,  BENJAMIN,  Boston. 


NEWHALL,  CHEEVER,  Dorchester. 
NICHOLS,  OTIS,  " 

NUTTALL,   THOMAS,  Cambridge. 
NEWELL,  JOSEPH  R.,  Boston. 


OTIS,  HARRISON  G.,  Boston. 
OLIVER,  FRANCIS  J.,     « 


LAWRENCE,  ABBOTT,  Boston. 
LYMAN,  GEORGE  W.,         " 
LAWRENCE,  CHARLES,  Salem. 
LITTLE,  HENRY,  Bucksport,  Maine. 
LELAND,   DANIEL,  Sherburne. 
LELAND,  J.  P.,  " 

LITTLE  SAMUEL,  Bucksport. 

M 

M'CARTHY,  EDWARD,  Brighton. 
MACKAY,  JOHN,  Boston. 
MEAD,  ISAAC  W.,  Charlestown. 
MEAD,  SAMUEL  O.,  West  Cambridge. 
MOFFATT,  J.  L.,  Boston. 

N 

NEWHALL,  JOSIAH,  Lynnfield. 
NEWMAN,  HENRY,  Roxbury. 
NICHOLSON,  HENRY,  Brookline. 
NEWELL,  JOSEPH  W.,  Charlestown. 

o 

OLIVER,  WILLIAM,  Dorchester. 
OXNARD,  HENRY,  Brookline. 


PERKINS,  THOMAS,  H.,  Boston. 
PERKINS,  SAMUEL  G.,        " 
PARSONS,  THEOFHILUS,    " 
PUTNAM,  JESSE,  " 

PRATT,  GEORGE  W.,  " 

PRESCOTT,  WILLIAM,        '< 
PENNIMAN,  ELISHA,  Brookline 
PARSONS,  GORHAM,  Brighton. 
PETTEE,  OTIS,  Newton. 
PRINCE,  JOHN,  Roxbury. 
PHINNEY,  ELIAS,  Lexington. 
PRINCE,  JOHN,  Jr.,  Salem. 
PEABODY,  FRANCIS,    " 
PICKMAN,  BENJU  T.,  Boston. 
PENNIMAN,  JAMES,  Dorchester. 


POOR,  BENJAMIN,  New  York. 

PERRY,  Ret.  G.  B.,  East  Bradford. 

PERRY,  .TOHN,  Sherburne. 

POND,  SAMUEL,  Cambridge. 

PAYNE,  EDWARD  W.,  Boston. 

PAINE,  ROBERT  TREAT,  " 

POND,  SAMUEL  M.,  Bucksport. 

PRESCOTT,  C.  H.,  Curnwallis,  Nova  Scotia. 

PARKER,  DANIEL  P.,  Boston. 

PRATT,  WILLIAM,  Jr.,  Boston. 

PRIEST,  JOHN  P., 

PHILBRICK,  SAMUEL,  Brookline. 

PAKKKR,  THOMAS,  Dorchester. 

PARKER,  ISAAC,  Boston. 

PARKINSON,  JOHN,  Roxbury. 


45 


RUSSELL,  JOHN  B.,  Boston. 
KOUBIXS,  E.  H.,  " 

ROLLLXS,  WILLIAM,     " 
RICE,  JOHN  P.,  " 

RICE,  HENRY,  " 

RUSSELL,  J.  W.,  Roxbury. 
READ,  JAMES,  " 

ROBBINS,  P.  G.,  Roxbury. 
ROLLINS,  EBENEZER,  Boston. 


SHURTLEFF,  BENJAMIN,  Boston. 
SEARS,  DAVID, 
STEVENS,  ISAAC,  «' 

SILSBY,  ENOCH,  " 

STORER,  D.  HUMPHREYS,    «' 
SULLIVAN,  RICHARD,  Brookline. 
SEAVER,  NATHANIEL,  Roxbury. 
SENIOR,  CHARLES,  " 

SUMNER,  WILLIAM  H.,  Dorchester. 
SWETT,  JOHN,  " 

SHARP,  EDWARD,  «' 

SMITH,  CYRUS,  Sandwich. 
SUTTON,  WILLIAM,  Jk.,  Danvers. 
STORY,  F.  H.,  Salem. 


TAPPAN,  CHARLES,  Brookline. 
TIDD,  JACOB,  Roxbury. 
THOMPSON,  GEORGE,  Medford. 
TRAIN,  SAMUEL,  " 

THORNDIKE,  ISRAEL,  Jr.,  Boston. 
THWING,  SUPPLY  C,  Roxbury. 


R 

ROWE,  JOSEPH,  Milton. 
ROGERS,  R.  S.,  Salera. 
RODMAN,  BENJAMIN,  New  Bedford. 
ROTCH,  FRANCIS,  " 

ROTCH,  WILLIAM,  " 

RICHARDSON,  NATHAN,  South  Reading 
RAND,  EDWARD  S.,  Newburjport. 
RICHARDS,  EDWARD  M.,  Dedham. 


S 


STRONG,  JOSEPH,  Jb.,  South  Iladley. 
STEARNS,  CHARLES,  Springfield. 
SHURTLEFF,  SAMUEL  A.,  Boston. 
SPRINGER,  JOHN,  Sterling. 
SALTONSTALL,  LEVERETT,  Salem. 
SHAW,  LEMUEL,  Boston. 
SMITH,  J.  M.,  " 

STORRS,  NATHANIEL,  Boston. 
SISSON,  FREEBORN,  Warren,  (R.  I.) 
SWIFT,  HENRY,  Nantucket. 
SMITH,  STEPHEN  H.,  Providence. 
SWAN,  DANIEL,  Medford. 
STONE,  LEONARD,  Watertown. 
STONE,  WILLIAM,  South  Boston. 

T 

TUCKER,  RICHARD  D.,   Boston. 
TILDEN,  JOSEPH,  " 

TOOHEY,  RODERICK,  Waltham. 
THOMAS,  BENJAMIN,  Hingliam. 
TRULL,  JOHN  W.,  Boston. 
TAYLOR,  CHARLES,  Dorchester. 


VOSE,  ELIJAH,  Dorchester. 


w 


WILLIAMS,  NEHEMIAH  D.,  Roxbury. 
WILLIAMS,  FRANCIS  I.,  Boston. 
WILDER,  M.  P.,  Boston. 
WILLIAMS,  AARON  D.,  Roxbury. 
WILLIAMS,  MOSES,  " 

WILLIAMS,  G.,  " 

W'ELD.  BENJAMIN,  " 

W^ORTHINGTON,  WILLIAM,  Dorchester. 
WELLES,  JOHN,  •• 

WALES,  WILLIAM, 
WEBSTER,  J.  W.,  Cambridge. 
WHITE.  ABIJAH,  Watertown. 
WILLIAMS,  SAMUEL  G.,  Boston. 


WIGHT,  EBENEZER,  Boston. 
WYATT,  ROBERT, 
WINSHIP,  JONATHAN,  Brighton. 
WILKINSON,  SIMON,   Boston. 
WILDER,  S.  V.  S.,  Bolton. 
WALDO,  DANIEL,  Worcester. 
WYETH,  NATHANIEL  J.  Jk.,  Cambridge. 
WEST,  THOMAS,  Haverhill. 
WILLARD,  JOSEPH,  Lancaster. 
WHITMARSH,  SAMUEL,  Northampton. 
WHITMARSH,  THOMAS,  Brookline. 
WARREN,  JONATHAN,  Jb.,  Weston. 
WEBSTER,  NATHAN,  Haverhill. 


46 


WHITE,  STEPHEN,  Salem.  WARD,  RICHARD,  Roxbury. 

WARD,  MALTHUS  A.  "  WELD,  AARON  D.  Jr.,  Boston, 

WEBSTER,  DANIEL.  Boston.  WALKER,  SAMUEL,  Roxbury. 


HONORARY  MEMBERS, 

ADAMS,  Hon.  JOHN  QUINCY,  late  President  of  the  United  States. 
AITON,  WILLIAM  TOWNSEND,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 
ABBOTT,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Brunswick,  Me. 
ABBOTT,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.,  Principal  of  Phillips'  Academy,  Exeter,  New 

Hampshire. 
BUEL,  J.,  Esq.  President  of  the  Albany  Horticultural  Society. 
BODIN,  Le  Chevalier  SOULANGE,  Secretaire-General  de  la  Societe  D'Hor- 

ticulture  de  Paris. 
BANCROFT,  EDWARD  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  President    of  the    Horticul- 
tural and  Agricultural  Society  of  Jamaica. 
BARCLAY,  ROBERT,  Esq.,  Great  Britain. 
BEEKMAN,  JAMES,  New  York. 
BARBOUR,  P.  P..  Virginia. 
COXE,  WILLIAM,  Esq.,  Burlington,  N.  J. 
COLLINS,  ZACCHEUS,    Esq.    President  of   the  Pennsylvania    Horticultural 

Society,  Philadelphia. 
COFFIN,  Admiral  Sir  ISAAC,   Great  Britain. 
CHAUNCY,  ISAAC,  United  States'  Navy,  Brookline,  New  York. 
CLAPIER,  LEWIS,  Philadelphia. 

DICKSON,  JAMES,  Esq.,  Vice  President  of  the   London  Hort.  Society. 
DE  CANDOLLE,  Mons.  ANGUSTIN  PYRAMUS,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the 

Academy  of  Geneva. 
ELLIOT,  Hon.  STEPHEN,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
EVERETT,  HORACE,  Vermont. 
EVANSON,    CHARLES   ALLAN,  Secretary  King's  County  Agricultural  Soc. 

St.  John,  New  Brunswick. 
FALDERMAN,  F.,  Curator  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden  at  St.  Petersburg. 
FISCHER,  Dr.,   Professor  of  Botany,  of  the  Imperial  Botanic    Garden  at  St. 

Petersburg. 
GREIG,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Geneva,  President  of  the  Domestic   Hort.   Society  of 

the  Western  Part  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
GORE,  REBECCA,  Miis,  Waltham. 
GRIFFITHS,  MARY,  Mrs,  Charlies  Hope,  New  Jersey. 
GIRARD,  STEPHEN,  Philadelphia. 
GIBBS,  GEORGE,  Sunswick,  New  York. 
HERICART  DE  THURY,  Le  Vicomte,  President  de  la  Societe  D'Horticul- 

ture  de  Paiis. 
HOSACK,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  President  of  the  New  York  Horticultural  Soc. 


47 

IIOPKIRK,  THOMAS,  Escj.,  President  of  the   Glasgow  Hort.  Society. 

HUNT,  LEWIS,  Esq.,  Hunt^burg,  Ohio. 

HILDRETH,  S.  P.,  Marietta,  Ohio. 

INGERSOLL,  JAMES  R.,  President   of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Pennsyl- 

vania,  Philadelphia. 
JACKSON,  ANDREW,  President  of  the  United  States. 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  ANDREW,  Esq,.,  President  of  the  London  Hort.  Society. 
LOUDON,  JOHN  CLAUDIUS,   Great  Britain. 
LA  FAYETTE,  General,  La  Grange,  France. 
LASTEYRIE,  Le  Comte  de.  Vice  President  de  la  Societe    D'Horticulture 

de  Paris. 
LORRILLARD,  JACOB,  President  of  the  New  York  Hort.  Soc.  New  York. 
LONGSTRETH,  JOSHUA,  Philadelphia. 

MADISON,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  U.  S.  Virginia. 
MONROE,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the   U.  S.  Virginia. 
MICHAUX,  MoNs.  F.  ANDREW,  Paris. 
MENTENS,  LEWIS  JOHN,   Esq.,  Bruxelles. 
MITCHILL,  SAMUEL  L.,  M.  D.,  New  York. 

MOSSELMANN,  ,  Esq.,  Antwerp. 

POITEAU,  Professor  of  the  Institute  Horticole  de  Fromont. 

POVVEL,  JOHN   HARE,    Powelton,  Pa. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM,  Esq.  Long  Island,  New  York. 

PRATT,  HENRY,  Philadelphia. 

PALMER,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Calcutta. 

ROSEBERRY,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Earl  of,  President  of  the  Caledonian 

Hort.  Society. 
SABINE,  JOSEPH,  Esq.,   Secretary  of  the   London  Hort.  Society. 
SHEPHARD,  JOHN,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Liverpool. 
SCOTT,  Sir  WALTER,  Scotland. 
SKINNER,  JOHN  S.,  Baliimore. 

TURNER,  JOHN,   Assistant   Secretary  of  the  London  Hort.  Society. 
THACHER,  JA3IES,  M.  D.,  Plymouth,  Mass. 
THORBURN,  GRANT,  Esq.,  New  York. 
TALIAFERRO,  JOHN,  Virginia. 
THOURS,  M.  Du  Petit,  Paris,  Professor  Poiteau  of  the  Institute  Horticole  de 

Fromont. 
VILMORIN,  MoNs.  PIERRE  PHILLIPPE  ANDRE,  Paris. 
VAUGHAN,  BENJAMIN,  Esq.,  Hallowell,  Maine. 
VAN  MONS,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  M.  D.,  Brussels. 
VAUGHAN,  PETTY,EsQ.,  London. 
WELLES,  Hon.  JOHN,  Boston,  Mass. 

WILLICK,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Calcutta. 
WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  Geneseo,  New  York. 
YATES,  ASHTON,  Esq.^  Liverpool 


48 

CORRESPONDING  MEMBERS. 


ADLUM,  JOHN,  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia. 
ASl'INWALL,  Col.  THOMAS,  U.  S.  Consul,  London. 
APPLETON,  THOMAS,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul,  Leghorn. 

ALPEY, 

BARNETT,  ISAAC  COX,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul,  Paris. 

BURTON,  ALEXANDER,  U.  S.  Consul,  Cadiz. 

BULL,  E.  W.,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

CARR,  ROBERT,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

COLVILLE,  JAMES,  Chelsea,  England. 

CARNES,  FRANCIS  G.,  Paris. 

DEE  RING,  JAMES,  Portland,  Maine. 

FLOY,  MICHAEL,  New  York. 

FOX,  JOHN,  Washington,  District  Columbia. 

GARDINER,  ROBERT  H.,  Esq.,  Gardiner,  Maine. 

GIBSON,  ABRAHAM  P.,  U.  S.  Consul,  St.  Petersburg. 

GARDNER,  BENJAMIN,  Consul  U.  States,  Palermo. 

HALL,  CHARLES  HENRY,  Esq.,  New  York. 

HAY,  JOHN,  Architect  of  the    Caledonian  Hort.  Soc. 

HALSEY,  ABRAHAM,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  New  York  Hort.  Soc. 

New  York. 

HUNTER,  ,  Baltimore. 

HOGG,  THOMAS,  New  York. 

HENRY,  BERNARD,  Consul  U.  S.  Gibraltar. 

LANDRETH,  DAVID,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Pennsylvania 

Hort.  Society. 
MAURY,  JAMES,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul,  Liverpool. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Hort.  and  Agr.  Soc.  Jamaica. 
MILLS,  STEPHEN,  Esq.,  Long  Island,  New  York. 
MELVILLE,  ALLAN,  New  York. 
NEWHALL,  HORATIO,  M.  D.,  Galena,  Illinois. 
OFFLEY,  DAVID,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul,  Smyrna. 
OMBROSI,  JAMES,  U.  S.  Consul,  Florence. 
PARKER,  JOHN,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul,  Amsterdam. 
PAYSON,  JOHN  L.,  Esq.,  Messina. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM  ROBERT,  Esq.,  Long  Island,  New  York. 
PRINCE,  ALFRED  STRATTON,  Long  Island. 
PERRY,  M.  C,  U.  S.  Navy,  Charlestown. 
PAL31ER,  JOHN  J.,  New  York. 
ROGERS,  WILLIAM  S.,  U.  S.  Navy,  Boston. 
ROGERS,  J.  S.,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 
SMITH,  DANIEL  D.,  Esq.,  Burlington,  New  Jersey.    ' 
SMITH,  CALEB  R.,  Esq.,  New  Jersey. 
SPRAGUE,  HORATIO,  Gibraltar. 
THORBURN,  GEORGE  C,  New  York 
WILSON,  WILLIAM,  New  York 
WINGATE,  J.  F.,  Bath,  Maine. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION,  &c. 


At  the  annual  metBting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, held  at  their  Hall  on  Saturday,  September  18,  1830,  it  was 

Voted,  That  the  alterations  in  the  Constitution  and  By-Laws  of 
this  Society,  with  a  list  of  the  Members  and  Standing  Committees, 
be  appended  to  the  Anniversary  Address,  lo  be  published  agreea- 
bly to  a  vote  of  the  Society. 

At  a  stated  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society, 
held  on  Saturday,  March  0,  1830,  at  the  Hall  of  the  Society,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  Honorary  and  Corresponding  Members  may  be 
hereafter  elected  by  the  Council,  instead  of  the  manner  prescribed 
in  the  XXI  Vth  article  of  the  By-Laws. 

The  following  Resolutions  to  amend  the  Constitution,  were 
offered,  to  be  acted  upon  at  the  next  stated  meeting  of  the  Society. 

Resolved,  That  the  Vllth  section  of  the  Constitution  be  so  far 
amended,  as  that  all  members  be  elected  by  the  Council,  instead 
of  the  mode  prescribed  in  said  section. 

Resolved,  That  the  IXth  section  of  the  Constitution  be  so  far 
amended,  that  the  Anniversary  of  the  Society  shall  hereafter  be 
observed  on  the  third  Wednesday  of  September. 

Voted,  To  amend  the  By-Laws  of  the  Society  by  reducing  the 
fee  of  Life  Membership  to  Fifteen  Dollars,  including  the  annual 
subscription  of  the  first  year. 

An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  So- 
ciety was  held  on  the  13th  of  March,  when  the  following  regula- 
tions for  the  Library  and  Cabinet  were  adopted. 

ARTICLE    I. 

All  books,  manuscripts,  drawings,  engravings,  paintings,  models, 
and  other   articles   belonging  to  the   Society,   shall  be   confided 
to  the  special  care  of  the  Committee  on  the  Library,  which  shall 
7 


50 

make  a  report  at  the  annual  meeting,  on  the  third  Saturday  of 
September,  of  their  condition,  and  what  measures  may  be  necessary 
for  their  preservation  and  augmentation. 

ARTICLE    II. 

There  shall  be  procured  proper  cases  and  cabinets  for  the  books 
and  all  other  articles,  in  which  they  shall  be  arranged,  in  such  a 
manner,  as  the  Committee  on  the  Library  may  direct. 

ARTICLK    III. 

All  additions  to  the  collection  of  books  and  other  articles  shall 
be  placed  upon  the  table,  in  the  Hall  of  the  Society,  for  exhibition 
for  one  week,  and  as  much  longer  as  the  Library  Committee  may 
deem  expedient,  previous  to  their  being  arranged  in  their  appro- 
priate situations. 

ARTICLE    IV. 

The  following  books  of  record  shall  be  kept  in  the  Hall  of  the 
Society. 

Number  1.  To  contain  a  Catalogue  of  the  Books. 

"       2.  To  contain  a  Catalogue  of  the  Manuscripts. 

''       3.  To  contain  an  account  of  the  drawings,  engravings, 

paintings,  models,  and  all  other  articles. 
''       4,  The  register  of  books  loaned. 

ARTICLE    V. 

When  any  book,  or  any  other  article,  shall  be  presented  to  the 
Society,  tlie  name  of  the  donor  shall  be  inserted  in  the  appropriate 
record  book,  and  the  time  it  was  received. 

ARTICLE    VI. 

Every  book  and  article  shall  have  a  number  affixed  to  it,  in  the 
order  in  which  they  are  arranged  in  the  several  books  of  record. 

ARTICLE    VII. 

When  any  new  book  is  received,  it  shall  be  withheld  from  circu- 
lation at  least  one  week  ;  and  very  rare  and  costly  works  shall  not 
be  taken  from  the  Hall  without  the  permission  of  the  Library 
Committee. 


51 


ARTICLE    VIII. 


Not  more  than  two  volusnes  shall  be  taken  out  by  any  member, 
at  one  time,  or  retained  longer  than  two  weeks ;  and  every  person 
shall  be  subject  to  a  fine  of  ten  cents  a  week  for  every  volume 
retained  beyond  that  time. 

ARTICLE    IX. 

Every  book  shall  be  returned  in  good  order,  regard  being  had 
to  the  necessary  wear  thereof,  with  proper  usage  ;  and  if  any  book 
shall  be  lost  or  injured,  the  person  to  whom  it  stands  charged 
shall  replace  it  by  a  new  volume  or  set,  if  it  belonged  to  a  set, 
or  pay  the  current  price  of  the  volume  or  set,  and  then  upon  the 
remainder  of  the  set,  if  the  volume  belong  to  a  set,  shall  be  deliv- 
ered to  the  person  so  paying  for  the  same. 

ARTICLE    X. 

All  books  shall  be  returned  to  the  Hall  for  examination  on  or 
before  the  first  Saturday  of  September  annually,  and  remain  until 
after  the  third  Saturday  of  said  month  ;  and  every  person  then 
having  one  or  more  books,  and  neglecting  to  return  the  same,  as 
herein  required,  shall  pay  a  fine  of  one  dollar  ;  and  if,  at  the  expira- 
tion of  one  month  after  the  third  Saturday  of  September,  any  book 
has  not  been  returned,  which  was  taken  out  previous  to  the  annual 
examination  of  the  Library,  the  person  to  whom  it  stands  charged, 
shall  be  required  to  return  the  same,  and  if  after  such  request,  it 
is  not  placed  in  the  Hall  within  two  weeks,  he  shall  be  liable  to 
pay  therefor,  in  the  manner  prescribed  in  the  ninth  article. 

ARTICLE    XI. 

No  member  shall  loan  a  book  to  any  other  person,  under  the 
penalty  of  a  fine  of  one  dollar. 

ARTICLE    XII. 

When  a  written  request  shall  be  left  at  the  Hall  for  a  particular 
book,  then  out,  it  shall  be  retained  for  the  person  requiring  it,  for 
two  days  after  it  shall  have  been  returned. 


52 


At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society 
held  on  Saturday,  May  8,  1830,  the  following  resolution  was 
adopted  : 

Resolved,  That  the  four  Committees  on  Fruits,  the  products  of 
the  kitchen  garden,  Flowers,  and  the  synonymes  of  fruits,  be 
specially  charged  to  examine  the  various  products  within  their 
several  departments,  which  may  be  weekly  exhil)ited  in  the  Hall 
of  the  Society,  and  to  furnish  reports  thereon  for  publication  in 
the  New  England  Farmer. 

At  a  stated  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society, 
which  was  held  on  Saturday,  June  12,  by  adjournment,  it  was 

Voted,  That  the  several  Committees  on  Fruits,  the  products  of 
the  kitchen  garden.  Flowers,  and  the  synonymes  of  Fruits,  which 
were  directed  at  the  meeting  held  on  the  8th  of  May  last,  to  make 
weekly  reports  on  the  products  exhibited  in  the  Hall  of  the  Society, 
be  requested  to  present  them  for  publication,  with  distinctive  cap- 
tions, and  that  they  be  signed  by  the  chairman,  or  such  member  of 
the  Committee,  as  may  be  charged  with  the  duty  of  preparing  them 
for  the  press. 

liesolved,  that  the  Vllth  section  of  the  Constitution  be  so  far 
amended  that  all  members  be  elected  by  the  Council  instead  of 
the  manner  prescribed  in  said  section. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COUNCIL. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  board  of-Counsellors  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  held  on  Saturday,  December  5th,  1829,  the 
following  resolutions  were  adopted  : 

1st.  Resolved,  That  an  Executive  Committee  of  the  Council  be 
chosen  to  consist  of  five  members,  w  ith  authority  to  exercise  all  the 
powers  of  the  Council  ;  and  said  Committee  to  convene  at  such 
times  and  places  as  may  be  deemed  expedient,  and  to  make  re- 
port of  the  proceedings  to  the  Council  at  the  stated  meetings  of  the 
board,  and  at  such  other  times  as  may  be  required. 


53 

2d.  Resolved,  That  the  stated  meetings  of  the  Council  shall  he 
held  at  ten  o'clock,  A.  M.,  on  the  first  Saturday  of  March,  June, 
September  and  December,  at  the  Hall  of  the  Society. 

3d.  Resolved,  That  there  be  an  addition  of  one  member  to  the 
Library  Committee.  Zebedee  Cook,  Jr.,  having  been  nominated, 
he  was  accordingly  elected. 

4th.  Resolved,  That  all  letters  and  communications  to  or  from 
any  of  the  officers  or  members  of  the  Society,  which  relate  to  ob- 
jects for  which  it  was  instituted,  and  it  may  be  deemed  expedient 
to  publish  as  a  part  of  the  transactions  of  the  Society,  shall  be 
transmitted  to  the  Library  Committee,  and  said  Committee  shall 
prepare  them  for,  and  superintend  their  publication. 

5th.  Resolved,  That  the  four  Standing  Committees  of  the 
Council  prepare  lists  of  such  objects  as  they  may  think  worthy  of 
premiums,  and  cause  the  same  to  be  published  in  the  New  England 
Farmer  during  the  month  of  January  next. 

Cth.  Resolved,  That  all  seeds,  plants,  or  other  articles,  presented 
to  the  Society,  or  purchased  therefor,  shall  be  disposed  of  as  the 
Executive  Committee  may  direct. 

The  following  Gentlemen  were  then  elected  in  pursuance  of  the 
first  resolution. 

SAMUEL  DOWNER,  Dorchester. 
ELIAS  PHINNEY,  Lexington. 
CHEEVER  NEWHALL,  Dorchester. 
CHARLES  TAPPAN,  Brookline. 
JOHN  B.  RUSSELL,  Boston. 


RULES  FOR  THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  STANDING  COMxMITTEES. 

1.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Standing  Committee  on  Fruits,  Flowers, 
Vegetables,  and  the  synonymes  of  Fruits,  to  attend  the  weekly  ex- 
hibitions at  the  Hall  of  the  Society,  and  to  carefully  examine  all 
specimens  which  may  be  offered  for  premium  or  exhibition. 

2.  Reports  on  Fruits,  Flowers,  and  Vegetables,  offered  for  exhi- 
bition only,  may  be  drawn  up,  signed,  and  delivered  to  the  Library 
Committee,  for  publication,  by  any  member  of  each  Committee, 


54 


who  may  be  present,  in  the  Hall,  in  the  event  the  Chairman  is 
absent,  and  provided  the  consent  of  such  other  members,  as  may 
be  in  attendance,  is  given. 

3.  No  Report,  awarding  premiums,  to  be  made  on  objects  offer- 
ed therefor,  until  after  the  season  of  the  maturity  of  each  kind  of 
fruit,  flower,  and  vegetable,  for  which  premiums  have  been  offered, 
has  passed. 

4.  No  premium  to  be  awarded,  but  by  the  consent  and  approba- 
tion of  a  majority  of  each  committee. 

5.  All  reports  awarding  premiums,  to  be  signed  by  the  Chair- 
man, and  transmitted  to  the  Library  Commitee  for  publication. 

The  foregoing  Rules  were  read  and  adopted,  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  on  the  2d  of  October,  1830. 
H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Pres.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc. 
E.  L.  EMMONS,  Recording  Sec. 


AN 


ADDRESS 


PRONOUNCED  BEFORE  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 


IN   COMMEMORATION    OF    ITS 


THIRD   ANNUAL    FESTIVAL, 


SEPTEMBER  21,  1831. 


BY  MALTHUS  A.  WARD,  M.  D. 


BOSTON: 

PRIITTED  BY  J.  T.  &.  E.  BUCKINGHAM. 

1831. 


Boston,  October  1,  1831. 

"""^I  had  the  honor,  this  day,  at  Uie  annual  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  to  move,  that  the  thanks  of  the  same  be  communicated  to  you  for  the  interestmg 
and  acceptable  Discourse  delivered  by  you  at  the  celebration  of  the  Festival,  on  the  2l3t 
ult.,  and  that  you  be  requested  to  furnish  a  copy  for  publication,  which  was  unanimously 

^%^be  Committee,  who  had  the  pleasure  to  invite  you  to  the  performance  of  the  duty  you  so 
ably  performed,  are  charged  with  the  execution  of  the  vote  of  the  Society  ;  and,  in  pursu- 
ance of  the  same,  I  have  now  to  request  that  you  will,  at  as  early  a  day  as  your  con- 
venience permits,  favor  me  with  a  copy  of  the  Discourse,  that  it  may  be  published. 

A  compliance  with  this  request,  I  take  leave  to  assure  you,  wUl  afford  the  members  of 
the  Society  much  pleasure,  and  renew,  to  those  who  heard  it,  the  gratification  they  eiyoyed 
on  the  occasion,  and  afford,  to  those  who  did  not,  a  corresponding  degree  of  satisfaction. 
With  the  sincerest  personal  regard, 
I  am,  dear  Sir, 

Your  very  obedient  servant, 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr.,  Chairman. 

Dr.  M.  a.  Ward. 


Salem,  October  5,  1831. 

"''ihe' Discourse,  which  you  have  been  pleased  to  compliment  so  highly  as  to  request  a 
copy  for  the  press,  was  prepared  without  the  slightest  reference  to  such  a  purpose  ;  and,  as 
s  intimated  in  th  introduction  to  it,  is  little  else  than  a  compilation  from  the  writings  of 
"whose  sentiments,  and  whose  language  I  scrupled  not  to  adopt  whenever  they 
v^eelind  better  adapted  to  my  purpose,  than  the  crude  lucubrations  of  my  own  mnd. 
CoTscious  of  a  liability  to  be  convicted  of  plagiarism  in  almost  every  ^^^^'^J^^lZ 
sent  that  it  should  be  published  accompanied  by  this  -'^^^'^l'^''^^'^' ^'"^''^^^^ 
may  be  shielded  from  the  imputation  of  being  accessory  to  the  palming  off  upon  the  public, 
as  native  fruit,  that  which  has  been  derived  from  a  foreign  soil. 

rm  the  opinion  of  the  Committee,  the  publication  of  such  a  composition  wUl  many 
way  promote  the  objects  of  the  Society,  or  contribute  to  the  gratification  of  its  members 

Tarn  not  sure,  that  ihe  fear  of  acquiring  no  credit  by  '^^ '>-^^\\'^  ^^''^''^^''ZIZ 
my  withholding  a  copy  of  it  from  your  service  ;  therefore,  it  is  herewith  submitted  to  be 
disposed  of  at  your  discretion. 

With  much  respect, 

Your  obedient  servant. 

MALTHUS  A.  WARD. 

Z.  Cook,  Jr.  Esq.,  Chairman 
of  the  Committee  Mass.  Horticultural  Societif. 


ADDRESS. 


Mr.  President, 

And  Gentlemen  of  the 

Massachusetts  Horticcltural  Society  : 

It  were  strange,  indeed,  should  one  with  my 
feeble   abilities,  on  such  an  occasion  as  the  present, 
attempt  to  address  such  an  audience  as  that  now  be- 
fore me,  without  experiencing  some  inward  misgiv- 
ings,  and  betraying  some   outward   perturbation, — 
without  feeling  the   immediate    necessity  of  saying 
something  to  secure  an  interest  in  their  favorable  re- 
gard, and  predispose  them  to  look  with  somewhat 
more  of  lenient  candor  on  his  efforts  to  please,  than 
belongs  to  a  rigid  though  a  just  criticism.     I  know 
too  well  the  value  of  your  time  to  imagine  this  may 
be  done  by  a  protracted   exordium,  however  highly 
elaborated,   or  gracefully  uttered ;  but  I  cannot  for- 
bear alluding,  as  among  the  disadvantages  of  my  posi- 
tion, to  the  circumstance  of  its  being  but  two  years, 
since,  in  this  place,  we  were  instructed  and  delighted 
with  whatever,  relating  to  the  early  history  of  our  art, 
could  be  drawn  from  the  stores  of  a  mind  imbued 
with  all  the  knowledge  which  a  profound  investiga- 


6 


tion  could  bestow,  and  set  forth  by  a  taste  formed  on 
a  familiarity  with  the  purest  models  in  the  walks  of 
polite  literature  ;  and  at  our  last  anniversary,  which 
seems  but  as  yesterday,  the  present  state,  and  future 
prospects  of  Horticulture,  particularly  in  our  own 
country,  were  portrayed,  in  glowing  colors,  by  one, 
whose  ardent  zeal,  whose  energetic  and  successful 
researches,  have  made  him  a  master  of  the  subject 
he  loves  so  well.  ¥'ere  I,  therefore,  to  pursue  the 
track  of  those  who  have  preceded  me,  it  would  be 
the  highest  presumption  to  suppose  that  any  observa- 
tions I  could  make  v/ould  deserve  attention.  It 
would  be  to  offer  the  Society  a  few  scanty  gleanings, 
after  the  full  harvest  has  been  gathered  in. 

Other  paths  are  indeed  open,  where  clusters  of  the 
loveliest  flowers  and  richest  fruits  are  displayed  in 
prodigal  profusion  on  every    side  ;  but,   to   make  a 
happy  selection  and  profitable  appropriation  of  them, 
requires  the  skill  derived  from  a  series  of  attentive 
observations  which  I  have  never  made,  and  an  in- 
ventive originality  which  I  never  possessed.     I  am 
aware  of  the  severe  sarcasms  which  are  often,  and,  no 
doubt,  in  many  instances,  justly  thrown  upon  "  closet 
naturalists."     I   know  the   peculiar  air  of  suspicion 
with  which  practical  men  and  "  out-of-door  students 
of  nature,"  regard  all  communications  emanating  from 
such  a  source  ;  and  I  am  not  ignorant  of  the  exulting 
exclamation  so  often  and  so  triumphantly  reiterat,ed 
by  Linnaeus,  "  I  care  not  how  learned  my  adversaries 
are,  if  they  be  only  so  from  books  r  yet,  from  the 
manner  of  my  life,  it  is  to  books  and  the  observations 


of  others,  that  I  must  be  principally  indebted  for  the 
entertainment,  if  any  there  be,  in  what  I  have  pre- 
pared to  offer  you  at  this  time. 

It  is  admitted  that  among  the  various  pursuits, 
w^hich  occupy  the  attention  of  man  at  the  present 
day,  few  hold  a  more  distinguished  place  than  Hor- 
ticulture. Even  in  the  primeval  ages  of  the  world, 
before  luxury  had  established  its  control  over  every 
relation  of  human  life,  and  the  wants,  and  the  ne- 
cessities of  man  were  confined  to  the  immediate  pro- 
ductions of  his  native  soil,  we  even  then  find  that 
*'  the  garden"  was  one  of  the  primary  objects  of  his 
industry,  and  an  important  source  on  which  he  de- 
pended for  subsistence.  Now,  if  the  culture  of  the 
kitchen  garden,  as  a  means  of  subsistence,  be  one  of 
the  first  arts  attempted  by  man,  on  emerging  from 
barbarism,  so  is  the  flower,  or  at  least  the  land- 
scape garden,  as  an  art  of  design,  one  of  the  last 
inventions  for  the  display  of  wealth  and  taste  in 
periods  of  luxury  and  refinement. 

Lord  Bacon  observes  that  "when  ages  grow  to 
civility  and  elegancy,  men  come  to  build  stately, 
sooner  than  to  garden  finely ;  as  if  gardening  were 
the  greater  perfection." 

I  propose  to  make  this  sentence  the  theme  of  my 
discourse ;  and  crave  your  indulgent  attention  while 
I  attempt  to  inve  tigate  the  causes  of  this  tardy  pro- 
gress of  Horticultural  improvement,  and  point  out 
the  way  to  obviate  them. 

Notwithstanding  the  aversion  most  savages  man- 
ifest to  working   in  the  soil,  and  which  in  them  is 


8 

but  the  result  of  education,  the  sentiment  of  the  love 
of  a  garden  is  indubitably  natural  to  man.  We  see 
it  developed  in  children  at  a  very  early  age.  Both 
boys  and  girls,  almost  so  soon  as  they  are  masters  of 
sufficient  language  to  express  such  a  want,  desire  a 
few  square  feet — some  nook  of  the  garden  or  court- 
yard, to  be  assigned  them  for  their  exclusive  tillage  ; 
and  they  soon  learn  to  emulate  each  other  in  the 
taste  and  neatness  with  which  it  is  planted  and  kept. 
Often  in  the  closest  lanes  of  the  city,  we  see  children 
of  a  very  tatterdemalion  appearance  sedulously  nurs- 
ing their  miserable  little  rose-bush,  or  sickly  tuft  of 
daisies.  This  cannot  be  altogether  referred  to  the 
propensity  for  imitation,  or  to  the  love  of  property, 
but  must  be  ascribed  to  another,  equally  innate,  and 
far  more  amiable  principle.  It  is  that  the  human 
heart  is  prone  to  sympathy.  It  must  have  some- 
thing,— some  sensitive  if  possible,  or  at  least  some 
animate  being,  to  cherish  and  look  forward  to  with 
hope.  "Even  every  Cockney,"  say  the  Scottish  re- 
viewers, "  must  have  his  garden^  consisting  of  a  pot 
of  geranium  and  a  box  of  mignionette." 

Captain  Lyon,  after  noticing  a  fact  which  might 
strike  some  as  very  extraordinary,  viz.  that  on  leav- 
ing his  winter  quarters  in  one  of  the  most  desolate, 
inhospitable  regions  on  earth,  where  he  had  been 
imprisoned  for  nine  dark  and  dreary  months,  his  own 
sensations  certainly  bordered  closely  on  regret ; — and 
giving  as  a  reason,  that,  miserable  as  it  was,  it  had 
still  afforded  him  a  kind  of  home,  and  some  spots 
there   had    from   habit   become   possessed  of  many 


points  of  interest, — mentions  "the  garden"  of  each 
ship,  as  having  been,  of  all  such  places,  the  favor- 
ite lounge.  These  "gardens"  were  two  small  hot- 
bed frames,  which  had  been  brought  out  from  England 
for  the  purpose,  and  set  up  on  a  sunny  hill-side. 
"The  attempt,"  says  he,  "at  rearing  a  variety  of 
vegetables,  succeeded  to  admiration ;  by  dint  of  coax- 
ing, mustard  and  cress — peas  two  inches  high — and 
radishes  the  thickness  of  threads,  crowned  our  en- 
deavors in  the  Heckla,  to  the  weight  of  three  pounds 
when  all  mixed  together.  But  the  gardens,  never- 
theless, answered  one  excellent  purpose,  by  making 
many  of  our  people  walk  to  observe  their  progress, 
who  otherwise  would  have  taken  no  exercise."  On 
their  return  to  England  the  next  year,  they  passed 
near  Winter  Island  about  the  first  of  September,  and 
Captain  Parry  could  not  resist  the  temptation,  though 
attended  with  some  risk,  of  sending  a  boat  ashore  to 
see  what  had  become  of  their  gardens ;  and  on  their 
return,  they  brought  with  them  radishes,  mustard  and 
onions,  which  had  survived  the  winter,  and  were 
still  alive,  seventeen  months  from  the  time  they  were 
planted. 

If  this  sentiment  was  so  strong  in  the  breasts  of 
these  sailors,  where  it  scarcely  could  be  the  effect 
of  education  and  habit,  how  powerful  must  it  prove 
under  more  propitious  circumstances !  The  enjoy- 
ment of  a  garden  is,  in  truth,  so  congenial  to  our 
ideas  of  happiness,  as  to  be  desired  by  all  men,  of 
all  ranks  and  professions.  Those  who  toil  hard  in 
the  pursuit  of  gain,  amid  the  dust  and  turmoil  of 
2 


10 

cities,  commonly  solace  themselves  by  hoping,  with 
the  poet  Cowley,  "  one  day  to  retire  to  a  small  house 
and  a  large  garden."  The  care  of  a  garden  is  a 
somce  of  agreeable  domestic  recreation,  especially  to 
the  female  sex,  whose  sensibilities  are  keenly  alive 
to  the  placid  beauty  of  the  objects  it  presents  to  the 
eye  ;  and  the  air  of  retirement,  tranquility  and  re- 
pose which  settles  on  such  a  scene,  is  favorable  to 
contemplations  full  of  tenderness  and  hope.  "  Our 
first  most  endearing  and  sacred  associations,"  Mrs. 
Hoffland  observes,  "  are  connected  with  gardens  ; 
our  most  simple  and  most  refined  perceptions  of  beau- 
ty are  combined  with  them,  and  the  very  condition 
of  our  being  compels  us  to  the  cares,  and  rewards  us 
with  the  pleasures  attached  to  them." 

To  the  valetudinarian  the  garden  is  a  source  of 
health,  and  to  the  aged  a  source  of  interest ;  for  it 
has  been  remarked  of  a  taste  for  gardening,  that,  un- 
like other  tastes,  it  remains  with  us  to  the  very  close 
of  life.  Where  this  has  been  duly  nurtured  and  suf- 
fered to  produce  its  best  effects,  the  grace  of  a  re- 
fined and  practical  wisdom  will  prove  an  ample  re- 
compense for  the  loss  of  the  livelier  energies  of 
youth ;  and  one  glimpse  of  nature  will  repay  the  mind 
for  the  failure  of  its  early  visions,  and  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  airy  architecture  of  romance.  What  a  re- 
deeming, and,  at  the  same  time,  beautiful  touch  of 
natural  feeling  may  be  discerned  in  Mistress  Quick- 
ly's  description  of  the  death  of  the  inimitable  philos- 
opher, Falstaff — whom,  when  all  the  glories  of  un- 
equalled wit,  and  the  raptures  of  a  riotous  sensual- 


11 

ity  were  exhausted — we  are  told  that  the  white- 
headed  veteran  of  the  world,  even  in  the  last  mo- 
ment of  his  life,  "  played  with  flowers,"  and  "  bab- 
bled of  green  fields  !" 

Such,  then,  being  the  innate  force  and  universality 
of  this  passion,  we  may  well  wonder  at  the  apparently 
inadequate  effects  which  it  has  produced.  The  de- 
ficiencies of  the  ancients  are  certainly  very  striking, 
if  we  compare  their  attempts  in  this  department,  with 
their  glorious  achievements  in  poetry,  eloquence,  his- 
tory and  morals, — in  sculpture  and  architecture, — not 
only  in  those  arts  in  which  chiefly  the  taste  and  imag- 
ination are  concerned,  but  also  in  those  which  demand 
a  more  vigorous  exercise  of  the  understanding,  such 
as  mathematics,  logic  and  metaphysics.  The  writings 
of  Cato  and  Varro,  of  iElian  and  Columella,  are  now 
almost  useless  on  account  of  the  want  of  precision  in 
their  descriptions  of  the  objects  and  the  processes 
about  which  they  treat ;  and  it  would  seem  that,  dur- 
ing the  sad  lapse  of  time,  of  more  than  fourteen 
hundred  years  which  succeeded  them,  the  class  of 
men  whose  minds  were  not  altogether  occupied  with 
rapine  and  bloodshed,  scarcely  ventured  to  see  with 
their  own  eyes ;  or  rather  disdained  to  condescend 
to  aught  lower  than  the  workings  of  their  own  fan- 
tastic imaginations.  Nature, — the  boundless  exhibi- 
tion of  the  ineffable  power,  wisdom,  and  beneficence 
of  the  Creator, — was  almost  totally  neglected,  except 
for  purposes  of  poetic  illustration  ;  or  if  referred  to 
with  other  views,  it  was  rather  to  support  some  idol 


12 

of  the  mind,  than  to  discov  er  the   true  character  of 
her  operations. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  however,  that  the  early  re- 
ligious devotees,  who  austerely  secluded  themselves 
from  nine-tenths  of  the  enjoyments  of  life,  never- 
theless permitted  the  pleasures  of  a  garden  ;  and  we 
are  constrained  to  admit  that  the  Catholic  clergy  have 
in  all  ag:es  rendered  the  most  valuable  services  to 
Horticulture.  They  not  only  wrought  with  their 
own  hands,  but  were  the  cause  of  industry  in  others. 
The  Monks  of  St.  Basil  and  St.  Benedict  restored 
many  extensive  tracts  to  fertility  in  Italy,  Spain  and 
the  south  of  France,  which  had  lain  in  desolation  and 
neglect  ever  since  the  first  incursions  of  the  Gauls 
and  Saracens.  No  longer  ago  than  in  1 826,  the  Cu- 
rate of  Montagano,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  gave  as 
a  penance  to  the  farmers  who  confessed  to  him,  that 
they  should  plant  so  many  vines,  olives,  or  other 
trees  in  certain  naked  parts  of  the  country  ;  the  con- 
sequence was,  that,  in  a  very  short  time,  what  before 
was  a  desert,  had  the  appearance  and  productiveness 
of  an  orchard.  A  recent  writer  asserts  that  there 
probably  would  not  have  been  a  fruit-tree  in  Scot- 
land till  the  sixteenth  century,  had  it  not  been  for 
the  labors  of  the  peaceful  monks.  "  Whoever,"  says 
he,  "  has  seen  an  old  Abbey,  where  for  generations, 
destruction  only  has  been  at  work,  must  have,  al- 
most invariably,  found  it  situated  in  one  of  the 
choicest  spots,  both  as  to  soil  and  aspect; — and  if 
the  hand  of  injudicious  improvement  has  not  swept 
it  away,  there   is  still  "  the  Abbey  garden."     Even 


13 

though  it  be  wholly  neglected — though  its  walls  be 
in  ruins,  covered  with  stone-crop,  and  wall-flower, 
and  its  area  produce  but  the  rankest  weeds, — there 
are  still  the  remains  of  the  aged  fruit-trees,  the  ven- 
erable pears,  the  delicate  little  apples,  and  the  lus- 
cious black-cherries.  The  chesnuts  and  the  walnuts 
may  have  yielded  to  the  axe,  and  the  vines  and  the 
fig-trees  died  away  ; — but  sometimes  the  mulberry  is 
left,  and  the  strawberry  and  the  raspberry  still  strug- 
gle among  the  ruins." 

The  author  of  Waverly  is  allowed  to  be  a  faithful 
painter  of  the  manners  of  the  times,  and  of  the  scenes 
he  represents  in  his  novels ;  and  he  tells  us,  that  an 
old  Monk,  to  beguile  a  tedious  hour  which  the  im- 
patient Quentin  Durward  was  obliged  to  wait  at  the 
palace  of  the  Bishop  of  Liege,  before  he  could  be 
admitted  to  an  audience,  led  him  through  the  garden, 
where  he  was  entertained  with  an  enumeration  of 
the  plants,  herbs,  and  shrubs  pointed  out  to  him  by 
his  venerable  conductor, — of  which,  "some  were  re- 
markable for  the  delicacy  and  brilliancy  of  their  flow- 
ers,— some  were  choice,  because  of  prime  use  in  med- 
icine,— others  more  choice,  for  yielding  a  rare  flavor 
to  pottage, — and  others  choicest  of  all — because  they 
possessed  no  merit  whatever,  but  their  extreme 
scarcity." 

In  comparatively  modern  times,  according  to  Hum- 
boldt, the  Jesuits,  in  an  incredibly  short  period, 
spread  the  knowledge  and  the  enjoyment  of  all  our 
common  culinary  vegetables  from  one  end  of  the 
American  continent  to  the  other,  and  from  the  shore 


14 

of  either  ocean  to  the  foot  of  the  Cordilleras.  It 
seems  but  fair,  therefore,  to  infer  from  these  facts, 
that,  although  Horticulture  may  have  languished  in 
common  with  all  those  branches  of  knowledge  which 
rest  on  the  basis  of  experiment  and  observation,  yet 
we  cannot  accuse  the  ecclesiastics  of  the  middle  ages 
with  paralysing  and  suppressing  it,  as  they  undoubt- 
edly did  those  sciences  the  extension  of  which  would 
either  directly  or  indirectly  tend  to  the  subversion  of 
their  power. 

The  term  "  Science  of  Horticulture,"  as  I  under- 
stand it,  implies  little  else  than  a  systematic  arrange- 
ment and  application,  to  horticultural  purposes,  of 
the  knowledge  derived  from  various  other  sciences  ; 
in  other  words,  he  is  to  be  esteemed  the  most  scien- 
tific gardener,  other  things  being  equal,  who  is  the 
most  profoundly  versed  in  all  those  sciences  which 
throw  light  upon  the  various  processes  of  his  art. 
Now  these  include  not  merely  the  different  depart- 
ments of  general  Physics,  but,  in  an  especial  manner, 
the  whole  circle  of  Natural  History ;  those  causes, 
therefore  which  retarded  the  progress  of  Natural  His- 
tory, are,  to  a  great  extent,  the  same  to  which  must 
be  ascribed  the  slow  advancement  of  Horticulture. 
These  are  in  general  all  those  grand  sources  of  pre- 
judice and  error,  to  which  the  mind  of  man  was  sub- 
ject, before  released  from  its  thraldom,  by  the  intro- 
duction of  the  inductive  philosophy  of  Bacon,  and 
many  of  which  are  but  too  prevalent  even  at  the 
present  day ;  such  as  those  arising  from  the  infirm- 
ities and  waywardness  of  human  nature  itself ; — the 


15 

tendencies  of  the  judgement  to  be  biased  and  cor- 
rupted by  particular  courses  of  study  or  habits  of 
life  ;  the  imperfection  of  language  ;  a  blmd  rever- 
ence for  antiquity  ;  the  influence  of  the  visionary 
theories  and  romantic  philosophies  which  prevail  in 
the  world  ;  and  last,  though  not  least,  a  slavish  pros- 
tration to  the  authority  of  great  names. 

But  Natural  History  was  not  one  of  the  favorite 
pursuits  of  the  revivers  of  literature  ;  and  it  was 
not  till  long  after  the  effects  of  Bacon's  method  of 
investigation  had  been  felt  in  other  sciences,  that 
any  very  sensible  improvement  took  place  in  those 
whose  object  is  to  make  us  acquainted  with  the 
works  of  nature.  And  yet  the  scholars  of  that  pe- 
riod displayed  a  degree  of  industry  in  collecting  facts, 
or  rather  stories,  (for  a  small  part  only  of  them  were 
true)  which  appears  almost  incredible.  Conrad  Ges- 
ner,  the  most  considerable  of  them,  is  styled  by  Hal- 
ler  "  a  monster  of  erudition."  Some  other  cause 
must  therefore  be  sought  to  account  for  the  phenom- 
enon ;  and  the  grand  secret  which  explains  the  \\  hole 
is  the  want  of  system.  It  is  system  in  the  application 
of  powers  which  were  before  often  antagonizing  or 
inert,  and  in  the  arrangement  of  facts  and  fragments 
of  knowledge,  which,- like  the  scattered  sybilline 
leaves,  were  without  meaning  or  use,  that  has  been 
the  grand  engine  of  advancement  in  the  sciences, 
arts  and  literature  of  modern  times.  But  as  we 
understand  the  term,  neither  the  ancients  nor  mod- 
erns, till  towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, had  any  system  in  their  study  of  nature. 


16 

It  is  for  this  reason,  that  ot  all  the  plants  described 
by  Theophrastus  and  Dioscorides,  not  a  single  one 
can  now  be  satisfactorily  identified.  Pliny's  work  is 
valuable,  as  collecting  all  that  had  been  done  by  the 
authors  before  him  ;  but  his  descriptions  are  so 
vague,  taken  from  such  uncertain  marks,  and  from 
comparison  with  other  plants  of  which  we  know 
nothing,  that,  as  a  system  of  plants,  it  is  perfectly 
useless.  And  in  this  same  way.  Botany,  which  has 
perhaps  always  been  in  advance  of  the  other  depart- 
ments of  Natural  History,  went  on  for  fifteen  hundred 
years,  till  Lobel  shadowed  out  something  like  a  sys- 
tem of  classes,  which  was  afterwards  improved  upon 
by  the  two  Bankins.  But  the  first  really  systematic 
writer  is  Ray,  whose  synopsis  was  published  in  1677, 
and  is,  strictly  speaking,  a  systematic  work,  having 
an  arrangement  into  classes,  genera,  and  species, — 
though  in  this  respect  still  very  imperfect.  His 
classes  are  founded  on  such  indefinite  distinctions  as 
trees  and  shrubs ;  his  genera  are  formed  upon  such 
characters  as  the  shape  of  the  leaf,  color,  taste,  smell, 
and  even  size.  His  nomenclature  is  of  such  a  for- 
midable and  repulsive  character  that  none  but  the 
most  studious  and  laborious  would  ever  undertake  to 
master  it.  It  seems  incredible  to  a  young  botanist, 
accustomed  to  the  concise  precision  of  the  present 
day,  which  renders  his  study  inviting  even  to  the 
careless,  the  indolent,  and  the  fashionable,  that  a 
pupil  of  Ray,  when  he  mentioned  a  plant,  was 
obliged  to  repeat,  often,  a  line  and  half  of  Latin  de- 
scription,— which,    as    Miss  Kent    observes,    would 


17 

sound  much  more  like  an  incantation  than  a  name. 
We  can  imagine  the  overwhelming  astonishment, 
with  which  the  vulgar  and  the  genteel  ignorant  must 
have  listened,  when  he  was  pouring  out  these  "  ses- 
quipedalia  verba'''  to  designate  a  common  weed. 
Well  may  we  excuse  them  for  replying,  when  urged 
to  partake  of  the  pleasures  of  such  a  study,  "  The 
kernel  of  your  nut,  for  aught  we  know,  may  be  very 
sweet,  but  the  shell  is  too  hard  for  us  to  crack." 

Again,  so  long  as  the  mind  remained  occupied  in 
no  other  manner  than  the  acquisition  of  new  plants, 
without  knowing  in  what  way  to  appreciate  their 
respective  peculiarities,  discoveries  continued  to  be 
made  slowly,  and  to  be  of  little  value  when  made. 
As  soon,  however,  as  botanists  arrived  at  the  art  of 
arranging  upon  philosophical  principles,  the  materials 
they  possessed,  their  attention  was  strongly  directed 
towards  supporting  their  respective  systems  by  the 
addition  of  new  objects  and  new  facts  ; — and  the 
strenuous  investigations,  instituted  on  this  account, 
naturally  brought  them  acquainted  w  ith  an  abundance 
of  subjects,  the  existence  of  which  the  imperfection 
of  their  previous  knowledge  could  not  have  led  them 
to  suspect. 

The  following  statistics  will  place  this  in  a  strong 
light.  The  entire  Flora  of  Homer  amounts  to  less 
than  thirty  species.  In  the  Holy  Bible,  according  to 
Sprengel,  seventy-one  plants  are  noticed  by  name  ; 
and  two  hundred  and  seventy-four  are  spoken  of  by 
Hippocrates,  who  was  born  four  hundred  and  fifty 
years  before  Christ.  Theophrastus,  of  about  the  same 
3 


18 

period,  whose  ^^oik  is  the  first,  expressly  devoted  to 
plants,  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge,  enume- 
rates somewhat  less  than  five  hundred.  Three  hun- 
dred years  later,  or  about  the  time  of  Cleopatra, 
Dioscorides  notices  nearly  seven  hundred  ;  and  Pli- 
ny, in  the  first  Christian  century,  gives  an  account, 
collected,  as  he  says,  from  more  than  two  thousand 
Greek  and  Roman  writers,  of  about  one  thousand 
species, — the  results  of  the  investigations  of  forty 
centuries!  For  fourteen  hundred  years  after  Pliny, 
an  increase  of  only  five  hundred  new  species  is  al- 
loAved  ;  but  in  the  next  two  centuries,  when  the 
knowledge  of  plants  was  assuming  a  scientific  form, 
upwards  of  four  thousand  five  hundred  new  plants 
were  added  to  the  catalogue ; — a  number  four  times 
greater  than  had  been  ascertained  in  all  the  preced- 
ing ages  of  the  world.  So  extraordinary  was  the  ad- 
vance of  botany  under  the  auspices  of  Linnseus, 
that,  in  a  few  years,  fifteen  hundred  other  plants 
were  added  to  the  list  ;  and  the  whole  number, 
actually  described  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1778, 
was  between  eleven  and  twelve  thousand.  But 
since  that  period,  the  increase  has  been  so  pro- 
digious, that  the  number  of  species  of  all  descrip- 
tions now  known,  according  to  an  estimate  given 
in  a  late  journal,  is  not  less  than  one  hundred 
thousand  ! 

Such  has  been  the  effect  of  system  on  Botany — 
or,  at  least,  such  an  effect  never  could  have  been 
produced  without  it.  The  mere  Linnaean  nomencla- 
ture is  a  gigantic  effort,  and  itself  a  wonderful  in- 


19 

strument  of  order  and  perspicuity.  In  Chemistry, 
where  there  is  not  a  tenth  part  of  the  individual  ob- 
jects to  be  specified  that  there  is  in  Botany,  the  ad- 
vantages of  nomenchiture  have  been  most  remark- 
able in  promoting  facility  of  investigation  and  clear- 
ness of  description ;  and  we  find,  that  not  only  all 
the  divisions  of  Natural  History,  but  several  other 
sciences,  to  which  the  system  of  arrangement  and  de- 
signation established  by  Linnaeus  have  been  applied, 
advanced  with  a  rapidity  and  extent,  irresistibly  con- 
clusive as  to  its  power  and  efficacy.  It  therefore 
only  remains  for  me  to  demonstrate  the  dependence 
of  Horticulture,  scientifically  piu'sued,  upon  Natural 
History,  and  I  trust  I  shall  have  acquitted  myself 
of  the  first  part  of  my  engagement ;  as  to  the  second 
part,  if  the  causes  which  obstruct  the  progress  of 
gardening  are  once  well  understood,  the  way  to 
obviate  them  will  be  too  plain  to  require  expatiating 
upon. 

Natural  History,  in  its  broadest  acceptation,  em- 
braces a  knowledge  and  description  of  all  the  objects 
in  the  material  universe.  In  this  sense  it  will  in- 
<^lude  the  heavenly  bodies  and  their  phenomena. 
These,  however,  though  in  some  respects  matters  of 
observation,  are  yet  so  completely  subservient  to  the 
laws  of  mechanics,  and  the  mode  of  studying  them 
is  so  different  from  what  he  is  usually  accustomed  to, 
that  the  Naturalist  long  ago  abandoned  them  to  the 
Astronomer.  And  since  the  abolition  of  the  la^^"s  of 
judicial  astrology,  the  gardener  is  content  with 
knowing  the  cause  of  the  seasons,  and  of  day  and 


20 

night ;  resting  satisfied  in  their  being  immutable, 
and  that  the  devices  of  man  can  never  vary  their 
order  or  their  influence. 

Meteoroloo'y,  for  somewhat  similar  reasons,  has 
also  been  commonly  excluded  from  the  pale  of  Nat- 
ural History.  But  this  science,  in  its  whole  extent, 
has  a  most  important  bearing  upon  vegetable  culture. 
Water  and  air  are  the  very  blood  and  breath  of  life 
to  plants.  The  different  states  of  the  atmosphere  as 
indicated  by  the  barometer,  thermometer,  hygrome- 
ter and  electrometer  ; — the  action  of  light  and  heat, 
whether  solar  or  artificial,  whether  accumulated  or 
diminished,  whether  applied  after  long  or  short  in- 
tervals ; — the  influence  of  the  diflerent  winds,  and 
the  effects  of  exposure  to  or  protection  from  them ; — 
the  phenomena  of  clouds,  fog,  dew,  frost,  rain,  snow, 
and  hail,  are  among  the  subjects  which  most  nearly 
affect  the  operations  of  the  gardener,  and  whose 
nature  and  powers  it  behooves  him  thoroughly  to 
understand. 

But  some  of  the  first  considerations  demanding 
his  attention  relate  to  the  materials  of  which  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  on  which  he  operates,  is  composed. 
The  necessity  of  an  acquaintance  with  Mineralogy  is 
here  manifest ; — preparatory  for  which  a  knowledge 
of  Chemistry  is  requisite,  as  well  as  for  the  analysis 
and  composition  of  soils,  and  also  of  vegetable  pro- 
ducts. Next,  it  will  soon  be  found  that  the  proper- 
ties of  soils  vary  not  only  Avith  the  elevation  and  as- 
pect of  the  surface,  but  are  also  greatly  modified  by 
the  nature  of  the  rocky  or  other  strata  on  which  they 


21 

rest,  or  with  which  they  are  in  any  way  associated. 
Hence,  he,  who  would  most  successfully  cultivate 
them,  must  know  something  of  Geology,  a  vast  and  ex- 
ceedingly interesting  field  of  inquiry,  as  yet  but  imper- 
fectly explored,  and  the  importance  of  which  to  agri- 
culture and  arboriculture  is  but  beginning  to  be  prop- 
erly appreciated.  To  know  the  kind  of  plant  which 
can  be  most  profitably  cultivated  on  a  given  soil,  is 
one  thing ;  but  to  prepare  a  soil  for  the  best  culture 
of  a  given  kind  of  plant,  demands  other  and  much 
more  complicated  considerations.  Indeed  two  of  the 
chief  points  in  the  gardener's  art  consist  in  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  soil  to  the  nature  of  the  plant, 
and  in  teaching  the  plant  to  accommodate  itself  to 
the  soil  and  climate. 

So  numerous  and  intimate  are  the  reciprocal  rela- 
tions between  the  Animal  and  the  Vegetable  kingdom, 
that  no  one  of  them  can  be  thoroughly  understood 
without  a  pretty  full  acquaintance  with  the  other. 
Hence,  a  knowledge  of  Zoology,  Ornithology,  and 
Entomology  must  prove  of  high  utility  to  the  garden- 
er ;  enabling  him  to  distinguish  those  quadrupeds, 
birds,  and  insects,  which  are  friendly,  from  those 
which  are  inimical  to  his  interests  ;  for  it  is  only  by 
accurately  discriminating  their  kinds,  and  by  study- 
ing their  natures  and  habits,  that  he  can  avail  himself 
of  the  services  of  one,  or  protect  himself  from  the 
depredations  of  the  other. 

There  is  no  one  class,  in  whose  success  the  inter- 
ests of  mankind  are  so  much  involved,  as  in  that  of 
the  cultivators  of  the  soil.     By  this  I  mean,  that,  as 


food  is  the  first  necessary  of  life,  and  fine  fruit  one 
of  its  greatest  luxuries,  every  question  which  con- 
cerns their  production  deserves  serious  attention. 

Now  it  is  well  known  that,  every  year,  some  un- 
expected failure  of  crops,  originating  in  the  ravages 
of  the  insect  world,  takes  place  ; — that  the  labors 
of  the  farmer,  and  the  hopes  of  the  orchardist  and 
florist  are  continually  destroyed  by  these  minute  and 
subtle  enemies;  and  that,  often,  local  scarcity,  and 
sometimes  individual  ruin,  is  the  result.  With  these 
evils  upon  record,  and  continually  coming  under  our 
notice  in  one  form  or  another,  any  one  would  fancy 
that  this  portion  of  Natural  History,  at  least,  had 
been  well  studied  ; — that  the  forms  and  appearances, 
the  habits  and  economy  of  all  these  scourges  of  veg- 
etation had  been  well  investigated  and  distinctly  de- 
scribed. But,  incredible  as  it  may  appear,  no  work 
professing  to  give  the  horticulturist  a  right  knowledge 
of  the  animals,  birds,  insects,  reptiles  or  worms,  use- 
ful or  injurious  to  his  labors,  exists  in  our  language  ! 

It  mostly  happens,  when  a  naturalist  is  applied  to 
for  information  on  such  points,  by  those  who  are  the 
immediate  sufferers,  and  he  begins  to  put  the  ques- 
tions which  alone  can  enable  him  to  form  an  opinion, 
he  can  seldom  make  out  whether  the  thing  complain- 
ed of  is  a  beetle,  a  fly,  or  a  moth.  He  is  told  that 
"  it  may  have  only  two  wings,  though  possibly  it  has 
more  ;"  "  it  may  have  very  short  wings,  but  perhaps 
none  at  all ;"  and  generally  the  sum  total  that  can  be 
positively  ascertained  is  that  "  the  creature  looks 
very  much  like  a  gnih.'''' 


If  Ave  turn  to  books  on  gardening,  even  by  re- 
spectable writers,  how  vague,  and  sometimes  how 
absurd,  are  the  general  directions  for  preserving  fruit 
trees  "  from  the  slug,"  and  "  from  the  caterpillar," 
as  if  all  slugs  and  all  caterpillars  were  alike,  infest- 
ed the  same  trees,  appeared  at  the  same  time,  and 
were  to  be  destroyed  by  the  same  means.  In  this,  as 
in  medicine,  the  disease  must  be  sedulously  watched 
from  its  commencement  through  all  its  stages  ; — ac- 
curate observations  must  be  noted  down,  even  on 
the  most  trivial  points ; — and  finally,  if  the  injury 
does  really  originate  in  an  insect,  specimens  of  that 
insect  in  all  its  stages  must  be  preserved.  With 
such  materials  the  Naturalist's  advice  may  be  asked 
with  some  prospect  of  advantage.  How  this  subject 
has  been  so  unaccountably  overlooked  I  know  not ; 
but  I  do  know  that  it  deserves  the  immediate  atten- 
tion of  this  Society,  and  might  well  be  entitled  to 
its  highest  premium. 

The  science,  however,  which  sheds  the  strongest 
and  most  widely  diffused  radiance  upon  the  labors  of 
the  Horticulturist,  is  Botany,  in  all  its  branches,  but 
more  especially  that  of  Phytology,  which  teaches  the 
structure  of  plants,  and  the  functions  of  their  several 
organs  ;  for  the  gardener,  like  the  physician,  has  to 
deal  with  the  vital  principle  ; — and,  like  him,  should 
understand  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  the  sub- 
jects that  come  under  his  care.  This  is  essential,  in 
order  to  enable  him,  in  any  other  than  the  hazardous 
manner  of  an  empiric,  to  promote  their  health,  to  re- 


24 

cognize  their  diseases,  and  to  apply  the  appropriate 
remedies. 

This,  as  a  distinct  branch  of  Botanical  science  is 
not  of  a  very  remote  date,  and,  notwithstanding  the 
immense  force  of  talent  which  has  been  made  to  bear 
upon  it,  is  still  in  an  imperfect  state.  The  princi- 
pal English  writers  in  this  department  are  Grew 
and  Hales,  who  treated  of  the  solids  and  fluids  of 
plants  ;  Dr.  Priestley,  who  brought  in  the  aid  of 
Pneumatic  Chemistry ;  and  Dr.  Darwin,  whose 
"  Phytologia,"  notwithstanding  the  unpleasant  color- 
ing which  his  peculiar  philosophical  notions  concern- 
ing vitality  have  thrown  over  it,  ought  to  be  care- 
fully studied  by  every  one,  who  would  manage  his 
garden  well  himself,  or  know  when  it  is  well  man- 
aged for  him  by  others ; — and  lastly,  Mr.  Knight,  of 
the  extent  and  utility  of  whose  labors  it  would  be 
impertinent  in  me  to  think  I  could  inform  this  audi- 
ence. The  principal  European  laborers  in  this  field, 
are  Malpighi,  Bonnet,  Duhamel,  Desfontaines  and 
De  Candolle  ;  and  particularly  the  late  French  writers 
Mirbel,  Turpin,  Poiteau  and  Dutrochet,  who,  in  this 
path,  are  far  in  advance  of  their  English  brethren. 
Indeed,  the  latter  advanced  so  far  that  he  has  been 
obliged  to  retrace  at  last  some  of  his  steps,  though 
his  merits  on  the  whole  are  unquestionably  very  high. 

It  is  probable  that  many,  though  perhaps  not  all,  in 
this  assembly  are  aware  that  to  Mons.  Dutrochet  was 
awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the  French  Academy  for 
his  researches  on  the  Motilite,  or  cause  of  motion  in 


25 

plants, — particularly  with  regard  to  the  flow  of  sap. 
This  he  ascribed  to  a  sort  of  galvanism,  or  intra- 
capillary  electricity;  to  the  two  currents  of  which,  or, 
more  properly,  to  the  motions  produced  by  them,  he 
gave  the  melodious  epithets  of  endosmose  and  exos- 
mose.  His  experiments  and  his  reasonings  were, 
however,  afterwards  shown  to  be  fallacious;  and,  with 
a  degree  of  candor  and  love  of  truth,  more  honora- 
ble to  him  than  many  golden  medals,  he  retracted  his 
opinions. 

Another  gentleman  has  still  more  recently  come 
forth  with  the  publication  of  a  series  of  experiments 
and  inferences,  which  are  said  to  prove  satisfactorily, 
at  least  to  himself,  that  caloric^  in  its  annual  and  di- 
urnal fluctuations,  is  alone  the  cause  of  movement  in 
the  sap.  It  were  well,  perhaps,  if  both  these  gentle- 
men had  been  satisfied  with  attributing  the  phenom- 
enon to  an  inherent  vital  action,  without  puzzling 
themselves  with  a  vain  search  after  first  causes, — 
which  always  leaves  the  most  successful  inquirer  ex- 
actly where  he  set  out. 

Although  observation  is  the  faculty  principally  em- 
ployed in  the  study  of  Natural  History,  and  should 
always  be  on  the  alert  to  surprise  Nature  in  the 
midst  of  her  operations,  and  thus  detect  her  secrets ; 
yet,  in  some  cases,  and  to  a  limited  extent,  experi- 
ment may  be  employed  to  extort  them  from  her. 
But  the  Naturalist  cannot,  like  the  Chemist,  regulate 
the  conditions  of  the  phenomena  he  studies ;  nor  can 
he  separate  the  elementary  parts  from  each  other,  in 
the  objects  he  examines.  Such  objects  usually  come 
4 


26 

under  his  view  in  a  complex  form ;  and  he  can  de- 
compose them  and  analyze  their  component  parts 
only  in  thought.  What  a  variety  of  conditions,  for 
example,  are  necessary  to  vegetable  life  f  If,  in  at- 
tempting to  analyze  the  nature  of  life,  we  were  to 
separate  from  it  any  of  those  requisite  conditions,  its 
duration  must  instantly  cease,  and  the  object  of  our 
researches  be  frustrated  ;  so  that,  in  matters  like  this, 
the  utmost  we  can  ever  expect  to  attain  is  but  an 
approximation  to  the  truth. 

Mere  observation  will,  however,  avail  but  little 
without  comparison.  We  must  observe  attentively 
the  same  body  in  the  various  positions  in  which  it  is 
placed  at  different  times  by  Nature  ;  and  we  must 
compare  different  bodies  with  each  other  until  we 
can  recognize  any  invariable  relations,  which  may 
exist  between  their  structure  and  the  phenomena 
they  exhibit.  Thus  may  such  bodies,  when  diligently 
observed  and  carefully  compared  with  each  other, 
be  considered  as  experiments  ready  prepared  by  the 
hand  of  Nature  ;  who  may  be  supposed  to  add  to,  or 
subtract  from,  each,  in  the  manner  the  Chemist  does 
in  his  laboratory  with  the  inert  materials  subject  to 
his  control, — and  herself  to  present  us  with  the  re- 
sult of  such  additions  and  subtractions.  In  this  way 
we  may  arrive  at  some  knowledge  of  the  laws  which 
regulate  the  phenomena  of  Natural  History,  strictly 
speaking,  subject  to  our  observation  ;  and  which  are 
employed  by  the  great  Governor  of  the  Universe 
with  the  same  determinate  precision,  as  those  which 
are  opened  to  our  view  by  the  general  sciences. 


27 

The  reproduction  of  vegetable  forms  is  unquestion- 
ably a  vital  process,  but  there  is  no  reason  to  believe 
that  more  may  not  be  known  respecting  it,  than  has 
yet  been  developed  ;  and  it  is  possible  future  re- 
searches may  throw  such  light  upon  its  different 
modes,  and  the  modifications  of  which  it  is  suscep- 
tible from  the  varied  conditions  under  which  it  may 
take  place,  as  will  enable  art  to  eifect  a  proposed 
end,  by  supplying  and  arranging  those  conditions. 
The  whole  surface  of  the  globe  has  now  been  so 
thoroughly  explored,  that  we  can  scarcely  expect  the 
discovery  of  any  very  important  addition  to  our  kitch- 
en, fruit,  or  even  flower  gardens ;  our  principal  re- 
source, therefore,  for  improvement  in  this  respect, 
lies  in  the  production  of  new  varieties.  To  avail 
ourselves  of  this,  with  any  determinate  degree  of 
success,  requires  that  knowledge  to  which  1  have 
just  alluded.  This  field  is  still  open  to  the  enter- 
prising physiologist,  and  promises  a  rich  reward  to 
him  whose  industry  and  skill  shall  compel  it  to  yield 
a  harvest. 

With  regard  to  the  other  departments  of  botanical 
science,  viz — Glossology,  which  teaches  the  names  of 
the  different  parts  of  plants;  Phytography,  which  treats 
of  nomenclature,  and  the  art  of  describing  plants,  so 
that  they  may  be  easily  recognized ;  Taxonomy,  or 
the  theory  of  classification  and  arrangement,  applied 
to  plants  ;  Botanical  Geography,  which  teaches  the 
natural  distribution  of  plants  over  the  earth's  surface, 
showing  their  relations  to  temperature,  elevation, 
soil,  fee.  as  well  as  the  several  minor  divisions  adopt- 


28 

ed  by  modern  writers,  such  as  Historical,  Agricul- 
tural, Medical,  and  Economical  Botany, — they  may 
all  be  studied  with  an  advantage,  often  essential,  and 
always  important,  by  every  one  who  would  have  his 
ground  or  his  intellect  cultivated  in  the  most  pleasant 
and  useful  manner.  Picturesque  or  Landscape  Gar- 
dening, the  period  for  the  study  of  which  is  now 
dawning  upon  our  country,  is  a  subject  involving  prin- 
ciples profoundly  and  intricately  connected  with  the 
most  refined  and  with  the  most  recondite  specula- 
tions, which  have  occupied  the  human  mind.  Con- 
scious that  no  notice  I  could  now  make  of  it,  or  of 
the  studies  connected  with  it,  would  convey  any 
adequate  or  satisfactory  exposition  of  the  subject,  I 
leave  it  entire,  for  a  more  convenient  time  and  a 
more  able  hand. 

Such  then,  gentlemen,  are  some  of  the  most  prom- 
inent features  in  the  science  of  Horticulture, — and 
such  its  associated  and  auxiliary  studies.  It  is  un- 
necessary to  expatiate  upon  the  peculiar  interest  that 
is  attached  to  such  pursuits,  even  when  followed 
merely  as  a  recreation ;  on  the  pleasant  excitement 
which  they  kindle  in  the  youthful  mind,  or  the  ex- 
pansion they  give  to  the  heart  in  more  mature  life ; 
on  the  advantages  they  possess  in  an  eminent  degree, 
of  disciplining  the  intellectual  powers, — training  us 
to  habits  of  quick  observation,  accurate  discrim- 
ination, and  methodical  distribution  of  ideas;  or  on 
the  benign  influence  which  they  are  calculated  to 
have  upon  the  moral  sentiments  and  conduct ;  which 
I  believe  to  be  far  greater  than  is  commonly  suspe-ct- 


29 

ed ;  for  the  more  we  trace  design  and  purpose  in 
the  works  of  Nature,  shall  we  not  sympathize  the 
more  with  the  fitness  of  means  to  end  in  human 
conduct  ?  The  more  we  enter  into  the  details  of 
natural  operations,  shall  we  not  increase  our  taste 
for  facts  ? — which  is,  in  other  words,  the  love  of 
truth — the  very  foundation  of  justice  and  honesty  ? 
The  venerable  Bewick  boldly  asserts  that  "  a  good 
naturalist  cannot  be  a  bad  man!" 

It  has  been  said  that  ignorance  in  philosophy  is 
preferable  to  superficial  knowledge  ;  but  it  is  other- 
wise in  the  study  of  Nature  ;  where  every  acquisition 
is  useful,  from  the  simplest  perception  to  the  deepest 
researches ;  from  the  minutest  detail  to  the  most  gen- 
eral views  ;  where  there  are  problems  to  be  solved 
which  may  gently  exercise  the  weakest,  or  severely 
task  the  strongest,  intellectual  powers.  Indeed,  it 
frequently  happens,  that  the  most  ingenious  and  ap- 
parently incontrovertible  reasoning  in  Natural  His- 
tory is  overturned  or  confirmed  by  facts  accidentally 
observed  by  the  feeble  and  unscientific.  Fortunately, 
a  profound  knowledge  of  all,  or  even  of  any  of  its 
branches  is  not  essential  to  the  horticulturist,  however 
desirable  it  may  be  ;  and  although  a  slight  acquaint- 
ance may  not  enable  him  to  make  make  many  very 
valuable  reprisals  from  the  dark  abyss  of  Nature's 
mysteries,  or  add  much  to  the  advancement  of  science 
for  the  good  of  mankind,  it  (certainly  will  do  what  is 
perhaps  the  next  best  thing  in  the  world, — it  will 
incalculably  promote  his  own  enjoyments. 


30 

The  prosperity  of  this  Society  hitherto,  is,  I  be- 
lieve, "altogether  unexampled  ;  and  its  future  pros- 
pects are  bright  and  exhilarating  in  the  extreme. 
Warned  by  the  deplorable  embarrassments  of  some 
and  guided  by  the  happy  example  of  other  Horticul- 
tural establishments,  the  strong  and  sagacious  minds 
which  have  conducted  the  affairs  of  ours  so  felicit- 
ously, to  the  present  moment,  will  not  be  likely  to 
err  greatly  in  their  management  of  them  hereafter. 
Should  heaven  intercept  some  of  them  from  seeing 
all  their  wise  and  tasteful  plans  perfectly  accomplish- 
ed, they  may  at  least  enjoy  the  present  confident 
assurance,  that  posterity  will  appreciate  and  be 
grateful  for  their  labors.  The  amazing  power  of 
combinations  is  well  known ;  but  has  seldom  been 
more  agreeably  illustrated,  than  in  the  formation  of 
associations  where  the  results  of  individual  exertions, 
experiments  and  opinions  are  collected  and  compar- 
ed, corrected  and  concentrated,  and  the  knowledge, 
thus  acquired  and  prepared,  diftlised  in  an  attractive 
form  among  the  mass  of  mankind  by  periodical 
publications.  It  has  been,  and  I  think  may  again 
be,  confidently  asserted,  that  "  more  real,  useful  im- 
provements have  been  made  in  gardening  since  the 
formation  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  than 
have  been  made  in  China  within  the  last  thousand 
years." 

Even  in  the  short  space  since  the  foundation  of 
this  Society,  its  influence  has  become  strongly  mark- 
ed, not  only  around  the  residences  of  its  members. 


31 

but  throughout  this  section  of  the  country.  Never  be- 
fore was  there  so  much  inquiry  for  ornamental  trees 
and  for  the  choicer  kinds  of  fruits,  among  people  of 
all  classes.  Never  before  did  gardening  and  rural 
affairs  engross  so  large  a  share  of  common  conversa- 
tion,— often  entirely  excluding  those  unprofitable  and 
acrimonious  discussions  on  politics,  and  those  relig- 
ious controversies,  which  are  so  apt  to  terminate 
only  m  uncharitableness  and  ill  will.  Never  before 
was  there  an  opportunity  for  the  interchange  of 
such  cheap  but  acceptable  civilities,  as  the  offer  of 
desirable  plants,  seeds,  and  scions  of  favorite  fruits, 
or  the  timely  donation  of  a  delicious  melon  or  basket 
of  grapes.  By  these  means,  harmony  of  neighbor- 
hoods has  been  preserved,  valuable  acquaintances 
acquired,  unpleasant  feuds  have  been  suppressed,  and 
many  petty  jealousies,  which  secretly  rankled  in  the 
bosom,  have  been  allayed,  and  may  soon  be  forgot- 
ten. If,  within  the  last  three  years,  there  is  a  decided 
improvement  in  the  grounds  of  men  of  wealth  and 
leisure,  it  is  still  more  conspicuous  in  the  gardens 
and  court-yards  of  the  middling  class  of  citizens  ; 
and  even  the  home  of  the  laboring  poor  has,  in  not 
a  few  instances,  acquired  an  additional  point  of  in- 
terest, to  attract  him  from  the  haunts  of  dissipation ; 
his  leisure  hours  are  pleasantly  occupied  ;  his  mind 
expanded,  and  his  heart  warmed  and  softened. 

All  this,  it  must  be  admitted,  is  more  than  well. 
It  is  excellent.  Had  no  higher  benefits  accrued  from 
the  expenditure  of  the  time,  the  labors,  and  the 
funds  of  this  society,  the  speculation  must  have  been 


32 

accounted  most  fortunate.  It  is  not,  however,  the 
simple,  the  rude  and  uneducated,  who  derive  the 
most  exquisite  gratification  from  a  contemplation 
of  the  works  of  Nature.  It  is  the  mind,  which,  in 
addition  to  refined  literary  accomplishments,  an 
intimacy  with  the  fine  arts  and  the  cultivated  sen- 
sibilities of  polite  society,  has  added  a  considerable 
attainment  in  those  scientific  pursuits  which  I  have 
been  striving  to  recommend.  The  uniform  testi- 
mony of  all  who  have  walked  in  these  paths  is,  that 
they  are  ways  of  pleasantness.  Dr.  Elliott,  to  whom 
the  Botany  of  this  country  is  so  much  indebted,  says, 
"It  has  been  for  many  years,  the  occupation  of  my 
leisure  moments  ;  and  it  is  a  merited  tribute  to  say, 
that  it  has  lightened  for  me  many  a  heavy  and 
smoothed  many  a  rugged  hour  ;  that,  beguiled  by 
its  charms,  I  have  found  no  road  rough  or  difficult, 
no  journey  tedious,  no  country  desolate  or  barren. 
In  solitude  never  solitary,  in  a  desert  never  without 
employment,  I  have  found  it  a  relief  from  the  lan- 
guor of  idleness,  the  pressure  of  business  and  the 
unavoidable  calamities  of  life."  "  I  have  traveled 
throughout  America,"  says  Mr.  Nuttall,  "principally 
with  a  view  to  becoming  acquainted  with  some  favor- 
ite branches  of  Natural  History.  I  had  no  other 
end  in  view  but  personal  gratification ;  and,  in  this, 
I  have  not  been  disappointed  ;  for  innocent  amuse- 
ment can  never  leave  room  for  regret.  To  converse, 
as  it  were,  with  Nature,  to  admire  the  wisdom  and 
beauty  of  creation,  has  been,  and  I  hope  ever  will 
be,  a  favorite  pursuit.     To  communicate  to  others  a 


33 

portion  of  the  same  amusement  and  gratification,  has 
been  the  only  object  of  my  botanical  publications." 
There  is  not,  in  fact,  a  flower  in  the  garden,  or 
by  the  way-side,  but  has  some  beauty  only  unveiled 
to  the  minute  inquirer ; — some  peculiarity  in  struc- 
ture, fitting  it  for  its  destined  place  and  purpose,  and 
yet  not  obvious  to  a  casual  glance.  Many  are 
full  of  remembrances  and  associations,  in  which  it  is 
good  for  us  to  indulge.  To  the  enlightened  student, 
"  a  yellow  primrose  on  the  brim"  is  something  more 
than  a  yellow  primrose.  He  is,  to  borrow  the  words 
of  the  author  of  the  Sketch  Book,  "  continually  com- 
ing upon  some  little  document  of  poetry  in  the  blos- 
somed hawthorn,  the  daisy,  the  cowslip,  or  some 
other  simple  object  that  has  received  a  supernatural 
value  from  the  muse."  And  as  his  pursuits  lead  him 
into  the  most  wild  and  beautiful  scenes  of  Nature, 
so  his  knowledge  enables  him  to  enjoy  them  with  a 
higher  relish  than  others.  They  are  "  full  of  his 
familiar  friends,"  with  whom  he  holds  a  kind  of  in- 
tellectual communion,  and  finds  from  experience  that 

"  The  meanest  flower  that  blows  can  give 
Thoughts  that  oft  He  too  deep  for  tears." 

In  the  spirit  of  that  pure  natural  religion,  and  full 
of  those  ennobling  sentiments  which  such  contem- 
plations  always  awaken,  he  is  ready  to  exclaim  in 
the   language  of  the   poet. 

Nature  in  every  form  is  lovely  still; 
Nothing  in  her  is  mean,  nothing  superfluous. 
How  wondrous  is  this  scene  !  where  all  is  form'd 
With  number,  weight,  and  measure  ! — all  design'd 
For  some  great  end  ! — where  not  alone  the  plant 
Of  stately  growth  ;  the  herb  of  glorious  hue, 

5 


34 

Or  food-full  substance  ;  not  the  laboring  steed  ; 
The  herd   and  flock  that  feed  us ;  not  the  mine 
That  yields  us  stores  of  elegance  and  use  ; 
The  sea  that  loads  our  tables,  and  conveys 
The  wanderer  man  from  clime  to  clime,  with  all 
Those  rolling  spheres,  that,  from  on  high,  shed  down 
Their  kindly  influence  : — not  these  alone, 
Which  strike  even  eyes  incurious,  but  each  moss, 
Each  shell,  each  crawling  insect  holds  a  rank, 
Important  in  the  plan  of  Him,  who  form'd 

This  scale  of  beings  : 

K  «  *  * 

A  blade  of  silver  hair-grass,  nodding  slowly 
In  the  soft  wind  ; — the  thistle's  purple  crown, 
The  ferns,  the  rushes  tall,  and  fungus  lowly, — 
A  thorn,  a  weed,  an  insect,  or  a  stone, 
Can  thrill  us  with  sensations  exquisite ; 
For  all  is  exquisite  ; — and  every  part 
Points  to  the  mighty  hand  that  fashion'd  it. 

Then,  as  we  look  aloft  with  yearning  heart. 

The  trees  and  mountains,  like  conductors,  raise 

Our  spirits  upward  on  their  flight  sublime. 

And  clouds,  and  sun,  and  Heaven's  marmorean  floor. 

Are  but  the  stepping-stones  by  which  we  climb 

Up  to  the  dread  Invisible,  to  pour 

Our  grateful  feelings  out  in  silent  praise. 


THIRD 


ANNIVERSARY  FESTIVAL 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 


The  third  Anniversary  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  was  celebrated  on  the  twenty-first  of  September.  In  the 
forenoon  a  well  written,  learned  and  elaborate  address  was  de- 
livered to  the  members  of  the  Society,  and  a  collection  of  ladies 
and  gentlemen,  assembled  at  the  Athenteum  Lecture  Room,  by 
Dr.  M.  A.  Ward,  of  Salem. 

Among  the  donation  of  Fruits  and  Flowers,  which  were  pre- 
sented for  the  Festival  were  the  following,  viz  : 

By  Dr.  Webster,  Sweetwater  and  Isabella  Grapes,  Peaches. 
By  Mr.  H.  A.  Breed,  of  Lynn,  Water-melons.  By 'Mr.  Abel 
Houghton,  of  Lynn,  Citron  Muskmelons  and  Isabella  Grapes. 
By  Mr.  Samuel  Pond,  Cambridgeport, Sweet-water,  Red  Chasse- 
las  and  Isabella  Grapes.  By  Dr.  O.  Fiske,  Worcester,  a  large 
basket  of  Pears,  called  Chamberlain,  re.sembling  the  St.  Michael. 
By  Mr.  Joseph  Joy,  Boston,  Brown  B'eurre  Pears.  By  Mr.  E. 
Vose,  Dorchester,  Black  Hamburg,  White  Chasselas,  and  Gros 
Maroc  Grapes,  Capiaumont  Pears,  and  Morris  White  Peaches. 
By  Dr.  S.  A.  Shurtleff,  Boston,  White  Chasselas  Grapes,  St. 
Michael,  Seckle,  and  Broca's  Bergamot  Pears,  and  ShurtlefT's 
seedling  Grapes..  By  Mr.  D.  Haggerston,  Charlestown,  Black 
Hamburg  and  Sweetwater  Grapes.  By  Mrs.  R.  Mackay,  Wes- 
ton, superb  Clingstone  Peaches.  By  Mr.  C.  Cowing,  Roxbury, 
Cape  Grapes.  By  Gorham  Parsons,  Esq.,  Brighton,  Hubbard's 
Nonsuch,  Pomme  neige  fameuse,  and  Washington  Pearmain 
Apples ;  Broca's  Bergamot,  and  Sylvanche  verte  d'hiver  Pears. 
By  Mr.  S.  C.  Lyford,  Meredith,  N.  H.,  St.  Michael  Pears.  By 
Mr.  R.  F.  Phipps,  Charlestown,  Andrews  Pears.  By  Dr.  Z.  B. 
Adams,    Boston,    St.    Michael    Pears,    ajjd    a.  fine  specimen    of 


36 

Hibiscus  Manihot.  By  Madam  Parkman,  Broca's  Bergainot 
Pears.  By  Mr.  Samuel  Downer,  Dorchester,  Black  Ifamburg, 
Red  Chasselas,  Isabella,  Schuylkill,  Troy,  Nazro  and  Gale 
Grapes,  Capiaumont,  Beune,  Knox  and  Seckle  Pears.  By  Mr. 
Enoch  Bartlett,  Roxbury,  Bartlett  and  Capiaumont  Pears,  Rib- 
stone  Pippins,  and  Spitzenberg  Apples,  Isabella  Grapes,  and 
Watermelons.  By  Mr.  William  Kenrick,  Newton,  Isabella  Grapes. 
By  Mr.  J.  Wilson,  Boston,  Peaches.  By  Mr.  Daniel  Chandler, 
Lexington,  Fruit  of  PassiBora  edulis.  By  Mr.  R.  Toohey,  Wal- 
tham,  Heathcott  and  Seckle  Pears.  By  Messrs.  Winship,  of 
Brighton,  Black  Hamburg,  Black  Cape,  Black  Muscadine,  Black 
Cluster,  Royal  Muscadine,  White  Chasselas,  White,  Sweetwater, 
Saragossa,  Wyatt,  Isabella  and  Schuylkill  Grapes.  By  Madam 
Dix,  Boston,  Dix  Pears,  a  fine  specimen.  By  Mr.  Charles 
Senior,  Roxbury,  one  large  Lemon  tree,  one  large  and  two  small 
Orange  trees  in  fruit.  By  Mr.  David  Fosdick,  Charlestown, 
White  Muscadine  and  Isabella  Grapes,  Apples,  Pears  and 
Peaches.  By  Mr.  J.  Bumstead,  Boston,  a  basket  of  small  blue 
Ischa  Figs.  By  General  Dearborn,  Roxbury,  Heath  Peaches, 
Marie  Louise,  Beurre  d'Angleterre,  English  Berganiot,  and  a 
beautiful  cluster  containing  thirty-six  Seckle  Pears.  By  John 
Prince,  Esq.  Jamaica  Plain,  Beurre  du  Roi,  Fulton,  Dr.  Hunt's 
Connecticut  and  Capiaumont  Pears,  and  Hubbardston  Nonsuch 
Apples.  By  Mr.  Ebenezer  Breed,  Charlestown,  Black  Hamburg 
Grapes.  By  Mr.  Charles  Lawrence,  Salem,  Black  Hamburg 
Grapes,  four  clusters  weighing  24,  18,  18,  17  ounces;  white 
Muscat  Reisling  or  Clairette  de  Limoux,  Petit  Rauschling  and 
Gray  Burgundy  Grapes ;  St.  Michael  Pears,  and  Kennedy's  Car- 
olina Clingstone  Peaches.  By  Zebedee  Cook,  Jr.  Esq.,  Dor- 
chester, Black  Hamburg,  White  Muscat,  Barcelona,  Constantia. 
Catawba  and  Isabella  Grapes,  Seckle  Pears,  Watermelons,  one 
weighing  thirty-eight  pounds,  and  four  varieties  of  Muskmelons, 
By  Mr.  Thomas  Whitmarsh,  Brookline,  large  Carolina  Water- 
melons. By  S.  G.  Perkins,  Esq.,  Brookline,  White  Muscat, 
Muscat  of  Alexandria,  and  Black  Cape  Grapes  ;  Belle  de  Vitry 
(superb)  Royal  George,  and  Morris's  Lucien's  White  Rare-ripe 
Peaches  ;  a  potted  branch  of  White  Chasselas  Grapes,  containing, 
wood  of  the  years  1831,  and  wood  which  in  ordinary  culture, 
would  have  appeared  in  1832,33,  34,  with  the  fruit  of  the  last 
three  years  thereon,  that  of  the  present  year  having  been  gath- 
ered. By  Hon.  Richard  Sullivan,  Brookline,  Black  Hamburg, 
Sweetwater,  and  an  unknown  kind  of  Grapes.  By  Alderman 
Hall,  of  New- York,  a  basket  of  large  and  handsome  Pears,  name 
unknown. 


31 

The  following  letter  from  the  Hon.  O.  Fiske,  was  sent  with 
his  donation  of  Chamberlain  Pears,  mentioned  above. 

Worcester,  September  16,  1831. 
My  Dear  Sir, 

I  exceedingly  regret  that  an  engagement  with  the  Governor  as  a  Com- 
mittee to  examine  White  Mulberry  Nurseries  for  a  premium,  in  various 
parts  of  the  county  (postponed  on  account  of  the  weather)  must  deprive  me 
of  the  pleasure  of  meeting  my  Horticultural  friends  at  our  Annual  Festival. 
I,  however,  avail  myself  of  the  occasion  to  forward  for  their  inspection  a 
basket  of  native  Pears.  Although  the  produce  of  a  farm  within  two  miles 
of  me,  I  was  in  ignorance  of  their  existence  until  yesterday,  when  I  re- 
quested the  owner  to  preserve  the  gleanings  of  thirtij  bushels,  which  the 
tree  had  borne,  for  my  use.  I  was  on  the  ground  to-day,  and  found  the 
tree  about  fifteen  inches  in  diameter  near  the  ground,  with  a  moderate  de- 
crease for  eight  feet,  when  it  struck  off  into  a  perpendicular,  and  two  later- 
al branches,  giving  it  a  well  proportioned  and  well  balanced  top.  Although 
it  had  the  appearance  of  age,  there  was  not  a  scar  on  the  body,  or  a  dead, 
or  a  diseased  limb,  to  be  seen.  I  considered  it  as  the  best  conditioned  tree, 
for  its  age,  I  had  ever  noticed.  On  the  most  careful  inspection  it  had  every 
appearance  of  a  native.  .; 

The  account  I  obtained  from  the  present  owner,  was,  that  the  farm  for- 
merly belonged  to  a  Deacon  Chamberlain,  one  of  whose  sons  found  it  in  a 
pasture,  some  distance  from  the  house,  where  his  cattle  had  their  range,  and 
transplanted  it  to  its  present  situation. 

I  called  on  General  Chamberlain,  a  grandson  of  the  Deacon,  who  owns 
an  adjoining  farm.  He  corroborated  the  above  statement,  and  added  that 
the  tree  was  removed  above  sixty  years  ago  by  his  uncle  Jacob,  now  liv- 
ing, and  from  that  circumstance  the  fruit  has  always  been  called  the 
"  Jacob's  Pear."  It  is  generally  a  free  bearer  ;  and  has  never  been 
known  wholly  to  fail.  As  a  table  fruit,  from  the  redundancy  of  its  saccha- 
rine quality,  and  destitution  of  flavor,  it  will,  doubtless,  be  considered  as 
inferior  to  many  of  our  varieties  of  native  Pears.  But  for  all  domestic  uses 
which  in  a  family  are  of  primary  importance,  I  doubt  whether  it  can  be  ex- 
celled. It  comes  in  use  when  fruit  of  this  character  is  not  readily  obtain- 
ed. I  was  told  that  it  retains  its  form  and  size  when  baked,  and  gives  a 
red  and  rich  pulp.  It  is,  moreover,  longer  in  eating  than  most  other  kinds, 
as  may  be  judged  by  the  sample. 

Should  the  Committee  think  proper  to  give  it  a  place,  in  their  nomencla- 
ture, I  would  suggest  the  propriety'  of  calling  it  the  Chamberlain  Pear. 
Respectfully  your  friend  and  servant, 

O.  FISKE. 

Zebedee  Cook,  Jr.,  Esi^. 

The  following  Letter  from  S.  G.  Perkins,  Esq.  was  sent  to- 
gether v/ith  the  Fruit,  &c.  presented  by  the  gentleman. 

BrooJdhie,  September  21,  1831. 
Zebedee  Cook,  Jr.,  Esq., 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Arrangements, 

Dear  Sir, 

I  herewith  send  you  a  branch  of  the  White  Chasselas  Vine,  containing 
the  wood  of  the  years  1831,  1832,  1833,  and  1834,  with  the  fruits  of  the 
three  last  years  attached  to  their  respective  shoots — that  of  the  present  year 
having  been  long  since  gathered  and  eaten. 

You  will  perceive,  therefore,  that  this  Vine  has  borne  this  season,  the 
fruits  of  four  years ;  which  may  be  considered  by  some  of  your  guests  an 


38 

object  of  curiosity,  and  I  apprehend  must  be  new  to  most  of  them.  The 
wood  of  1832,  lias  one  bunch  of  grapes  only  ;  that  of  1833,  has  two  bunch- 
es ;  and  that  of  1834,  has  three  bunches.  The  first  is  ripe  ;  the  second 
nearly  so  ;  and  the  last,  as  you  will  see,  quite  small.  There  may  be  uses 
drawn  from  this  fact  which  every  gardener,  who  is  acquainted  with  the  cul- 
ture of  the  Grape  Vine,  will  readily  see ;  and  as  it  is  in  the  power  of  every 
one  to  produce  the  same  result,  they  may  ascertain  the  species  of  grape 
they  are  cultivating  one,  two,  or  even  three  years  before  the  vine  in  its 
natural  course,  would  produce  its  fruit. 

Respectfully  your  obedient  serva7it, 

SAMUEL  G.  PERKINS. 


At  four  o'clock,  the  Society,  with  their  guests,  consisting  in  all 
of  about  two  hundred,  sat  down  to  a  dinner,  prepared  by  Mr. 
Eaton,  at  Concert  Hall.  This  repast  was  all  tliat  could  gratify 
the  most  keen,  as  well  as  please  the  most  fastidious,  appetite.  It 
was  served  with  a  promptitude  and  precision,  and  attention  to  the 
wants  and  wishes  of  every  individual,  but  rarely  witnessed  in  an 
entertainment,  given  to  so  large  a  party.  The  Hon.  Henry  A. 
S.  Dearborn,  President  of  the  Society,  presided  at  the  table,  and 
was  assisted  as  Toast-master  by  Zebedee  Cook,  Jr.,  Esq.,  first 
Vice-President  of  the  Society.  The  entertainment  exhibited  a 
feast  of  intellect  and  a  festival  of  wit,  as  well  as  choice  viands, 
for  those  who  are  inclined  to  mingle  the  repast  of  the  senses  with 
the  "  flow  of  soul."     The  following  regular  toasts  were  drank. 

1.  Our  country — Where  each  exotic  finds  support — where  nothing  but 
the  willow  weeps. 

2.  Massachusetts — In  peace  she  furnishes  Grapes  for  her  friends — in  war. 
Grape-shot  for  her  enemies. 

3.  T/te  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society — By  introducing  new  modes 
and  articles  of  culture,  we  hope  to  add  new  links  to  the  chain  of  social  be- 
ing. 

4.  Political  Horticulture — Which  has  shown  experimentally  that  the 
Floicer  de  luce  does  not  succeed  well  in  France,  nor  the  Orange  in 
Belgium. 

5.  The  Poles — Principle  as  well  as  Patriotism  awakens  sympathy  in  their 
heroic  struggle — since  it  is  the  duty  of  every  free  citizen  "  to  go  to  the 
polls." 

6.  The  Russian  Grand  Duke  and  the  Portuguese  Tyrant — We  would  not 
exchange  a  St.  MichacT spear,  for  a.  pair  of  such  Michaels. 

7.  Lafayette — an  anomaly  in  Cultivation — A  Tree  vigorous  at  74 — whose 
grafts  will  survive  the  parent  stock,  and  perpetuate  the  original  flavor  of  its 
fruit. 

8.  Our  Alma  Mater — Constant  improvements  in  this  original  Nursery, 
until  every  Scion  surpass  the  best  of  our  Seedlings. 

9.  The  Tico  Wrhsters — One  an  X-pounder  of  the  American  Language — 
the  other  a  7(3-pounder  of  the  American  Constitution. 

10.  The  Industry  of  JS'cw -England — The  braiding  of  palm  leaves  and  the 
spinning  of  cotton  have  shown  that  what  we  do  not  produce  we  render  pro- 
ductive. 


39 

11.  Our  Festivals — While  we  draw  from  Vineyards  in  Europe,  and  from 
Plantations  at  the  Tropics,  we  have  satisfactory  proofs  of  a  good  Kitchen 
Garden  at  home. 

12.  Eden — The  first  abode  of  the  living — Mount  Auburn,  the  last  resting 
place  of  the  dead.  If  the  Tree  of  Life  sprung  from  the  soil  of  the  one,  Im- 
mortality shall  rise  from  the  dust  of  the  other. 

13.  Cultivation,  Commerce,  and  Manufactures — They  must  be  co-existent, 
and  we  hope,  in  this  country,  they  will  be  co-eternal. 

VOLUNTEER    TOASTS. 

By  Henry  A.  S.  Dearborn,  President.  Rural  and  Intellectual  Cultiva- 
tion— The  rival  labor  of  Hercules  in  the  Hesperian  Garden,  rewarded  with 
golden  apples  and  the  fruits  of  immortality. 

By  Doctor  Ward,  of  Salem.  The  Flora  and  Pomona  of  Keic-England — 
The  man  of  science  may  plant,  the  man  of  wealth  may  water,  but  the  man 
of  practical  skill  must  give  the  increase.     Success  to  them  all. 

By  Rev.  J.  Pierpont.  The  tables  turned  since  man  first  attended  to 
Horticulture — then  he  had  his  worst  fall  in  the  Garden — now  he  has  his 
best  Garden  in  the  Fall. 

By  Mr.  Assur,  (a  native  of  Poland.)  Tlie  Poles — In  America,  they  are 
necessary  for  the  cultivation  of  Hops — In  Europe,  the  Russians  are  taught 
by  them  a  quicker  step — flight. 

By  Hon.  Nathan  Appleton.  Cultivation — The  only  process  of  obtaining 
Fruit,  whether  applied  to  Mind  or  Matter. 

By  E.  Vose,  Esq.  Belgium — The  land  of  Van  Mons  ;  in  return  for  the 
scions  of  its  fine  fruits,  we  offer  to  it  scions  from  our  own  Tree  of  Liberty. 

By  E.  Bartlett,  Esq.,  Second  Vice-President.  Our  Country — May  those 
who  administer  the  government  remember  that  the  Apple  of  Discord 
should  never  be  cultivated. 

By  Hon.  Judge  Davis.  Our  Modern  Druids,  who  turn  Forests  into 
Fields,  unite  the  Garden  with  the  Grove,  and  are  such  decided  Utilitarians 
as  to  prefer  Maize  to  Mistletoe. 

By  Samuel  Appleton,  Esq.  The  Garden  of  Eden — lost  to  Mankind  by 
the  curiosity  of  Woman — regained  for  Womankind  by  Horticultural 
Societies. 

By  Thomas  G.  Fessenden.  The  Hon.  John.  Lowell — the  Patriarch  of  Im- 
proved Husbandry — his  influence,  precepts  and  examples  have  ameliorated 
the  Farms  and  Gardens,  and  deserve  the  grateful  acknowledgements  of 
every  New-England  Cultivator. 

By  a  Member.  The  Orator  of  the  Day — He  has  presented  us  this  day,  to 
use  his  own  language,  a  nut  of  the  sweetest  kernel,  and  happily  easy  to 
crack. 

By  Dr.  Bigelow.  Bunker  Hill  Monument — We  regret  to  find  that  it  re- 
sembles in  nothing  the  worthies  whom  it  commemorates,  except  in  having 
come  to  an  obstinate  stand. 

By  Zebedee  Cook,  Jr.,  Esq.,  First  Vice-President,  (after  the  President 
had  retired.)  Henry  A.  S.  Dearborn,  the  President  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society — The  scientific  and  practical  Cultivator — the  annals  of 
our  Institution  attest  the  value  of  his  labors  ;  the  gratitude  of  his  co-opera- 
tors is  cheerfully  and  liberally  accorded  him. 

By  a  Member.  Gorham  Parsons,  Esq. — a  distinguished  patron  of  the 
sister  sciences,  Agriculture  and  Horticulture. 

TRANSMITTED. 

By  WiUiam  Prince,  Senior  Proprietor  of  the  Linnrean  Botanic  Garden. 
The  Hon.  John  Lowell — the  distinguished  patron  and  benefactor  of  Horti- 
calture. 


40 

By  William  Robert  Prince.  The  Horticulturists  of  Poland — May  the 
Tree  of  Liberty,  which  they  have  so  gloriously  planted,  overshadow  and 
exterminate  all  germs  of  despotism. 

By  Alfred  S.  Prince.  Flora  and  Pomona.  Alike  animating  the  hearts 
of  their  votaries  in  every  clime. 

THE  FEAST  OF  FRUITS  AND  FLOWERS. 

BY    THOMAS  G.  FESSENDEN,  ESQ. 
Sung  during  the  entertainment  hy  Mr.  J.  W.  Newell,  of  Charlestown. 

Come,  Cultivators,  leave  awhile 

Your  Gardens,  Fields  and  Bowers, 
And  join  with  us  to  celebrate 

Our  Feast  of  Fruits  and  Flowers  ; 
With  blameless  luxury  enjoy 

Rich  products  of  the  soil, 
Rewards,  which  crown  the  Art  of  Arts, 

When  skill  enlightens  toil. 

What  though  within  our  temperate  zone, 

No  burning  sun  sublimes 
The  Fruits  the  Destinies  bestow 

On  pestilential  climes  .' 
All  health  and  happiness  require, 

All  man  should  ask  of  heaven 
To  satiate  innocent  desire 

Is  in  profusion  given. 

The  worst  privations  we  endure 

Prove  blessings  in  the  event, 
And  should  our  gratitude  excite 

Instead  of  discontent  ; 
For  ills  which  task  our  highest  powers 

To  conquer  or  evade 
But  bid  the  human  race  aspire 

To  reach  its  highest  grade. 

No  imps  of  sloth  lie  basking  here, 

Like  serpents  in  the  sun, 
Even  mountain  streams  to  turn  machines 

Must  labor  as  they  run  ; 
Within  New-England's  granite  bounds 

No  useless  beings  lurk. 
The  rough  and  raging  elements 

We  yoke  and  set  to  work. 

When  sentimental  zephyrs  blow 

For  love  and  rhyming  fit, 
Our  windmills  make  them  work  like  dogs 

Compelled  to  turn  the  spit ; 
Niagara's  thundering  cataract 

Our  power  shall  hamper  till 
It  toils  like  Dutchman  in  a  ditch 

Or  Samson  in  his  mill. 


41 

Since  fire  and  watpr,  harnessed  here, 

Compose  a  YanKee  team, 
Perhaps  our  General  Government 

Might  go  as  well  by  steam  ; 
But  as  this  case  w^re  better  brought 

Before  some  higher  court, 
'Tis  left  for  Cong -ess,  when  they  meet. 

To  argue  and  rt  port. 

The  Lime  nor  Olive  will  not  grow 

Spontaneous  here — what  then  ? 
We've  hearts  of  cik  and  nerves  of  steel 

In  noble  crops  cf  men  ; 
Our  plant  called  Female  Excellence 

No  hot-bed  culture  needs 
To  yield  sublunar  Seraphim 

Of  pure  celestial  breeds. 

When  winter  dissipates  the  heat, 

Beneath  an  iron  sky. 
Hot-houses  with  hot  water  fraught 

Caloric  will  supply  ; 
Thus  gardeners  by  and  by  will  make 

Fine  climates  of  their  own, 
And  raise,  by  manufactured  heat, 

The  plants  of  every  zone  : — 

With  Lime  and  Sulphur  doctor  off 

Vile  insects  by  the  host, 
Till  Art,  at  length,  of  Nature's  plagues 

Completely  clears  the  coast. 
Thus  every  blessing  may  be  ours 

Which  Providence  has  given 
To  every  land  and  clime  beneath 

The  canopy  of  Heaven. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS    HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 

AT    A    MEETING    HELD    AT    THE    HALL    OF    THE    INSTITUTION, 

ON  SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  1,  1831. 


THE    FOLLOWING    OFFICERS    WERE    ELECTED    FOR    THF,    F.NSUING    YEAR  I 
PRESIDENT. 

HENRY  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Roxhury. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr.  Dorchester, 
JOHN  C.  GRAY,  Boston. 
ENOCH  BARTLETT,   Roxhury. 
ELIAS  PHINNEY,  Lexington.' 

TREASURER. 

CHEEVER  NEWHALL,  Boston. 

CORRESPONDING     SECRETARY. 

JACOB  BIGELOW,  M.  D.  Boston. 

RECORDING    SECRETARY. 

ROBERT  L.  EMMONS,  Boston. 

COUNSELLORS. 

AUGUSTUS  ASPINWALL,  BrookUne. 

THOMAS   BRr<:WER,  Roxburn. 

HENRY  A.   BREED,    Lynn. 

BENJAMIN  W.  CROWNINSHIELD,  Salem. 

J.  G.   COGSWELL,  Northampton. 

NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT,  Milton. 

E.  HERSEY  DERBY,  Salem. 


43 

SAMUEL  DOWNER,  Dorchester. 

OLIVER  FISKE,    Worcester. 

B.  V.  FRENCH,  Boston. 

J.  M.  GOURGAS,   Weston. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D.   Cambridge. 

SAMUEL  JAaUES,  Jr.  CkarUstown. 

JOSEPH  G.  JOY,  Boston. 

WILLIAM  KENRICK,  Newton. 

JOHN  LEMIST,  Roxbury. 

S.  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Boston. 

E.  M.  RICHARDS,  Dedham. 

BENJAMIN  RODMAN,  Neiv-Bedford. 

JOHN  B.  RUSSELL,  Boston. 

CHARLES  SENIOR,   Roxbury. 

WILLIAM  H.   SUMNER,  Dorchester. 

CHARLES  TAPPAN,  Boston. 

JACOB  TIDD,  Roxbury. 

M.  A.  WARD,  M.  D.  Salem. 

JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 

WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,   Dorchester. 

AARON  D.  WILLIAMS,  Roxbur^/. 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,   Cambridge. 

GEORGE  W.  PRATT,  Boston. 

E.  W.  PAYNE,  Boston. 

GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER,  Boston. 

PROFESSOR    OF    BOTANY    AND    VEGETABLE    PHYSFOLOGY. 

MALTHUS  A.  WARD,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    HORTICULTURAL    CHEMISTRY, 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,  M  D. 


44 

STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  COUNCIL. 


ON    FRUIT    TREES,    FRUITS,    &LC. 

To  have  cliarge  of  whatever  i3lates  to  the  muUiplication  of 
fruit  trees  and  vines,  by  seed,  scions,  buds,  layers,  suckers,  or 
other  modes ;  the  introduction  of  new  varieties ;  the  various 
methods  of  pruning  and  training  them,  and  whatever  relates  to 
their  culture,  and  that  of  all  other  fruits  ;  the  recommendation  of 
objects  for  premiums,  and  the  awarding  of  them. 

E.  VOSE,  Chrdrman. 

SAMUEL  DO'A'NER, 

OLIVER  FI&KE, 

ROBERT  MANNING, 

CHARLES  SENIOR, 

WILLIAM  KZNRICK, 

E.  M.  RICHARDS, 

B.  V.  FRENCH. 

S.  A.  SHURTLEFF. 

11. 

ON    THE    CULTURE  AND  PRODUCTS  OF  THE    KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

To  have  the  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  location  and  man- 
ment  of  Kitchen  Gardens ;  the  cultivation  of  all  plants  appertain- 
ing thereto  ;  the  introduction  of  new  varieties  of  esculent,  medici- 
nal, and  all  such  vegetables  as  are  useful  in  the  arts  or  are  sub- 
servient to  other  branches  of  national  industry ;  the  structure  and 
management  of  hot-beds  ;  the  recommendation  of  objects  for 
premiums,  and  the  awarding  of  them. 

DANIEL  CHANDLER.  Chairman. 

JACOB  TIDD. 

AARON  D.  WILLIAMS, 

JOHN  B.  RUSSELL, 

NATHANIEL  SEAVER, 

LEONARD  STONE. 

ni. 

ON    ORNAMENTAL    TREES,  SHRUBS,  FLOWERS,  AND    GREEN-HOUSES. 

To  have  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  culture,  multiplica- 
tion, and  preservation  of  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  and  flow- 
ers of  all  kinds ;  the  construction  and  management  of  green- 
houses, the  recommendation  of  objects  for  premiums,  and  the 
awarding  of  them. 

ROBERT  L.  EMMONS,   Chairman. 

JONATHAN  WINSHIP, 

JOSEPH  G.  JOY, 

DAVID  HAGGERSTON, 

GEORGE  W.  PRATT. 


45 

IV. 

ON    THE    LIBRARY. 

To  have  charge  of  all  books,  drawings,  and  engravings,  and 
to  recommend  from  time  to  time  such  as  it  may  be  deemed  ex- 
pedient to  procure  ;  to  superintend  the  publication  of  such 
communications  and  papers  as  may  be  directed  by  the  council ; 
to  recommend  premiums  for  drawings  of  fruits  and  flowers,  and 
plans  of  country  houses,  and  other  edifices  and  structures  con- 
nected with  horticulture  ;  and  for  communications  on  any  sub- 
ject in  relation  thereto, 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Chairman. 

JOHN  C.  GRAY, 

JACOB  BIGELOW, 

T.  W.  HARRIS, 

E.  H.  DERBY, 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr. 


ON    THE    SYNONYMS    OF    FRUrTS. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Society,  June  20,  the  following  gentle- 
men were  chosen  a  Committee  to  facilitate  a  change  of  fruits  with 
the  Philadelphia,  New- York,  and  Albany  Horticultural  Societies, 
and  others,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  their  synonyms. 

JOHN  LOWELL,   Chairman. 

ROBERT  MANNING, 

SAMUEL  DOWNER. 

VI. 

ON  THE  GARDEN  AND  CEMETERY. 

Hon.  JUDGE  STORY,   Chairman. 
H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 
JACOB  BIGELOW,  M.  D. 
G.  W.  BRIMMER, 
GEORGE  BOND, 
EDWARD  EVERETT, 
ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr. 
B.  A.  GOULD, 
G.  W.  PRATT. 

VII. 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE     OF    THE    COUNCll.. 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr.   Chairman. 
G.  W.  PRATT, 
CHEEVER  NEWHALL, 
CHARLES  TAPPAN, 
JOSEPH  P.  BRADLEE. 


46 

The  President  read  the  following  Report  of  the  Cemetery  and 
Garden  Committee,  vvliich  was  accepted. 

The  committee  on  laying  out  the  grounds  and  forming  a  plan 
of  the  experimental  Garden,  and  Cemetery  of  Mount  Auburn, 
respectfully 

REPORT : 

That  measures  were  promptly  taken  for  accomplishing  those 
objects,  and,  although  considerable  progress  has  been  made,  it 
will  require  further  time  to  complete  the  work. 

Alexander  Wadsvvorth,  Esq.  a  skilfull  civil  engineer,  was  em- 
ployed to  make  an  accurate  topographical  survey,  and  to  locate 
the  numerous  avenues,  which  it  was  found  necessary  to  establish, 
through  the  extensive  and  beautifully  diversified  grounds  of  the 
Cemetery  and  Garden,  both  for  convenience  and  embellishment. 
The  map  has  been  so  far  perfected,  that  it  is  submitted  for  in- 
.spection,  and  to  exhibit  the  general  outlines  of  the  projected  im- 
provements ;  but  considerable  labor  is  yet  required  in  clearing 
out  the  principal  carriage  avenues  and  foot  paths,  before  the 
sites  of  the  public  and  private  cemetery  squares  can  be  definite- 
ly established,  and  designated  on  the  plan. 

Models  and  drawings  of  the  Egyptian  gateways,  and  of  a 
Gothic  tower,  and  a  Grecian  tower,  one  of  which  is  proposed  to 
be  erected  on  the  highest  hill,  have  been  made,  and  are  offered 
for  examination. 

It  has  been  ascertained  that  the  most  lofty  eminence  is  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  above  Charles  river,  which  grace- 
fully sweeps  round  its  gently  sloping  base;  and,  when  crowned 
by  the  proposed  tower,  will  become  a  most  interesting  place 
of  resort,  as  commanding  an  extensive  panoramic  view  of  that 
richlv  variegated  region  of  magnificent  scenery,  em.braced  with- 
in the  far  distant  heights  which  encircle  the  metropolis,  and  the 
waves  of  the  ocean,  while  it  will  present  a  prominent  and  im- 
posing feature  in  the  landscape,  of  which  it  becomes  the  centre. 

At  some  future  period,  when  the  munificence  of  the  citizens 
shall  be  commensurate  with  their  debt  of  patriotic  gratitude,  this 
structure  may  perhaps  give  place  for  a  stupendous  monument, 
to  the  most  illustrious  benefactor  of  his  country  ; — there  will  be 
reared  the  cenotaph  of  Washington,  in  massive  blocks  of  granite 
or  ever-during  marble.  Should  the  funds  hereafter  justify  it,  a 
Doric  Temple,  to  be  used  as  a  chapel  for  the  performance  of 
funereal  rites,  and  lodges  for  the  gardener  and  superintendent 
of  the  Cemetery,  are  contemplated,  and  designs  are  in  progress 
tor  each. 

As  the  season  for  rural  labor  is  far  advanced,  it  is  not  con- 
sidered expedient  to  commence  the  construction  of  the  ave- 
nues, before    the    next  spring ;  but  they  can  be    divested  of  the 


47 

underwood,  and  the  whole  of  the  grounds  so  far  cleared  up,  as  to 
give  them  the  appearance  of  a  park,  during  the  present  autumn. 
It  is  expected  that  the  lots  may  be  assigned  within  twenty  days. 

The  committee  has  been  cheered  in  the  discharge  of  its  du- 
ties, by  the  deep  interest  which  has  been  manifested  for  the  suc- 
cess of  an  undertaking,  so  important  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  and  so  honorable  to  the  country.  Such  is 
the  exalted  estimation  in  which  it  is  held  by  the  public, — so 
universal  is  the  approbation, — so  intense  the  interest,  that,  be- 
side the  constant  requests  for  permission  to  become  subscribers, 
by  the  more  affluent,  numerous  applications  have  been  made  for 
cemetery  lots,  by  farmers,  mechanics  and  dealers  in  building 
materials,  on  condition,  that  they  may  be  paid  for  in  labor,  or 
such  articles  as  shall  be  required  in  the  prosecution  of  the  pro- 
posed improvements.  Within  a  few  days,  offers  have  been  made 
to  a  considerable  amount ;  and  as  it  was  the  intention  and  is 
the  anxious  desire  of  the  Society,  that  every  citizen  should  have 
an  opportunity  of  participating  in  the  advantages  of  the  establish 
ment,  the  committee  has  availed  of  the  services  thus  tendered 
in  executing  much  of  the  work  which  has  been  performed,  and 
there  is  not  a  doubt,  that  a  very  considerable  portion  of  the  ex- 
pense in  constructing  roads,  fences,  gateways  and  the  various 
other  edifices,  may  be  defrayed,  by  a  compensation  in  cemetery 
lots;  this  will  not  only  be  a  great  accommodation  to  numerous 
individuals,  who  are  desirous  to  become  subscribers,  but  be 
highly  advantageous  to  the  Society ;  it  is  therefore  recommended 
that  the  committee  be  authorized,  to  prosecute  such  improve- 
ments, as  may  be  deemed  necessary,  on  these  reciprocally  ben- 
eficial terms. 

With  the  view  of  fully  meeting  the  expectations  and  exigen- 
cies of  the  comumnity,  it  is  considered  advisable  that  sites  for 
single  graves  should  be  designated,  in  various  parts  of  the  ceme- 
tery, embracing  all  the  diversified  localities,  to  afford  an  oppor- 
tunity for  individuals,  who  have  no  families,  and  the  friends  of 
such  strangers  as  may  be  wept  and  honored  far  distant  from  their 
native  land,  to  procure  eligible  places  of  sepulchre,  on  reason- 
able terras. 

As  the  tract  which  has  been  solemnly  consecrated,  by  relig- 
ious ceremonies,  as  a  burial-place  forever,  is  so  abundantly  cov- 
ered with  forest  trees,  many  of  which  are  more  than  sixty  years 
old,  it  only  requires  the  avenues  to  be  formed,  the  borders',  for 
some  ten  feet  in  width,  planted  with  shrubs,  bulbous  and  peren- 
nial flowers,  the  underwood  cleared  out,  the  fences,  gateways 
and  appropriate  edifices  erected,  to  put  the  grounds  in  a  suf- 
ficiently complete  state  for  the  uses  designed,  and  to  render 
them  at  once  beautiful  and  interesting.  Ail  this  can  be  done 
within  two  years,  at  a  comparatively  small  expense,  and  a  result 


48 

produced  which  could  not  have  been  realized  for  forty  years,  if 
it  had  been  necessary  to  have  commenced  the  establishment, 
by  planting  out  forest  trees.  There  are  numerous  majestic  oaks, 
pines,  beeches  and  walnuts,  which  have  braved  the  storms  of  a 
century.  Towering  aloft  amidst  the  general  verdure,  and  ex- 
tending their  huge  branches  far  and  wide,  they  appear  as  the 
venerable  monarchs  of  the  grove,  but  still  exhibit  the  vigor  of 
their  luxuriant  progeny,  which,  in  umbrageous  contiguity,  cover 
each  hill  and  plain  and  sloping  vale,  and  form  many  an 

-  alley  green. 


Dingle,  or  bashy  dell,  in  this  wild  wood. 
And  many  a  bosky  bourn,  from  side  to  side.' 

The  Garden  also,  can  be  very  considerably  advanced,  within 
the  same  short  period  which  will  suffice  for  developing  the  im- 
provements of  the  Cemetery.  The  nurseries  may  be  established, 
the  departments  for  culinary  vegetables,  fruit,  and  ornamental 
trees,  shrubs  and  flowers,  laid  out  and  planted,  a  green  house 
built,  hot-beds  formed,  the  small  ponds  and  morasses  converted 
into  picturesque  sheets  of  water,  and  their  margins  diversified 
by  clumps  and  belts  of  our  most  splendid  native  flowering  trees,, 
and  shrubs,  requiring  a  soil  thus  constituted  for  their  successful 
cultivation,  while  their  surface  may  be  spangled  with  the  brilliant 
blossoms  of  the  Nymphse,  and  the  other  beautiful  tribes  of  aquat- 
ic plants.  The  excavations  for  deepening  and  enlarging  the 
ponds  and  morasses  will  afford  inexhaustible  sources  of  manure, 
of  invaluable  consequence  to  the  Garden,  as  well  as  for  those 
portions  of  the  Cemetery  which  will  be  embellished  by  cultivated 
plants. 

From  these  favorable  circumstances  and  the  generous  zeal 
which  has  been  evinced  for  the  energetic  prosecution  of  the  la- 
bors, which  are  required  to  perfect  the  details  of  the  whole  ex- 
tensive plan,  there  no  longer  remnins  the  least  doubt,  that  in 
the  summer  of  1834  Mount  Auburn  will  rival  the  most  celebrat- 
ed rural  burial  grounds  of  Europe,  and  present  a  garden  in  such 
a  state  of  forwardness  as  will  be  highly  gratifying  to  the  Society, 
and  the  public.  The  work  has  been  commenced  on  an  ever- 
during  foundation  ;  has  the  approbation,  and  patronage,  of  an 
enterprising,  intelligent  and  prosperous  community  ;  and  cannot 
fail  of  progressing  in  a  manner,  that  must  give  universal  satis- 
faction. There  has  Horticulture  established  her  temple, — there 
will  all  denominations  of  Christians  surrender  up  their  preju- 
dices,— there  will  repose  the  ashes  of  the  humble,  and  exalted, 
in  the  silent  and  sacred  Garden  of  the  Dead,  until  summoned, 
to  thoge  of  eternal  life,   in  realms  beyond  the  skies. 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 


For  the  Committe . 


Horticuhnral  Hall,  SqH.  mth.  1631. 


MEMBERS 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICUt.TURAL.  SOCIETY. 


ASPIXWALL.  AT'GUSTUS,  Brooklinc. 
AMES,  JOHN  W.,  D.'dlmm. 
ANDREWS,  JOHN  II.,  Salem. 
ANDREWS,  EBEXEZER  T.,  Boston- 
AiNTHOXY,  JAMES,  Providence. 
ADAMS,  SAMUEL,  Milton. 
ANDREWS,  FERDINAND,  Lancaster. 
ATKINSON,  AMOS,  Brookline. 
ADAMS,  DANIEL,  Newburv. 
ADAMS,  ABEL,  Boston. 
ADAMS,  BENJAMIN,  Boston. 
ADAMS,  C.  FREDERIC,      '• 
ADAMS,  Z.  B., 
APPLETON,  NATHAN,       " 
APPLETON,  SAMUEL, 
AUSTIN,  JAMES  T.,  " 

AUSTIN,  WILLIAM,  CharUstown. 

BARTLETT,  ENOCH,  Roxbun'. 
BREWER,  THOMAS,  Roxbury. 
BRIMMER,  GEORGE  W.,  Boston. 
BRADLEE,  JOSEPH  P.,  " 

BREED,  EBENEZER, 
BREED,  HENRY  A.,  Lvnn. 
BIGELOW,  JACOB,  Boston. 
BALDWIN,  ENOCH,  Dorchester. 
BREED,  JOHN,  Charlestown. 
BREED,  ANDREWS,  Lynn. 
BAILEY,  KENDAL,  Charlestown. 
BALLARD,  JOSEPH,  Boston. 
BREWER,  GARDNER,       " 
BROWN,  JAMES,  Cambridce. 
BARTLETT,  EDMUND,  Neivburvport. 
BUCKMINSTER,  LAWSON,  Framingham 
BUCKMINSTER,  EDWARD  F.,         " 
BRECK,  JOSEPH,  Pepperell. 
BADLAM,  STEPHEN,  Boston. 
BRADFORD,  SAMUEL  H.,  " 
BAILEY, EBENEZER,  " 

BANGS,  EDWARD  D.,  Worcester. 
BOWDOIN,  JAMES,  Boston. 
BALCH,  JOSEPH,  Roxbury. 
BOND,  GEORGE,  Boston." 
BACON,  S.  N.,  " 

BILLINGS,  JOSEPH  H.,  Roxburr. 
BARNARD,  CHARLES,  Boston. 
BROWN,  CHARLES,         " 
BROWN,  JONAS  B., 


EUSSEY  BENJAMIN,  Roxbury. 
BRADLEE,  JOSEPH  P.,  Boston. 
BAKER, JOSEPH,  " 

BU(KIN<;HAM,  JOSEPH  T.  " 
BUCKINGHAM,  EDWIN,  " 
BOYD,  JA.MKS,  " 

BROWN,  JOHN,  " 

BRIGH.\iM,  LEVI,  " 

BLAKE,  JOSHUA,  " 

BRiGHAJI,  DENNIS,  " 

BIKi>,  JESSE,  " 

BRYANT,  JOHN,  " 

BULLARD,  SILAS, 

COOK,  ZEBEDEE,  Jr.,  Dorchester. 
CODMAN,  JOHN,  " 

CUNMN(;ilA.M,  J.  A.,  " 

CLAPP,  NATHANIEL,  " 

COOLIDGE,  JOSEPH,  Boston. 
CORDIS,  THOMAS,  " 

COPELAND,  B.  F.,  Roxbury. 
COGSWELL,  J.  G.,  Northampton. 
CIIAMPNEY,  JOHN,  Roxbury. 
COWING,  CORNELIUS,    " 
CHANDLER,  DANIEL,  Lexinirton. 
CALLENDER,  JOSEPH,  Boston. 
CHASE,  HEZEKIAH,  Lvnn. 
CLAPP,  JOHN,  South-Reading. 
CARTER,  HORATIO,  Lancaster. 
COLMAN,  HENRY.  Salem. 
CARNES,  NATHANIEL  G.,  New-York. 
CURTIS,  EDWARD,  Pepperell. 
CHANDLER,  SAMUEL,  Lexington. 
.CAPEN,  AARON,  Dorchester. 
CROWNINSHIELD,  BENJ.  W.,  Salem. 
COTTING,  WILLIAM,  West-Cambridge. 
CABOT,  SAMUEL,  Brookline. 
COFFIN,  HECTOR,  Rock  Farm,  Newbury. 
CURTIS,  NATHANIEL,  Roxbury. 
CLAPP,  ISAAC,  Dorchester. 
CRAFTS,  EBENEZER,  Roxburv. 
CURTIS,  CHARLES  P.,  Boston. 
CURTIS,  THOMAS,  B.         " 
COOLIDGE,  SAMUEL  F.,  " 
CAREY,  ALPHEUS,  " 

COFFIN,  GEORGE  W.,  " 
CHANNING,  GEORGE  G.,  " 
CR.\IGIE,  Mrs.  E.,  Cambridge. 


50 


COOLIDGE,  JOSHUA,  Boston.     . 
COBB,  ELIJAH,  « 

DEARBORX,  H.  A.  S.,  Roxbury. 
DAVIS,  ISAAC  P.,  Boston. 
DOWNER,  SAMUEL,  Dorclicster. 
DOWSE,  THO.MAS,  Canibridgeiioit. 
DUDLEY,  DAVID,  Roxbury. 
DOGGETT,  JOHN,  Boston. 
DREW,  DANIEL,  " 

DERBY,  JOHN,  Salem. 
DAVENPORT,  NATHANIEL,  Milton. 
DAVIS,  CHARLES.  Roxbury. 
DORR,  NATHANIEL,     " 
DODGE,  PICKERING,  Salem 
DEAN,  WILLIAM,  " 

DERBY,  E.  H.,  " 

DODGE,  PICKERING,  Jn.,  Salem. 
DAVIS,  JOHN  B.,  Boston. 
DRIVER,  STEPHEN  Jr.,  Salem. 
DAVIS,  JOHN,  Boston. 
DAVIS,  DANIEL,  Camhridge. 
BUTTON,    WARREN,   Boston. 
DENNY,  DANIEL,  " 

DAVIS,  JAMES,  " 

DICKSON,  JAMES  A.,  " 
DERBY,  RICHARD  C,  " 
DARRACOTT,  GEORGE,   " 

EMMONS,  ROBERT  L.,  Boston. 
EVERETT,  EDWARD,  Charlestown. 
EUSTIS,  JAMES,  Soutli-Rcading. 
ELLIS,  CHARLES,  Roxbury. 
EDWARDS,  ELtSHA,  Sprinefield. 
EAGER,  WILLIAM,  Boston. 
ENDICOTT,  WILLIAM  P.,  Danvers. 
EVERETT,  ALEXANDER  IL,  Boston. 
ECKLEY,  DAVID,  Boston. 

FRENCH,  BENJAMIN  V.,  Boston. 
FESSENDEN,  THOMAS  G.,     " 
FROTHINGHAM,  SAMUEL,     « 
FORRESTER,  JOHN,  Salem. 
FISKE,  OLIVER,  Worcester. 
FOSDICK,  DAVID,  Charlestown. 
FLETCHER,  RICHARD,  Boston. 
FIELD,  JOSEPH,  Weston. 
FITCH,  JEREMIAH,  Boston. 
FRANCIS,  J.  B.,  Warwick,  Rhode-Island 
FREEMAN,  RUSSELL,  New-Bedford. 
FAY,  SAMUEL  P.  P.,  Cambridge. 
FARRAR,  JOHN,  Cambridge. 
FARLEY,  ROBERT,  Boston. 
FOLSOM,  CHARLES,  Cambridge. 
FISK,  BENJAMIN,  Boston. 
FULLER,  H.  H.,  " 

FOSTER,  E.  B.,  " 

GRAY,  JOHN  C,  Boston. 
GRAY,  FRANCIS  C,  " 
GREENLEAF,  THOMAS,  Quincy. 
GOURGAS,  J.  M.,  Weston. 
GREi;\,  CHARLES  W.,  Roxbury. 
GORli,  WATSON,  " 

GANNIOTT,  T.  B.,  Cambridge. 
GOULD,  DANIEL,  Reading. 
GARDNER,  W.  F.,  Salem. 
GARDNER,  JOSHUA,  Dorchester. 
GOODALE,  EPHRAIM,  Bucksport,  Me. 
GOODWIN,  THOMAS  J.,  Charlestown. 
GUILD,  l!i;,\JA\l!\,  Boston. 
GIBBS,  BENJAMIN,  " 

GRANT,  BENJAMIN  B.,  " 
GOULD,  BENJAMIN  A.,  " 


HARRIS,  SAMUEL  D.,  Boston. 
HUNTINGTON,  JOSEPH,  Roxburj'. 
HASKINS,  RALPH,  " 

HUNTINGTON,  RALPH,  Boston. 
HEARD,  JOHN  Jr.,  " 

HILL,  JEREMIAH,  « 

HOLLINGSWORTH,  MAUK,  Milton. 
HARRIS,  WILLIAM  T.,  " 

HOLBROOK,  AMOS,  " 

HOWE,  RUFUS,  Dorchester. 
HAYDEN,  JOHN,  Brookline. 
HYSLOP,  DAVID,  Brookline. 
HOWES,  FREDERICK,  Salem. 
HAGGERSTON,  DAVID,  Charlestown. 
HUNT,  EBENEZER,  Northampton. 
HOWLAND,  JOHN  Jr.,  New-Bedford. 
HAYWARD,  GEORGE,  Boston. 
HIGGINSON,  HENRY,  Boston. 
HALL,  DUDLEY,  Medford. 
HARTSHORNE,  ELIPHALET  P.,  Boston. 
HOUGHTON,  ABEL  Jr.  Lynn. 
HOVEY,  P.  B.,  Jr.,  Cambridgeport. 
HURD,  WILLIAM,  Charlestown. 
HOWE,  HALL,  J.,  Boston. 
HASKELL,  ELISHA,     " 
HICKLING,  CHARLES,  Boston. 
HICKS,  ZACHARIAH,  " 

HOWARD,  ABRAHAM,        " 
HASTINGS,  THOMAS,         " 
HASTINGS,  OLIVER,  Cambridge. 
HOSMER,  Z.,  Cambridge. 
HENCHMAN,  D.,  Boston. 

HOBART,  Enoch,  " 

HOWE,  SARAH  L.,  Cambridge. 

IVES,  JOHN  M.,  Salem. 
INCHES,  HENDERSON,  Boston. 
INGALLS,  WILLIAM,  " 

JAaUES,  SAMUEL,  Jr.,  Charlestown. 
JOY,  JOSEPH  G.,  Boston. 
JOY,  JOSEPH  B.,        " 
JONES,  THOMAS  K.,  Roxbury. 
JOHNSON,  SAMUEL  R.,  Charlestown. 
JACKSON,  PATRICK  T.,  Boston. 
JACKSON,  JAMES,  " 

JOHONNOT,  GEORGE  S.,  Salem. 
JARVIS,  DEMING,  Boston. 
JACKSON,  C.  T.,  Boston. 

KENRICK,  WILLIAM,  Newton. 
KELLIE,  WILLIAM,  Boston. 
KING,  JOHN,  Medford. 
KIDDER,  SAMUEL,  Charlestown. 
KUHN,  GEORGE  IL,  Boston. 
KENDALL,  ABEL  Jr.,      " 

LINCOLN,  LEVI,  Worcester. 
LINCOLN,  WILLIAM,  " 
LOUTELL,  JOHN,  Roxbury. 
LEE,  THOMAS,  Jr.       « 
LEWIS,  HENRY,  " 

LEMIST,  JOHN,  " 

LYMAN,  THEODORE,  Jr.,  Boston. 
LOWELL,  JOHN  A.,  " 

LAWRENCE,   ABBOTT,  " 

LYMAN,  (;r,(lR(;E  W.,  " 

LAWREX(  i;,  CH. \r>LES,  Salem. 
LITTLE,  HEMiV,  Bucksport,  Maine. 
LELAND,  DANIEL,  Sherburne. 
LELAND,  J.  P.,  " 

LITTLE,  SAMUEL,  Bucksport. 
LEONARD,  THOMAS,  Salem. 
LAWRENCE,  WILLIAM,  Boston. 


i 


51 


LAWRENCE,  AMOS,  " 

LrVERMORE,  ISAAC,  Cambridge. 
LORING,  JOSIAH,  Boston. 
LOWELL,  CHARLES,    " 
LAMSON,  JOHN,  " 

LYNDE,  SETH  S.,  " 

LOWELL,  FRANCIS  C," 
LORING,  HENRY,  " 

LIENOW,  HENRY,         " 

MANNING,  ROBERT,  Salem. 
MANNERS,  GEORGE,  Boston. 
MINNS,  THOMAS,  " 

MORRILL,  AMBROSE,  Le.xinaton. 
MUNROE,  JONAS,  "  " 

MUSSEY,  BENJAMIN,  Boston. 
MILLS,  JAMES  K.,  " 

M'CARTHY,  EDWARD,  Brighton. 
CACKAY,  JOHN,  Boston. 
MEAD,  ISAAC  W.,  Cliariestown. 
MEAD,  SAMUEL  O.,  West-Cambridse. 
MOFFATT,  J.  L.,  Boston. 
MELVILLE,  THOMAS,  Boston. 
McLELLAN,  ISAAC,  " 

MERRY,  ROBERT  D.  C,   " 

NEWHALL,  CHEEVER,  Dorcliester. 
NICHOLS,  OTIS,  " 

NUTTALL,  THOMAS,  Cambridge. 
NEWELL,  JOSEPH  R.,  Boston. 
NEWHALL,  JOSIAH,  Lvnnfield. 
NEWMAN,  HENRY,  Roibury. 
NICHOLSON,  HENRY,  Brookline. 
NEWELL,  JOSEPH  W.,  Charlestown. 

OTIS,  HARRISON  G.,  Boston. 
OLIVER,  FRANCIS  J.,       " 
OLIVER,  WILLIAM,  Dorchester. 
OXNARD,  HENRY,  Brookline. 

PERKINS,  THOMAS  H.  Boston. 
PERKINS,  SAMUEL  G.         « 
PARSONS,  THEOPHILUS,  " 
PUTNAM,  JESSE,  " 

PRATT,  GEORGE  W.,  " 

PRESCOTT,  WILLIAM,       " 
PENNI.MAN,  ELISHA,  Brookline. 
PARSONS,  GORHAM,  Brighton. 
PETTEE,  OTIS,  Newton. 
PRINCE,  JOHN,  Roxburv. 
PHINNEY,  ELIAS,  Lexington. 
PRINCE,  JOHN,  Jr.,  Salem. 
PEABODY,  FRANCIS,     " 
PICKMAN,  BENJAMIN  T.,  Boston. 
PENNIMAN,  JAMES,  Dorchester. 
POOR,  BENJAMIN,  New-York. 
PERRY,  G.  B.,  East-Bradford. 
PERRY,  JOHN,  Sherburne. 
POND,  SAMUEL,  Cambridge. 
PAYNE,  EDWARD  W.,  Boston. 
PAINE,  ROBERT  TREAT,  " 
POND,  SAMUEL  M.,  Bucksport. 
PRESCOTT,  C.  H.,  Cornwallis,  N.  S. 
PARKER,  DANIEL  P.,  Boston. 
PRATT,  WILLIAM,  Jk.,     " 
PRIEST,  JOHN  F.,  " 

PHILBRICK,  SAMUEL,  Brookline. 
PARKER,  THOMAS,  Dorchester. 
P.\RKER,  ISAAC,  Boston. 
PARKINSON,  JOHN,  Roxburv. 
PHILLIPS,  S.  C.  Salem. 
POOL,  WARD,  Danvers. 
PIERPONT,  JOHN,  Boston. 


PERKINS,  T.  H.  Jr.,  Boston. 
PARKMAN,  FRANCIS,  " 
POND,  SAMUEL,  Jr. 

QUINCY,  JOSIAH,  Cambridge. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  B.,  Boston. 

ROBBINS,  E.  H.,  " 

ROLLINS,  WILLIAM,   « 

RICE,  JOHN  P.,  » 

RICE,  HENRY,  '= 

RUSSELL,  J.  W.,  Roxbuiy. 

READ,  JAMES,  " 

ROBBINS,  P.  G.,  " 

ROLLINS,  EBENEZER,  Boston. 

ROWE,  JOSEPH,  Jlilton. 

ROGERS,  R.  S.  Salem. 

RODMAN,  BENJAMIN,  New-Bedford. 

ROTCH,  FRANCIS,  " 

ROTCH,  WILLIAM,  " 

RICHARDSON,  NATHAN,  Soutli-Reading 

RAND,  EDWARD  S..  Newburvport. 

RICHARDS,  ED^VARD  M.,  Dedham. 

RANDALL,  JOHN,  Boston. 

RUSSELL,  J.  L.,  Salem. 

RUSSELL,  JAMES,  Boston, 

R.\YMOND,  E.  A.,  " 

ROBINSON,  HENRY,       " 

SHURTLEFF,  BENJAMIN,  Boston. 
SEARS,  DAVID,  " 

STEVENS,  ISAAC,  " 

SILSBY,  ENOCH,  « 

STORER,  D.  HUMPHREYS,      " 
SULLIVAN,  RICHARD,  Brookline. 
SEAVER,  NATHANIEL,  Roxbury. 
SENIOR,  CHARLES,  " 

SUMNER,  WILLIAM  H.,  Dorchester. 
SWETT,  JOHN,  " 

SHARP,  EDWARD,  " 

SMITH,  CYRUS,  Sandwich. 
SUTTON,  AVILLIAM,  Jr.,  Danvers. 
STORY,  F.  H.,  Salem. 
STEDMAN,  JOSIAH,  Newton. 
STRONG,  JOSEPH,  Jr.,  South-Hadley. 
STEARNS,  CHARLES,  Sprinfffield. 
SHURTLEFF,  SAMUEL  A.,  Boston. 
SPRINGER,  JOHN,  Sterlins. 
SALTONSTALL,  LEVERETT,  Salem. 
STORRS,  NATHANIEL,  Boston. 
SHAW,  LEMUEL,  " 

SMITH,  J.  M.,  " 

SISSON,  FREEBORN,  Warren,  (R.  L) 
SWIFT,  HENRY,  Nantucket. 
SMITH,  STEPHEN  H.,  Providence. 
SWAN,  DANIEL,  Medford. 
STONE,  LEONARD,  Watertown. 
STONE,  WILLIAM,  South-Boston. 
STONE,  ISAAC,  " 

STORY,  JOSEPH,  Cambridge. 
SHATTUCK,  GEORGE  C,  Boston. 
STANWOOD,  WILLIA.M,        " 
STANWOOD,  DAVID,  " 

SARGENT,  L.  M., 
STONE,  HENRY  B.,^  " 

SIMMONS,  D.  A.,  Roxburv. 
SAVAGE,  JA:MES  S.,  Boston. 
SHAW,  ROBERT  G., 
SPARKS,  JARED,  " 

SAVAGE,  JAMES,  " 

STONE,  P.  K.  L.,  " 

STEARNS,  ASAHEL,  Cambridge. 
STONE,  DAVID,  Boston. 


» 


52 


STAPLES,  ISAAC,     " 
SHAW,  C.  B., 

TAPPAN,  CHARLES,  Brookline. 
TtDL),  JACnl?,  Koxbiirv. 
THU.MPfJOX,  GEORGE,  Medford. 
TRALV,  SAMUEL,  " 

THORNDIKE,  ISRAEL,  Jr.,  Boston. 
THWING,  SUPPLY  C,  Koxbuiv. 
TUCKER,  RICHARD  U.,  Boston, 
TILDEN, JOSEPH,  " 

TOOHEY,  ROHEUrCK,  Waltliam. 
THOMAS,  BE.VJAxMIN,  Hingham. 
TRULL,  JOHN  V\'.,  Boston. 
TAYLOR,  CHARLES,  Dorchester. 
TUDOR,  FREDERIC,  Boston. 
THAYER,  J.  H., 
THACHER,  PETER,         " 

VOSE,  ELIJAH,  Dorchester. 
VILA,  JAMES,  Boston. 

WILLIAMS,  NEHEMIAH  D.,  Roxbury. 
WILLIAMS,  FRANCIS  J.,  Biiston. 
WILDER,  M.  P.,  " 

WILLIAMS,  AAROX  D.,  Roxbury. 
WILLIAMS,  MOSES, 
WILIJA^IS,  G.,  " 

WEJ,I),  Hi:.VJAMIN,  " 

WUKTlll.XGTOiV,  WILLIAM,  Dorchester 
AVE[,LES,  JOILN, 
WALES,  WILLIAM, 
"WEBSTER,  J.  W.,  Cambridge. 


WHITE,  ABIJAH,  Watertown. 
WILLIAMS,  SAiMUEL  G.,  Boston. 
WIGHT,  EBENEZER,  " 

WYATT,  ROBERT,  " 

WINSHIP,  JONATHAN,  Brighton. 
WILKINSON,  SIMON,  Boston. 
WILDER,  S.  V.  S.,  Bulton. 
WALDO,  DANIEL,  Worcester. 
WYETH,  NATHANIEL  J.  Jb.,  Cambridge. 
WEST,  THOMAS,  Haverhill. 
WILLARD,  JOSEPH,  Boston. 
WHITAIARSH,  SAMUEL,  Northampton. 
WHITMARSH,  TH03IAS,  Brookline. 
■^^'ARREN,  JONATHAN,  Jk.,  Weston. 
WEBSTER,  NATHAN,  Haverhill. 
WILSON,  JOHN,  Roxburv. 
WHITE,  STEPHEN,  Boston. 
WARD,  MALTHUS  A.,  Salem. 
WEBSTER,  DANIEL,  Boston. 
WARD,  RICHARD,  Roxbury. 
WELD,  AARON  D.  Jii.,  Boston. 
WALKER,  SAMUEL,  Roxbury. 
WELLS,  CHARLES,  Boston. 
WHITWELL,  SAMUEL," 
WHITE,  BENJAMIN  F.    " 
WILEY,  THOMAS,  Watertown. 
WALES,  THOMAS  B.,  Boston. 
V-'YMAN,  RUFUS,  Charlestown. 
WARE,  HENRY,  Cambridge. 
.WATERHOUSE,  BENJAMIN,   Cambridge. 
V.TNSHIP,  F.  S.  J.,  Brighton. 
WELD,  JAMES,  Boston. 
WHITTEMORE,  GEORGE,  Boston. 


4 


53 


HONORARY  MEMBERS. 


ADAMS,  Hon.  JOHN  QUINCY,  late  President  of  the  United  States. 

AITON,  WILLIAiM  TOWNSEND,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kevv. 

ABBOTT,  JOHN,  Escj.,  Brunswick,  Me. 

ABBOTT,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.,  Principal  of  Phillipg  Academy,  Exeter,  New-Hampshire. 

BUEL,  J.  Esq.  President  of  the  Albany  Horticultural  Society. 

BODIN,  Le  Chevalier  SOULANGE,  Secretaire-General  de  la  Societe  D'Horticulture 
de  Paris. 

BANCROFT,  EDWARD  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  President  of  tlie  Horticultural  and  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  Jamaica. 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT,  Esq.,  Great  Britain. 

BEEKM.W,  JAMES,  New- York. 

BARBOUR,  P.  P.,  Viiginia. 

COXE,  WILLIAM,  Esc^.,  Burlington,  N.  J. 

COLLINS,  ZACCHEUS,  Esq.,  President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society, 
Philadelphia. 

COFFIN,  Admiral  Sir  ISAAC,  Great  Britain. 

CHAUNCY,  ISAAC,  United  States  Navy,  Brooklyn,  New-York. 

BL.\PIER,  LEWIS,  Philadelphia. 

DICKSON,  JAMES,  Es<i.  Vice-President  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

DE  CANDOLLE,  Mons.  ANGUSTIN  PYRAMUS,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  Academy 
of  Geneva. 

ELLIOT,  Hon.  STEPHEN,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

EVERETT,  HORACE,  Vermont. 

EV.VNSON,  CHARLES  .\LLAN,  Secretary  King's  County  Agricultural  Society,  St  John, 
New-Brunswick. 

FALDERMAN,  F.  Curator  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden  at  St.  Petersburg. 

FISCHER,  Dr.,  Professor  of  Botany,  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden  at  St.  Petersburg. 

GREIG,  JOHN,  Esc^.,  Geneva,  President  of  the  Domestic  Horticultural  Society  of  the 
Western  Part  of  the  State  of  New-York. 

GORE,  Mrs.  REBECCA,  Waltham. 

GRIFFITHS,  Mrs.  MARY,  Charlies  Hope,  New-Jersey. 

GIRARD,  STEPHEN,  Philadelphia. 

GIBBS,  GEORGE,  Sunswick,  New-York. 

HERICART  DE  THURY,  Le  Vicomte,  President  de  la  Societe  D'Horticulture  de  Paris. 

HOSACK,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  President  of  the  New- York  Horticultural  Society. 

HOPKIRK,  THOMAS,  Es<i.  President  of  the  Glasgow  Horticultural  Society. 

HUNT,  LEWIS,  Esti.  Huntsburg,  Ohio. 

HILDRETH,  S.  P.,  Marietta,  Ohio. 

INGERSOLL,  JAMES  R.,  President  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  Phila- 
delphia. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  President  of  the  United  States. 

JOHONNOTT,  Mrs.  MARTHA,  Salem. 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  ANDREW,  Esq.,  President  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

LOUDON,  JOHN  CLAUDIUS,  Great-Britain. 

LA  FAYETTE,  General,  La  Grange,  France. 

LASTEYRIE,  Le  Comte  de,  Vice-President  de  la  Societe  D'Horticulture  de  Paris. 

LITCHFIELD,  FRANKIJN,  Consul  of  the  United  States  at  Porto  Cabello. 


It 


54 

LORRILLARD,  JACOB,  President  of  the  New-York  Horticultural  Society,  New- York. 

LONGSTRETH,  JOSHUA,  Philadelphia. 

MADISON,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,  Virginia. 

MONROE,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,  Virginia. 

MICHAUX,  MoNs.  F.  ANDREW,  Paris. 

MENTENS,  LEWIS  JOHN,  Esq.,  Bruxelles. 

MITCHILL,  SAMUEL  L.,  M.  D.,  New-York. 

MOSSELLMANN,  ,  Esq.,  Antwerp. 

POITE  AU,  Professor  of  the  Institute  Horticole  de  Fromont. 

POWELL,  JOHN  HARE,  Powelton,  Pennsylvania. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM,  Esq..,  Long  Island,  New- York. 

PRATT,  HENRY,  Philadelphia. 

PALMER,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Calcutta. 

ROSEBERRY,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Earl  of.  President  of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural 

Society. 
SABINE,  JOSEPH,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 
SHEPHARD,  JOHN,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Liverpool. 
SCOTT,  Sir  WALTER,  Scotland. 
SKINNER,  JOHN  S.,  Baltimore. 

TURNER,  JOHN,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 
THACHER,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  Plymouth,  Mass. 
THORBURN,  GRANT,  Esq.,  New-York. 
TALIAFERRO,  JOHN,  Virginia. 

THOURS,  M.  Du  Petit,  Paris,  Professor  Poiteau  of  the  Institute  Horticole  de  Fremont. 
VILMORIN,  MoNs.  PIERRE  PHILLIPPE  ANDRE,  Paris. 
VAUGHAN,  BENJAMIN,  Esq.,  Hallowell,  Maine. 
VAN  MONS,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  M.  D.,  Brussels. 
VAUGHAN,  PETTY,  Esq.,  London. 
VAN  RENSELLAER,  STEPHEN,  Albany. 
VAN  ZANDT,  JOSEPH  R.,  Albany. 
WELLES,  Hon.  JOHN,  Boston,  Mass. 

WILLICK,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  Curator  of  tlie  Botanic  Garden,  Calcutta. 
WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  Geneseo,  New-York. 
YATES,  ASHTON,  Esq.,  Liverpool. 


i 


55 


CORRESPONDING  MEMBERS. 


ADLUM,  JOHN,  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia. 

ASPINWALL,  Col.  THOMAS,  United  States  Consul,  London. 

APPLETON,  THOMAS,  Es.^.,  United  States  Consul,  Leghorn. 

ALPEY,  . 

AaUILAR,  DON  FRANCISCO,  of  Moldonoda,  in  the  Banda  Oriental— Consul  of  the 
United  States. 

BARNETT,  ISAAC  COX,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Paris. 

BURTON,  ALEXANDER,  United  States  Consul,  Cadiz. 

BULL,  E.  W.,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

CARR,  ROBERT,  Esd.,  Philadelphia. 

COLVILLE,  JAMES,  Chelsea,  England. 

CARNES,  FRANCIS  G.,  Paris. 

DEERING,  JAMES,  Portland,  Maine. 

FLOY,  MICHAEL,  New-York. 

FOX,  JOHN,  Washington,  District  of  Colombia. 

GARDINER,  ROBERT  H.,  Es<i.,  Gardiner,  Maine. 

GIBSON,  ABRAHAM  P.,  United  States  Consul,  St.  Petersburg. 

GARDNER  BENJAMIN,  United  States  Consul,  Palermo. 

HALL,  CH.ARLES  HENRY,  Esq.,  New-York. 

HAY,  JOHN,  Architect  of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society. 

HALSEY,  ABRAHAM,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  New-York  Horticultural  Society, 
New- York. 

HARRIS,  Ret.  T.  M.,  D.  D.,  Dorchester. 

HUNTER,  ,  Baltimore. 

HOGG,  THOMAS,  New-York. 

HENRY,  BERN.ARD,  United  States  Consul,  Gibralter. 

LANDRETH,  DAVID,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

LEONARD,  E.  S.  H.,  M.  D.,  Providence. 

MAURY,  JAMES,  Esq.,  late  United  States  Consul,  Liverpool. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Horticultural  and  Agricultural  Soc.  Jamaica. 

MILLS,  STEPHEN,  Esq.,  Long  Island,  New-York. 

MELVILLE,  ALLAN,  New-York. 

NEWHALL,  HORATIO,  M.  D.,  Galena,  Illinois. 

OFFLEY,  DAVID,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Smyrna. 

OMBROSI,  JAMES,  United  States  Consul,  Florence. 

PARKER,  JOHN,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Amsterdam. 

PAYSON,  JOHN  L.,  Esq.,  Messina. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM  ROBERT,  Esq.  Long  Island,  New- York. 

PRINCE,  ALFRED  STRATTON,  Long  Island. 

PERRY,  M.  C,  United  States  Navy,  Charlestown. 

PALMER,  JOHN  J.,  New-York. 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  S.,  United  States  Navy,  Boston. 

ROGERS,  J.  S.,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

SMITH,  DANIEL  D.,  Esq.,  Burlington,  New-Jersey. 


% 


56 


SMITH,  GIDEOX  E.,  Biiltimori'. 

PHAW,  WILLIAM,  New-York. 

STRONG,  Judge,  Rochester,  New-York. 

STEVENS,  THOMAS  HOLDUP,  United  States  Navy,  Middlctown,  Connecticut. 

SMITH,  CALEB  R.,  Esq.,  New-Jersey. 

SPRAGUE,  HORATIO,  Gibraltar. 

THORBURN,  GEORGE  C,  New-York. 

WILSON,  WILLIAM,  New- York. 

WINGATE,  J.  F.,  Bath,  Maine. 

WINGATE,  JOSHUA,  Portland. 


A 


DISCOURSE 


DELIVERED  BEFORE  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 


ON  THE  CELEBRATION  OF  ITS 

> 

FOURTH    ANNIVERSARY, 


OCTOBER  3,  1832. 


By  THADDEUS  WILLIAM  HARRIS,  M.  D. 


CAMBRIDGE: 

E.    W.    METCALF    AND    COMPANY. 

1832. 


DISCOURSE. 


Upojv  the  return  of  this  annual  festival  I  have  the 
honor  to  present  to  the  President  and  Members  of 
"  The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  "  the  con- 
gratulations of  the  season. 

During  four  years  you  have  been  associated  for  the 
purpose  of  promoting  Horticulture ;  and,  although  the 
summer  has  not  been  propitious,  abundant  evidence  of 
the  utility  of  your  united  efforts  is  afforded  by  the 
offerings  of  fruits  and  flowers  with  which  your  tables 
are  this  day  crowned. 

To  ensure  continued  success,  it  is  necessary,  not 
only  to  study  the  artificial  science  of  Horticulture  it- 
self, and  to  practise  it  in  detail,  but  to  advert  to  the 
close  connexion  subsisting  between  it  and  the  natural 
sciences  of  Zoology,  Botany,  and  Mineralogy.  In  the 
interesting  Address  of  your  Botanical  Professor,*  de- 
Hvered  on  the  last  anniversary,  "  the  prominent  fea- 
tures of  Horticulture  and  its  associated  and  auxiliary 
studies,"  were  indicated.  To  pursue  the  subject  so 
ably  opened  would  seem  to  be  incumbent  upon  those 
to  whom,  in  the  distribution  of  duties,  you  have  as- 

*  Malthus  A.  Ward,  M.  D. 


signed  the  illustration  of  these  studies.  Upon  the 
present  occasion,  however,  it  will  be  impossible  to 
exhibit  a  complete  view  of  all  or  of  any  one  of  the 
accessory  sciences,  and  of  their  various  bearings  upon 
Horticulture.  I  shall  therefore  endeavour  only  to  show 
the  Relations  subsisting  between  Insects  and  Plants, 
and  the  useful  results  to  be  obtained  by  the  cultivator 
from  a  knowledge  of  the  habits  and  economy  of  insects. 
American  Entomology  is  yet  in  its  infancy.  Mel- 
sheimer,  a  Lutheran  clergyman  in  Pennsylvania,  may 
be  considered  as  the  father  of  the  science  in  this 
country.  His  collection  of  insects  was  very  extensive, 
and  he  published  a  catalogue  of  one  order  or  group  of 
them  in  1806.  It  contained  merely  the  names  of 
about  thirteen  hundred  and  sixty  native  species,  with- 
out descriptions  or  a  history  of  their  habits.  The  late 
Professor  Peck  rendered  no  inconsiderable  aid  to  Hor- 
ticulture and  Arboriculture,  by  his  memoirs  on  several 
insects  injurious  to  vegetation,  illustrated  by  plates 
from  original  drawings  of  the  most  faithful  kind.  Pro- 
fessor Say,  the  author  of  an  unfinished  work,  entitled 
"  American  Entomology,"  and  of  numerous  papers  in 
various  periodical  publications,  has  been  engaged,  for 
many  years,  in  describing  scientifically  the  unnoticed 
insects  of  this  country ;  and,  by  his  continued  labors, 
has  materially  facilitated  the  study,  though  he  has  been 
unable  to  furnish  much  respecting  the  habits  of  insects. 
Much,  therefore,  remains  to  be  done  in  this  department 
of  Natural  History,  much  of  immense  importance  in  its 
practical  application  to  the  various  arts  of  life.  Some 
degree  of  regard  for  the  science  appears  to  be  awaken- 
ed among  us ;  and  we  are  gradually  growing  sensible 


6 

of  the  utility  of  the  pursuit.  It  must  become  a  popular 
study,  and  be  allowed  to  share,  with  Botany  and  Min- 
eralogy, a  small  portion,  at  least,  of  the  time  devoted 
by  a  judicious,  enlightened,  and  agricultural  people,  to 
elementary  education.  It  is  recommended  to  us  by 
its  intrinsic  merits,  the  novelties  and  wonders  it  un- 
folds ;  it  is  enforced  by  the  powerful  influence  which 
insects  are  permitted  to  exert  upon  our  persons  and 
possessions. 

Insects  may  be  said,  without  exaggeration,  to  have 
estabhshed  a  universal  reign  over  the  earth  and  its 
inhabitants.  Their  kingdom  extends  from  the  torrid 
zone  to  the  utmost  hmits  of  polar  vegetation ;  from  the 
lowest  valley  to  the  mountainous  regions  of  perpetual 
snow.  Some  of  them  have  sent  forth  their  colonies 
with  man,  and  with  him  have  circumnavigated  the 
globe ;  while  others  hold  undisputed  sway  where  man 
has  not  yet  ventured  to  estabhsh  himself,  and  where 
their  innumerable  hosts  and  noxious  powers  have  for- 
bidden his  approach. 

As  insects  depend  for  sustenance  either  immediately 
or  remotely  upon  vegetable  productions,  their  disper- 
sion through  various  regions  is  subject  to  nearly  the 
same  laws  that  govern  the  geographical  distribution  of 
plants. 

Temperature  exerts  an  influence  upon  them.  An 
increase  of  heat  is  always  attended  with  a  proportional 
increase  in  the  kinds  and  numbers  of  these  creatures. 
Altitude  has  the  same  eff'ect  as  latitude  in  diminishing 
the  numbers  of  insects.  Hence  the  insects,  like  the 
plants,  of  high  regions  will  be  the  same  as  those  of 
northern  latitudes.      On  the   summit  of  the  White 


Mountains  are  found  some  of  the  plants  of  Lapland, 
and  there  also  a  species  of  butterfly*  occurs,  which 
appears  to  be  identical  with  one  in  Lapland.  The 
rice-weevil  f  is  the  constant  concomitant  of  its  favorite 
grain ;  and,  though  often  found  alive  in  imported  rice, 
does  not  seem  to  have  established  itself  beyond  the 
natural  regions  of  its  appropriate  food.  In  all  parts  of 
America  where  the  sugar-cane  flourishes,  the  cucuij, 
or  luminous  beetle,  |  which  hves  upon  it,  may  be  found. 

The  presence  or  absence  of  humidity,  in  a  country 
or  district,  gives  predominance  to  certain  insect  and 
vegetable  races.  Thus  predatory  and  stercoraceous 
insects  are  more  common  and  abundant  in  dry,  sandy, 
and  hot  regions,  than  in  more  moist  and  temperate 
ones.  The  prevailing  insects  of  Africa,  of  the  south  of 
Europe,  of  the  steppes  of  Asia,  of  the  pampas  and 
prairies  of  America,  are  of  this  description ;  and  such 
also  are  those  which  frequent  dry  pathways  and  the 
arid  sands  of  the  sea-shore  every  where.  Other  tribes, 
destined  to  subsist  upon  vegetable  juices,  and  those 
that  imbibe  their  food  by  suction,  are  more  prevalent 
in  regions  of  perpetual  moisture,  as  well  as  in  the  bogs 
and  fens,  and  on  the  marshy  margins  of  rivers,  lakes, 
and  seas,  in  all  countries. 

Pecuhar  kinds  of  insects  and  plants  appear  to  be 
appropriated  to  particular  continents  and  countries. 
The  laws,  governing  the  geographical  limits  of  indi- 
genous insects,  are  more  absolute  than  those  already 
specified.     It  is  true  that  countries,  possessing  a  simi- 

*  The  Hipparchia  semidea  of  Say,  appears  to  be  identical  with  the 
Papilio  fortunafus  of  Fabricius. 

f  Calandra  Oryzw.  L.  |  Elater  nodilucus.  L. 


larity  of  climate  and  temprature,  have  many  insects 
allied  to  each  other  in  forms  and  habits  ;  but  it  will  be 
found,  that  differences  exist  among  them  sufficient  to 
prove  that  they  could  not  have  descended  from  a  com- 
mon stock,  or  in  other  words,  that  they  are  of  different 
species.  Thus,  of  the  tribe  of  butterflies,  called  by 
the  French  brassicaires,  because  they  are  appropri- 
ated to  the  cabbage,  turnip,  mustard,  and  other  allied 
plants,  there  is  one  sohtary  species  in  the  mountainous 
and  northern  parts  of  New  England  devoted  to  these 
plants.*  The  common  cock-chaffer  f  of  Europe  is 
represented,  in  this  country,  by  our  nocturnal  dorr- 
bug,  t  as  it  is  usually  called ;  and  the  European  vine- 
chaffer  II  by  an  alhed  species,  H  which  has  recently 
multiplied  greatly,  from  some  unknown  cause,  and 
threatens,  if  unchecked,  to  become  as  great  a  depre- 
dator. It  appears  now  to  be  pretty  well  established, 
that  countries,  separated  by  a  wide  expanse  of  water, 
by  extensive  deserts  of  sterile  sand,  or  by  an  unbroken 
chain  of  lofty  mountains,  possess  vegetable  and  animal 
productions  pecuHar  to  themselves,  which  do  not, 
under  ordinary  circumstances,  pass  these  natural  lim- 
its ;  but  that,  wlien  two  continents,  or  great  divisions 
of  the  globe,  are  contiguous,  or  nearly  approach  each 
other,  the  same  animals  and  plants  may  be  found  in 
each  to  a  limited  extent.  No  one  species  or  kind 
could  have  originated  on  two  different  points  of  the 
earth's  surface ;  each  one  must  have  commenced  exist- 
ence in  some  one  place,  from  whence,  in  the  course  of 

*  It  now  attacks  the  turnip  and  cabbage,  but  probably  lived  originally 
upon  the  Arahis  rhomboidea.    The  insect  is  the  Pontia  oleracea.   Harris. 
f  Melolontha  vulgaris.  F.  |  J\Ielolontha  Qiiercina.    Knoch. 

II  Anomala  Vitis.    L.  H  Anomala  varians.    F. 


8 

successive  generations,  it  would  have  spread  over  the 
whole  globe,  had  it  not  been  restrained  and  confined 
within  narrow  hmits  by  insuperable  geographical  and 
physical  barriers.  From  a  careful  comparison  of  the 
insects  of  our  own  country  with  those  of  other  parts 
of  the  world,  I  am  fully  convinced  that  these  laws 
are  founded  in  nature,  and  can  venture  to  assert  that, 
with  the  exception  of  the  polar  species,  there  are  no 
insects  in  America  identical  with  those  of  the  Eastern 
continent,  which  have  not  accompanied  man  and  his 
imports  from  thence. 

The  introduction  of  foreign  insects,  in  a  country 
before  uninhabited  by  them,  is  a  circumstance  of  more 
importance,  than  at  first  would  be  anticipated.    It  may 
occur  in  various  ways.     Man,  in  his  wanderings  and 
migrations,  has  been  instrumental  in  the  dispersion  and 
colonization  of  a  multitude  of  insects.     They  adhere 
to  his  garments  and  bedding,  riot  in  his  stock  of  pro- 
visions, and  lurk  among  his   imported  seeds,  fruits, 
plants,  and  drugs.     The  bed-bug,  the  flea,  the  cock- 
roach, the  bacon-grub,*  and  the  meal-worm  f  have  been 
universal  travellers,  and  are  now  citizens  of  the  world. 
Commerce  brought  the  first  of  these  insects  to  England 
from  the  continent  at  an  early  period.  J    "  The  Scotch, 
it  has  been  said,  "bewail  its  introduction  among  them 
as  one  of  the  evils  of  the  union,  and  for  that  reason  dis- 
tinguish it  by  the  name  of  the  English  bug."     Kalm  § 
observes,  that  it  was  unknown  to  the  northern  Indians 
of  America.   The  common  house-fly  ||  is  stated  to  have 

*  Dermestes  lardarius.    L.  t  Tenehrio  molitor.    L. 

X  See  "  A  Treatise  on  Bugs,  by  J.  Southall."    8vo.    Lond.    1730. 
§  Travels,  ed.  1770.    Vol.  II.  p.  H. 
II  Belknap,  Hist,  of  N.  Hamp.  Vol.  III.  p.  185. 


been  brought  by  shipping  to  our  shores,  where  it  had 
not  been  seen  before  the  arrival  of  Europeans.     The 
sugar-mite,*  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  is  now  rather 
common  in  Europe  and  America.     The  violet-colored 
borer  f  of  the  pine,  originally  indigenous  to  our  forests, 
is  now  naturalized  in   Europe,  having  been   carried 
thither  in  timber  from  America ;  while,  in  return,  we 
have  received  from  thence  another  pine-eating  borer,  % 
whose    mischievous    powers  render  it   a   formidable 
assailant  of  wooden  edifices.     This  insect,  we  are  in- 
formed by  Kirby  and  Spence,  ^  does  material  injury 
to  the  wood-work  of  houses  in  London,  by  piercing 
the  rafters  in  every  direction.     Its  stomach  seems  to 
have  the  insensibility  of  that  of  an  ostrich,  and  its  jaws 
the  strength  of  iron  nippers  ;  for  it  has  been  known  to 
perforate   sheets   of  lead,   one   sixth   of  an   inch   in 
thickness,  with  which  roofs  were  covered,  and  in  its 
stomach  fragments  of  the  metal  were  discovered.    The 
pea-bug  II   of  America  is  now  found  in  England  and  a 
part  of  the  continent  of  Europe.     The  minute  beetle, H 
so  common  in  ship-bread,  is  a  native  of  Europe ;   it  is 
often  seen  in  our  vessels,  and  occasionally  on  shore. 
The  notorious  poplar- worm,**  a  spiny  caterpillar,  whose 
falsely  reputed  venomous  powers  caused  almost  the 
extermination  of  the  Lombardy  poplar  some  years  ago, 
is  not  indigenous  to  this  country,  but  was  probably  in- 
troduced with  the  tree  it  naturally  inhabits,  but  which 

*  Lepisma  sacchmina.    L.  f  Callidium  violaceum.    L. 

J  Callidium  bajulum.    L. 

§  «  Outlines  of  Entomology."  (3d  ed.)  Vol.  I.  pp.  235,  236,  note. 
II  Bruchus  Pisi.    L.  U  Anobium  panicewm.    P, 

**  The  larva  of  the  PapUio  Jlntiopa.  L. 

2 


10 

it  deserts  in  preference  for  our  more  abundant  willows 
and  elms.  The  nettle  and  thistle  have  brought  with 
them  from  Europe  some  of  their  pecuhar  insects,*  which 
happily  are  more  serviceable  than  the  weeds  they  have 
accompanied.  It  cannot  be  denied  that  many  of  our 
destructive  insects  are  now  spread  far  and  wide  through 
those  sections  of  the  Eastern  continent  which  have  had 
commercial  intercom'se  with  America ;  but  it  is  evident 
that  we  have  not  been  gainers  by  an  exchange ;  for  in 
this  country  are  now  naturalized  immense  numbers  of 
foreign  insects,  whose  ravages  are  by  no  means  com- 
pensated by  the  benefits  derived  from  the  Asiatic  silk- 
worm, at  this  time  an  object  of  so  much  interest  to 
statesmen  and  manufacturers,  nor  by  those  annually 
abstracted  from  the  European  honey-bee,  "  the  white 
man's  fly,"  now,  through  the  instrumentality  of  our 
forefathers,  swarming  even  in  the  Western  wilds  of  this 
continent. 

It  is  of  the  greatest  consequence,  in  devising  reme- 
dies for  the  injuries  of  insects,  first  to  learn  something 
of  their  economy.  Were  our  insect  enemies  at  all 
times  as  apparent  as  their  ravages,  preventive  means 
might  more  readily  be  adopted ;  but  many  of  them 
are  not  only  masked  in  various  disguises  during  the 
period  of  their  devastations,  but  carry  on  their  oifen- 
sive  operations  only  in  the  obscurity  of  the  night,  or 
insidiously  conceal  themselves  while  performing  the 
work  of  destruction.  Others,  though  their  attacks  are 
made  in  broad  day-light,  and  though  they  may,  while 
thus  employed,  be  constantly  exposed  to  our  examina- 

*  The  Papilio  Atalanla  inhabits  the  nettle,  the  Papilio  Cardui  the 
thistle. 


11 

tion,  soon  escape  from  us  by  changing  their  forms. 
These  facts  show  the  necessity  of  learning  their  habits 
and  changes,  if  we  wish  to  apply  a  remedy  to  the  evils 
they  occasion.  The  transformations  of  insects  are 
indeed  exceedingly  interesting  in  themselves,  and  are 
almost  without  a  parallel  in  the  other  animal  races. 

Like  birds,  amphibious  animals,  and  most  fishes, 
insects  are  produced  from  eggs  ;  but,  unlike  theirs,  the 
newly  hatched  young,  either  have  not  the  same  number 
of  members  as  their  parents,  or  are  wholly  different 
from  them  in  form  and  habits.  The  offspring  of  rose- 
bugs  and  of  moths  are  not  rose-bugs  and  moths ;  they 
are  grubs  and  caterpillars,  which,  having  been  hatched 
in  situations  where  the  parental  instinct  has  discovered 
their  appropriate  food,  begin  immediately  to  devour 
what  is  before  them,  and  at  the  expiration  of  a  definite 
period  attain  their  full  size,  cast  their  skins,  and  ap- 
pear in  a  new  form.  In  this  new  form  the  insects  are 
said  to  be  in  the  pupa  or  chrysalis  state.  Their  former 
activity  and  voracity  cease  ;  they  no  longer  use  their 
hmbs  to  change  their  situation,  but  remain  with  them 
folded  close  to  their  bodies  in  a  state  of  absolute  ab- 
stinence and  almost  complete  torpidity  and  rest.  In 
process  of  time  the  delicate  and  tender  skin  that  invests 
their  bodies  hardens,  the  flesh,  with  its  new-grown 
skin,  cleaves  and  separates  beneath  the  old  one,  and 
at  length  the  imprisoned  insects  burst  their  useless 
cases,  withdraw  their  hmbs  from  their  envelopes,  and, 
in  due  season,  emerge  from  their  retreats,  warm  and 
dry  themselves  in  the  sunbeams,  and  launch  upon  their 
untried  wings  into  the  air,  the  exact  counterparts  of 
their  progenitors. 


12 

The  term  larva,  originally  signifying  a  mask,  is  ap- 
plied to  all  insects  in  the  young  or  growing  state ;  to 
caterpillars,  grubs,  and  maggots,  whose  future  forms 
are  completely  disguised,  and  to  the  young  of  bugs, 
crickets,  grasshoppers,  plant-lice,  and  some  other  in- 
sects, whose  subsequent  stages  are  unattended  with 
any  remarkable  changes  of  form.     The  second  state 
is  the  pupa ;  and,  while  in  this,  the  insects  last  men- 
tioned continue  to  feed,  grow,  and  move  about  like  the 
larvae,  which  they  also  resemble  in  form.     The  third 
or  final  change  developes  all  in  their  perfect  state,  with 
new  organs   and  propensities.     Hence  two  kinds  of 
transformation  are  recognised.     One  of  them  seems  to 
consist  in  little  more  than  a  casting  of  the  external 
skin,  and  the  acquisition  of  additional  organs,  with  a 
preservation  of  the  same  general  form  and  habits ;  this 
is  called  incomplete  transformation :  the  other,  including 
an  eating,  a  quiescent,  and  a  winged  state,  exhibits 
insects,  in  their  progress,  in  three  distinct  forms,  and 
three  different  modes  of  existence  ;  this  constitutes  a 
complete  transformation. 

A  few  examples  will  illustrate  the  transformations, 
or  metamorphoses,  of  some  common  insects,  and  pre-- 
sent  a  general  view  of  their  history.  The  squash-bug  * 
passes  through  an  imperfect  transformation.  In  shape 
it  is,  while  young  or  a  larva,  proportionally  shorter  and 
more  rounded  than  the  perfect  insect,  and  its  color  is 
of  a  pale,  ashy  hue.  When  it  enters  upon  the  pupa 
state  its  form  lengthens,  and  two  little  scales  are  seen 
upon  its  back,  which  are  sheaths  representing   and 

*  Cortus  ordinatus.    Say. 


13 

actually  enclosing  the  future  wings  of  the  insect.  It 
continues  all  this  time  to  walk  about,  and  to  imbibe, 
by  means  of  its  sharp  proboscis,  the  juices  of  the  plant 
on  which  it  subsists.  In  the  perfect  state  it  appears 
with  a  pair  of  delicate,  filmy  wings  folded  beneath  two 
tough  covers,  which  lie  flat  upon  its  back  and  cross 
each  other  at  their  ends.  In  this  stage  it  feeds  also  by 
suction  upon  the  juices  of  the  squash  leaves  ;  but, 
with  additional  organs,  it  has  acquired  new  propensi- 
ties, which  lead  it  to  provide  for  the  continuation  of  its 
species,  and,  this  being  accomphshed,  it  perishes.  The 
transformations  of  grasshoppers  also  are  incomplete ; 
young  and  old,  larvae,  pupae,  and  perfect  insects  being 
alike  active,  and  partaking  a  common  food. 

The  following  are  instances  of  complete  metamor- 
phosis. The  white  grub,  which  is  so  often  turned  up 
by  the  plough  in  fields,  hves  beneath  the  surface  of 
the  soil,  and  feeds  upon  the  fibrous  roots  of  the  grasses. 
It  afterwards  becomes  a  pupa,  exhibiting  a  form  inter- 
mediate between  that  of  a  grub  and  a  beetle ;  legs 
small  and  useless  are  visible,  a  pair  of  eyes,  and  two 
little  horns  or  antennae.  For  some  time  it  remains  at 
rest  in  the  earth,  till,  its  appointed  season  having 
arrived,  it  bursts  the  filmy  skin  that  enfolded  its  body 
and  limbs,  digs  itself  a  passage  to  the  surface,  and 
comes  forth  a  chesnut-colored  beede,*  commonly 
known  here  as  the  dorr-bug.  In  this,  its  last  and 
winged  state,  it  devours  the  leaves  of  trees,  seeks  its 
mate,  and  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  ground.  The  whole 
generation  of  dorr-bugs  perishes  within  six  weeks  after 
emerging  from  the  earth  in  the  beetle  form. 

*  Melolontha  Quercina.    Knock. 


14 

The  borer  of  the  apple-tree,  a  white  worm  or  grub, 
devours  the  fragments  of  wood  it  has  gnawed  in 
making  its  cylindrical  path  within  the  trunk  of  the 
tree,  and  pushes  the  undigested  refuse  out  of  the  hole 
by  which  it  has  entered.  When  fully  grown  it  be- 
comes a  pupa,  which,  like  that  of  the  dorr-bug,  ex- 
hibits short,  folded  legs,  wings,  and  horns,  of  no  use  to 
it  while  within  its  burrow.  Early  in  June  the  pupa- 
skin  is  ruptured,  and  the  insect  emerges  from  the  tree 
by  gnawing  through  the  thin  covering  of  bark  that 
protected  the  upper  extremity  of  its  hole.  Upon 
issuing  into  the  air  it  is  found  to  be  a  beetle,*  white 
beneath  and  longitudinally  striped  with  brown  above. 
In  this,  its  perfect  state,  it  hves  only  upon  the  young 
and  tender  leaves  of  the  apple  and  other  alHed  trees. 

The  caterpillars  of  the  apple-tree,  which  are  hatched 
from  those  curious  ring-like  clusters  of  eggs  surround- 
ing the  young  twigs,  are,  as  you  well  know,  furnished 
with  jaws,  and  devour  the  leaves  of  this  tree.  They 
have  also  sixteen  legs,  and,  in  crawling  from  leaf  to 
leaf  and  branch  to  branch,  spin  from  their  lips  a  dehcate 
thread,  which  is  a  clue  to  conduct  them  back  to  the 
shelter  of  their  many-coated,  silken  tents.  From  the 
first  to  the  middle  of  June  they  descend  from  the 
trees,  and  seclude  themselves  in  various  hiding-places. 
Each  one  then  weaves  around  its  body  a  small  silken 
shroud  or  cocoon,  fills  the  meshes  with  a  yellowish 
powder,  slips  off  and  packs  in  one  end  of  its  case  its 
old  coat,  and  appears  in  a  new  form,  that  of  a  brown 
chrysalis  or  pupa  devoid  of  prominent  legs  and 
wings.    Sixteen  days  afterwards  the  pupa-skin  is  rent, 

*  Saperda  bivittaia.    Say. 


15 

a  moth  *  issues  from  it,  ejects  from  its  mouth  a  quan- 
tity of  liquid  matter  to  soften  the  end  of  its  cocoon, 
and  then  forces  its  way  out.  In  the  moth  state  it  is 
furnishycd  with  a  very  short  tongue,  and  subsists  only 
upon  the  honey  and  dew  of  plants. 

The  common  potato-worm,  when  it  ceases  feeding, 
descends  into  the  earth,  and  is  there  changed  into  a 
brown  pupa  of  a  cylindrical  form,  pointed  at  one  end 
and  rounded  at  the  other,  whence  proceeds  a  sort  of 
stem  or  hook  that  passes  backwards  beyond  the  middle 
of  the  body.  This  steni,  which  is  the  only  external 
member  it  appears  to  have,  is  a  case  enclosing  the 
tongue  of  the  creature.  It  passes  the  winter  in  the 
earth  below  the  reach  of  frost,  and  the  next  summer 
the  perfect  insect  *  comes  forth,  its  robust  body  decked 
with  large  orange-colored  spots,  and  its  enormously 
long  tongue  compactly  rolled  up  like  a  watch-spring. 
In  the  morning  and  evening  twilight  hundreds  of  these 
insects  may  be  seen,  now  darting  from  flower  to 
flower  with  the  velocity  and  sound  of  humming-birds, 
now  poising  upon  their  extended  wings  over  the  fra- 
grant honeysuckle,  uncoiling  in  an  instant  their  slender 
tongues,  and  thrusting  them  with  unerring  aim  into 
the  nectared  tubes  of  the  blossoms. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  multiply  examples ;  enough 
have  been  given  to  show  that  the  forms,  the  organs 
for  taking  food,  the  kinds  of  food,  and  the  places  of 
abode  of  the  insects  which  undergo  ,1  complete  trans- 
formation, vary  essentially  in  the  larva  and  in  the 
perfect  state  of  these  insects. 

*  Bomhyx  castrensis.    L.  f  Sphinx  Carolina.    L. 


16 

It  should  be  recollected,  that  the  winged  is  the  ulti- 
mate stage  of  insect  life ;  that  the  last  and,  in  many 
instances,  the  only  function  performed  in  this  stage  of 
existence  is  to  provide  for  a  succession  of  the  species  ; 
and  that,  after  the  eggs  are  deposited  in  their  appro- 
priate situations,  the  parent  insects,  having  then  per- 
formed the  various  tasks  assigned  them,  and  having 
fulfilled  the  last  injunctions  of  nature,  universally  perish, 
most  of  them  without  witnessing  the  birth  of  the  suc- 
ceeding generation. 

Insects  are  profusely  scattered  over  vegetation. 
Several  kinds  are  often  found  upon  one  plant.  Leaves, 
blossoms,  and  fruits  are  alive  with  them ;  the  branches 
and  trunks  afford  concealment  and  nourishment  to 
thousands  of  intestine  enemies,  and  the  roots  are 
sapped  and  destroyed  by  them.  Our  present  concern 
is  with  some  of  those  which  arelnjurious  to  the  kitchen 
and  flower  garden,  and  to  the  fruitery. 

The  products  of  the  kitchen-garden,  though  formerly 
they  received  less  attention  that  those  of  the  field,  are 
growing  more  into  general  favor ;  a  result  owing  to 
the  change  of  pursuits  in  a  portion  of  our  population, 
to  the  low  price  of  farm-produce,  and  especially  to  the 
recommendations  and  example  of  the  horticultural  so- 
cieties of  the  country,  and  the  improvements  which 
they  have  introduced. 

The  pea  is  universally  esteemed  one  of  the  most 
palatable  of  our  vegetables.  At  its  first  appearance  in 
the  markets  it  commands  a  high  price ;  and  its  first 
appearance  on  the  table  is  not  only  an  object  of  pride 
to  the  gardener,  but  of  pleasure  to  the  partaker.  Few, 
however,  while  indulging  in  the  luxury  of  early  pease, 


17 

are  aware  how  many  insects  they  unconsciously  con- 
sume. When  the  pods  are  carefully  examined,  small, 
discolored  spots  may  be  seen  within  them,  each  one 
corresponding  to  a  similar  spot  on  the  opposite  pea. 
If  this  spot  in  the  pea  be  opened,  a  minute,  whitish 
grub  or  maggot  will  be  discovered.  It  is  the  insect  in 
its  larva  form,  which  hves  upon  the  marrow  of  the 
pea,  and  arrives  at  its  full  size  by  the  time  that  the 
pea  becomes  dry.  It  then  bores  a  round  hole  quite 
to  the  hull,  which  however  is  left  untouched,  as  is  also 
the  germ  of  the  future  sprout.  In  this  hole  the  insect 
passes  the  pupa  state,  and  survives  the  winter ;  at  the 
expiration  of  which,  its  last  change  being  completed, 
it  has  only  to  gnaw  through  the  thin  hull,  and  make  its 
exit,  which  frequently  is  not  accompHshed  before  the 
pease  are  committed  to  the  ground  for  an  early  crop. 
Pease,  thus  affected,  are  denominated  huggy  by  seeds- 
men and  gardeners ;  and  the  Httle  insects,  so  often 
seen  within  them  in  the  spring,  are  incorrectly  called 
bugs,  a  term  of  reproach  indiscriminately  applied  to 
many  kinds  of  insects  which  have  no  resemblance  to 
each  other  in  appearance  and  habits.  The  pea  Bru- 
chus,*  for  such  is  its  correct  name,  is  a  small  beetle, 
a  native  of  this  continent,  having  been  unknown  in 
Europe  before  the  discovery  of  America.  Early  in  the 
spring,  while  the  pods  are  young  and  tender,  and  the 
pease  are  just  beginning  to  swell,  it  makes  small  perfo- 
rations in  the  epidermis  or  thin  skin  of  the  pod,  and  de- 
posits in  each  a  minute  egg.  These  eggs  are  always 
placed   opposite  to  the  pease,  and  the  grubs,  when 

*  Bruchus  Pisi.    L. 

3 


18 

hatched,  soon  penetrate  the  pod,  and  bury  themselves 
in  the  pease,  by  holes  so  fine,  that  they  are  hardly  per- 
ceptible, and  are  soon  closed.  Sometimes  every  pea 
in  a  pod  will  be  found  to  be  thus  inhabited ;  and  the 
injury  done  by  the  pea  Bruchus  has,  in  former  times, 
been  so  great  and  universal  as  nearly  to  put  an  end  to 
the  cultivation  of  this  vegetable.  That  it  should  pre- 
fer the  prolific  exotic  pea  to  our  indigenous,  but  less 
productive  pulse,  is  not  a  matter  of  surprise,  analogous 
facts  being  of  common  occurrence ;  but  that,  for  so 
many  years,  a  rational  method  for  checking  its  ravages 
should  not  have  been  practised,  is  somewhat  remark- 
able. An  exceedingly  simple  one  is  recommended  by 
Deane,  but  to  be  successful  should  be  universally 
adopted.  It  consists  merely  in  keeping  seed  pease  in 
tight  vessels  over  one  year  before  planting  them. 
Latreille  recommends  submitting  them  to  the  heat  of 
water  at  sixty-seven  degrees  of  Fahrenheit,  by  which 
the  same  results  might  be  obtained ;  and  if  this  was 
done  just  before  the  pease  were  to  be  put  into  the 
ground,  they  would  then  be  in  a  state  for  immediate 
planting.  The  Baltimore  Oriole,  or  hang-bird,  is  one 
of  the  natural  enemies  of  the  Bruchus,  whose  larvae  it 
detects,  picks  from  the  green  pease,  and  devours. 
How  wonderful  is  the  instinct  of  this  bird,  which,  un- 
taught by  experience,  can  detect  the  lurking  culprit 
within  the  envelope  of  the  pod  and  pea:  and  how 
much  more  wonderful  that  of  the  insect ;  for,  as  the 
welfare  of  its  future  progeny  depends  upon  the  suc- 
cession of  a  crop  of  pease  the  ensuing  season,  the 
rostellum  or  sprout  of  the  pea  is  never  injured  by  the 
larva,  and  consequently  the  pulse  will  germinate,  though 
deprived  of  a  third  of  its  substance. 


19 

Roots  are  undoubtedly  the  most  important  produc- 
tions of  the  vegetable  garden ;  and,  among  these,  the 
potato  stands  first  in  point  of  utiUty  and  value.  I  am  not 
aware  that  it  is  ever  very  seriously  injured  by  insects, 
though  many  appear  upon  its  leaves.  The  common 
potato- worm,  has  already  been  noticed.  A  small,  striped 
beetle,*  of  the  size  and  shape  of  that  appropriated  to 
the  cucumber,  is  found  in  abundance  upon  the  potato ; 
and  its  numerous  larvae,  creeping  about  under  back- 
loads  of  filth,  riot  upon  the  luxuriant  foliage.  Occasion- 
ally potato  patches  are  ravaged  by  two  or  three  species 
of  Cantharides,  or  blistering-beetles.  It  is  only  in  the 
perfect  state  that  they  are  injurious  to  the  potato-vine, 
for  the  larvae  live  in  the  earth  upon  the  small  roots  of 
various  kinds  of  herbage.  Their  appearance  on  the 
potato  is  occasional  only,  for  they  devour  the  leaves  of 
several  other  plants.  These  native  Cantharides  are  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  medicine  instead  of  the  Spanish 
Cantharides,  and,  were  not  the  price  of  labor  among 
us  so  high,  might  be  procured  in  sufficient  quantity  to 
supply  the  demand  in  the  markets  for  this  important 
medicinal  agent.  I  regret  to  observe  that  the  ash-col- 
ored Cantharis  f  has  recently  appeared  in  great  profu- 
sion upon  hedges  of  the  honey-locust,  t  which  are 
almost  defoHated  by  them.  For  many  years  past  the 
same  insects  have  invariably  attacked  the  Windsor  bean 
in  the  garden  of  a  friend  of  mine  in  this  vicinity.  This 
summer  they  were  neglected ;  and  the  consequence 
was,  that  they  entu-ely  stripped  the  fohage  from  the 
stalks,  so  that  but  a  small  and  impoverished  crop  of 

*  Crioceris  trilineata.   01  iv.  j  Cantharis  cinerea.     Oliv. 

J  Gledilschia  triacanthos.    Willd. 


20 

beans  was  gathered,  and  the  prospect  of  a  second 
crop,  usually  obtained  from  the  suckers  after  the  stalks 
are  headed  down,  was  entirely  ruined.  Should  the 
devastations  of  the  Cantharides  increase,  it  would  be- 
come an  object  to  attempt  to  diminish  their  numbers 
by  collecting  them  for  medical  use. 

I  am  disposed  to  rank  the  turnip,  as  a  root,  next  in 
value  to  the  potato.  In  many  countries  it  forms  a 
large  part  of  the  vegetable  sustenance  of  man  and  of 
his  domestic  animals.  It  is  stated  that  in  England, 
soon  after  the  turnip  appears  above  ground,  a  host  of 
little  jumping  beetles,  called  by  the  farmers  the  fly  * 
attack  and  devour  the  seed-leaves,  so  that,  on  account 
of  this  destruction,  the  land  is  often  obliged  to  be  re- 
sown,  and  frequently  with  no  better  success.!  The 
consequent  loss  sustained  in  the  turnip  crops  of  Dev- 
onshire, in  the  year  1786,  is  estimated,  in  Young's 
"  Annals  of  Agriculture,"  to  amount,  at  least,  to  one 
hundred  thousand  pounds  sterhng.  In  the  same  country 
the  caterpillar  of  the  cabbage -butterfly  t  attacks  the 
turnip  also  in  great  numbers.  Insects  allied  to  these 
are  found  upon  the  turnip  in  this  country.  The  leaves, 
in  all  stages  of  their  growth,  are  eaten  through  and 
through  with  numerous  holes  by  a  small,  black,  jumping 
beede,  a  species  o{  Haltica.  Some  of  these  insects 
infest  several  of  our  useful  plants,  such  as  the  horse- 
radish, the  mustard,  the  radish,  the  cucumber,  &c. 
The  same  means  for  protecting  these  plants  are  to  be 

*  Hallica  nemorum.    F. 

f  Kirby  &  Spence's  Introduction  to  Entomology.     Vol.  I.  (3d  ed.) 
p.  188. 
J  Pontia  Brassica.    L. 


21 

used,  because  the  habits  of  all  the  Halticas  are  similar. 
It  has  been  recommended  to  sow  a  quantity  of  radish 
seed  with  the  turnip  seed ;  for  the  jumping  beedes  are 
found  to  be  so  much  more  fond  of  the  radish  than  of  the 
turnip  leaf,  that  it  will  desert  the  latter  for  the  former. 
Air-slacked  Hme,  sifted  or  dusted  over  plants,  in  some 
instances  preserves  them,  and  sprinkUng  with  strong 
alkaline  solutions  *  will  kill  the  insects  without  injuring 
the  plants. 

The  native  insect  aUied  to  the  European  cabbage- 
butterfly  has  been  already  mentioned.!  Like  its  con- 
geners, it  can  subsist  upon  many  and  perhaps  all  of  the 
cruciferous  plants,  among  which  are  the  cabbage,  broc- 
coli, cauliflower,  kale,  radish,  mustard,  and  turnip.  It 
is  of  a  beautiful  white  color,  with  dusky  veins  beneath 
the  hinder  wings,  and  in  size  it  is  rather  larger  than 
the  small  yellow  butterfly  of  the  New  England  States. 
Hitherto  it  has  been  observed  only  in  the  hilly  regions 
of  New  Hampshire  and  of  the  northern  part  of  Massa- 
chusetts. There  are  two  broods  in  a  season.  About 
the  last  of  May  and  the  beginning  of  June  the  white 
butterfly  may  be  seen  fluttering  over  plantations  of 
cabbages,  and  turnip  and  radish  beds,  but  seems  to 
prefer  the  turnip  leaf  for  the  place  of  depositing  its 
eggs.  These  are  hatched  between  the  seventh  and  the 
tenth  day.  The  caterpillars  attain  their  full  size  in 
twenty-one  days,  and  are  then,  on  an  average,  one 
inch  and  a  quarter  in  length.     Being  of  a  pale  green 

*  The  solution  may  be  made  by  dissolving'  one  pound  of  hard  soap  in 
twelve  gallons  of  the  soap-suds  left  after  washing,  and  it  should  be 
applied  twice  a  day  with  a  water-pot  or  garden  engine. 

t  Page  7. 


22 

color,  they  are  not  readily  distinguished  from  the  leaves 
under  which  they  reside,  and  upon  which  they  subsist. 
When  they  have  completed  the  feeding  stage,  they  quit 
the  plants,  and  retire  beneath  palings,  or  the  edges  of 
stones,  or  into  the  interstices  of  walls,  suspend  them- 
selves by  the  tail  and  a  loop  around  the  body,  and  be- 
come pupae.  This  state  lasts  eleven  days,  at  the  ex- 
piration of  which  the  insect  comes  forth  a  butterfly, 
which,  during  the  month  of  August,  lays  the  foundation 
for  a  second  generation,  and  perishes.  The  caterpil- 
lars of  the  second  brood  become  pupae  or  chrysalids 
in  the  autumn,  and  remain  in  this  form  until  the  next 
spring.  In  gardens  and  fields  infested  by  these  cater- 
pillars, boards  should  be  placed  horizontally  an  inch  or 
two  above  the  surface  of  the  ground ;  these  would 
form  a  tempting  shelter  for  the  pupae,  and  render  it 
easy  for  the  farmer  to  collect  and  destroy  them.  ' 

Another  American  butterfly,*  originally  appropriated 
to  our  native  umbellate  plants,  has  discovered  the 
natural  affinities  of  those  of  foreign  origin,  and  made 
them  subservient  to  the  support  of  its  progeny.  The 
carrot,  parsley,  and  celery  of  the  garden  appear  now 
to  be  more  subject  to  its  attacks,  than  the  conium  and 
cicuta  of  the  fields,  though  these  troublesome  and 
poisonous  weeds  are  suffered  to  grow  in  unchecked 
abundance.  This  butterfly  is  one  of  our  most  common 
species  ;  it  is  of  large  size,  of  a  black  color,  ornament- 
ed above  with  yellow,  and  beneath  with  tawny  spots  ; 
and  the  caterpillar,  from  which  it  proceeds,  is  a  pale 
green,  smooth  worm,  checkered  with  black  and  yellow 

*  Papilio  asterias.    F. 


23 

spots.  When  irritated,  this  caterpillar  has  the  power 
of  projecting  from  the  fore-part  of  its  body  a  pair  of 
orange-colored  feelers,  which  exhale  an  intolerably 
nauseous  odor,  and,  like  those  of  the  snail,  can  be 
withdrawn  and  concealed  at  pleasure.  This  scent- 
organ  is  given  to  it  for  repelling  its  enemies,  and  it 
has,  undoubtedly,  made  the  insect  known  to  many 
of  you.  Like  the  caterpillar  of  the  turnip,  this  retires 
from  the  plants  when  fully  grown,  suspends  itself  in 
the  same  way,  and,  in  process  of  time,  becomes  a  but- 
terfly. The  only  means  that  occur  to  me  for  destroy- 
ing this  insect,  consist  in  carefully  picking  it,  in  the 
caterpillar  state,  from  the  plants  which  it  inhabits.  It 
is  evident,  however,  that  this  can  be  done  only  to  a 
limited  extent ;  and,  fortunately,  it  can  be  necessary 
only  with  respect  to  the  parsley,  for  the  abundant 
foliage  of  the  other  plants  renders  them  less  hable  to 
suffer  by  the  loss  of  a  portion  of  it. 

The  lettuce  and  cabbage,  in  common  with  almost 
every  plant,  are  subject  to  the  attack  of  their  pecuhar 
aphides,  or  plant-lice.  The  fecundity  of  these  insects 
surpasses  that  of  any  known  animal ;  for  Reaumur  has 
proved,  that,  in  five  generations,  one  individual  may 
become  the  progenitor  of  nearly  six  billions  of  descend- 
ants ;  and  many  generations  succeed  each  other  in  a 
single  season.  What  is  still  more  singular  in  regard 
to  these  insects,  is  their  mode  of  increase.  The  first 
brood  is  hatched  in  the  spring  from  eggs  laid  in  the 
preceding  autumn,  but  all  the  other  broods  during 
summer  are  produced  ahve.*     Aphides,  in  all  their 


*  For  some  other  particulars  a  paper,  by  the  author,  may  be  consulted 
in  "The  New  England  Farmer,"    Vol.  VI.  p.  393. 


24 

stages,  are  active,  and  live  by  suction.  They  are  fur- 
nished with  a  tubular  mouth  or  proboscis,  with  which 
they  pierce  the  leaves,  buds,  and  annual  stems  of 
plants,  injuring  and  even  poisoning  them  by  their  nu- 
merous punctures,  and  exhausting  them  by  abstracting 
the  sap  for  their  own  nourishment.  Different  methods 
of  destroying  plant-lice  have  been  suggested,  all  of 
which  may  undoubtedly  be  useful.  The  preference, 
in  my  opinion,  is  to  be  given  to  strong  soap-suds,  or 
to  a  mixture  of  that  with  tobacco-water,  thrown  warm 
upon  the  infested  plants,  which  afterwards  should  be 
thoroughly  drenched  with  pure  water,  if  their  leaves 
are  to  be  used  as  food.  It  is  said  that  hot  water  may 
be  employed  with  perfect  safety  and  success  to  de- 
stroy these  noxious  insects,  wherever  they  exist. 

An  insect,  called  the  cut-worm  is  the  pest  of  the 
cabbage  yard.  It  is  a  naked  caterpillar,  the  larva  of  a 
moth  or  JVoctua,  so  named  from  its  nocturnal  habits. 
It  passes  the  first  two  states  of  its  existence  in  the 
earth,  and  in  the  last,  or  moth  state,  flies  only  by  night. 
In  the  night,  also,  the  caterpillar  issues  from  its  retreat, 
and  attacks  and  eats  off  the  young  cabbage  at  its  root. 
In  the  morning  the  enemy  may  usually  be  discovered 
an  inch  or  two  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil,  im- 
mediately about  the  roots  of  the  cabbage.  Rolling 
the  roots  and  stems  of  the  plants  in  ashes  or  ground 
plaster  before  transplanting,  as  well  as  surrounding 
them  with  paper  cylinders,  has  proved  a  preservative 
against  the  cut-worm. 

Cucumbers  in  England  enjoy  an  immunity  from 
insect  assailants,  but  with  us  they  are  deprived  of  this 
privilege.   Besides  the  minute  black  Haltka  or  jumping 


25 

beetle,  which  is  so  injurious  to  it  immediately  after  the 
expansion  of  its  seed-leaves,  the  well-known  cucumber- 
fly,'^  a  little  beede,  striped  with  black  and  yellow, 
devours  its  leaves  in  the  spring  and  summer,  but  is 
pardcularly  obnoxious  in  the  early  part  of  the  season. 
The  metamorphoses  of  this  insect  have  not  yet  been 
traced,  but  I  have  reason  for  beheving  that  they  take 
place  in  the  earth.  Various  means  have  been  tried  to 
protect  the  vines,  and  to  destroy  the  insects  upon  them. 
Dr.  Barton  f  says,  that  "  nothing  has  been  found  so 
beneficial  as  a  mixture  of  tobacco  and  red  pepper 
sprinkled  over  the  vines."  Some  have  advised  water- 
ing them  with  a  solution  of  one  ounce  of  Glauber's 
salts  in  a  quart  of  water.  One  writer,  in  "  The  New- 
England  Farmer,"  applies  ground  plaster ;  a  second, 
slacked  lime ;  and  a  third  extols  the  use  of  charcoal 
dust.  Some  protect  their  young  vines  with  millinet 
stretched  upon  small  frames ;  and  others  sdck  in  the 
ground  at  night  torches  of  pine  knots,  or  splinters  of 
tar-barrels,  to  attract  and  consume  the  insects. 

The  squash,  pumpkin,  and  melon  vines  are  occa- 
sionally attacked  by  these  insects,  but  not  to  so  great 
an  extent  as  the  cucumber.  They  are,  however,  more 
infested  by  some  other  noxious  insects.  Among  these 
the  most  redoubtable  is  the  large  squash-hug  already 
noticed.  X  This  insect  conceals  itself  on  the  approach 
of  winter  in  any  crevice  which  will  afford  it  shelter, 
and  remains  torpid  until  the  ensuing  spring,  when  it 
issues  from  its  winter-quarters,  and  deposits  its  eggs 

*  Galeruca  vitlata.    F. 

f  Fragments  of  the  Natural  History  of  Pennsylvania.    Part  I.  Tables, 
p.  4.  \  Page  12. 

4 


26 

in  clusters  beneath  the  leaves  of  the  vme.  These 
ought  daily  to  be  sought  for  and  crushed.  Whatever 
contributes  to  bring  forward  the  plants  rapidly,  and  to 
promote  the  vigor  and  luxuriance  of  their  foliage,  ren- 
ders them  less  liable  to  suffer  by  the  exhausting  punc- 
tures of  the  young  bugs.  Water  drained  from  a  cow- 
yard  and  similar  preparations  have,  with  this  intent, 
been  applied  with  benefit. 

During  the  month  of  August  the  squash  and  other 
cucurbitaceous  vines  are  frequently  found  to  die  sud- 
denly down  to  the  root.  The  cause  of  this  premature 
decay  is  a  httle  whitish  worm  or  caterpillar,  which  be- 
gins its  operations  near  the  ground,  perforates  the 
stem,  and  devours  the  interior.  It  afterwards  enters 
the  soil,  forms  a  cocoon  of  a  coarse,  silky  substance, 
covered  with  particles  of  earth,  changes  to  a  chrysalis, 
and  comes  forth  the  next  summer  a  perfect  insect. 
The  insect,  thus  disclosed,  is  nearly  related  to  the 
peach-tree  borer,  and  belongs  to  the  same  genus.  It 
has  been  described  *  by  the  name  o^^geria  Cucurhitm, 
the  trivial  name  indicating  the  family  of  plants  on 
which  the  larva  feeds.  It  is  conspicuous  for  its  orange- 
colored  body,  spotted  with  black,  and  its  hind  legs 
fringed  with  long  orange-colored  and  black  hairs. 
From  the  tenth  of  July  till  the  middle  of  August  I  have 
seen  it  hovering  over  the  vines,  and  occasionally  alight- 
ing upon  them  close  to  the  roots  to  deposit  its  eggs. 
From  what  is  known  of  its  habits,  periods,  and  place 
of  attack,  it  is  probable  that  smearing  the  vine  around 
the  roots  with  blubber,  repeatedly,  during  the  month 
of  July,  may  repel  the  invader. 

*  New  England  Farmer.    Vol.  VII.  p.  33. 


27 

So  far  as  my  own  observations  extend,  the  annual 
and  perennial  flowers  that  embellish  our  parterres  and 
pleasure-grounds  seem  less  exposed  to  insect  depre- 
dations, than  the  produce  of  the  kitchen-garden.  One 
of  our  greatest  favorites,  the  rose,  often  has  its  foliage 
sheared  by  the  leaf-cutter  bee,  which  uses  the  scal- 
loped fragments  in  the  fabrication  of  its  patch-w^ork 
nest.  That  general  despoiler,  the  rose-bug,  which 
receives  its  name  from  its  fondness  for  the  petals  of  the 
rose,  will  be  noticed  in  another  place.  For  the  extermi- 
nation of  the  Jlphides  that  infest  this  and  other  plants, 
in  the  garden,  the  parlour,  or  the  green-house,  fumiga- 
tions and  decoctions  of  tobacco,  or  solutions  of  soap, 
may  be  used  with  advantage,  as  already  recommended. 

Housed  plants  are  considerably  injured  by  an  oval 
bark-louse,  the  Coccus  Hesperidum  of  Linnaeus,  which 
has  been  introduced  from  abroad.  It  looks  like  an 
inanimate  scale  adhering  to  the  plant,  and  is  furnished 
with  a  proboscis  beneath  the  breast,  through  which  it 
draws  the  sap  and  deprives  the  plant  of  no  inconsider- 
able portion  of  its  nutriment.  By  piercing  them  with 
a  pin,  they  can  be  made  to  quit  their  hold  in  the  early 
stages  of  their  life ;  but  later  they  become  immovably 
fixed,  the  males  in  order  to  undergo  their  last  meta- 
morphosis, and  the  females  for  the  purpose  of  deposit- 
ing their  eggs.  The  body  then  hardens  and  becomes 
a  shell,  under  which  these  operations  take  place. 
Subsequently  the  males,  which  are  very  small,  and 
furnished  with  wings,  issue  backwards  from  their 
shells  ;  but  the  females  perish  without  acquiring  wings, 
leaving  beneath  them  the  eggs,  which  their  lifeless 
bodies  shelter  till  they  are  hatched.     Another  foreign 


28 

bark-louse,  called  the  mealy-hug,  is  naturalized  in  our 
green-houses,  where  it  does  much  injury.  It  is  the 
Coccus  Adonidum,  and  is  at  once  distinguished  from 
the  former  by  the  white  dust  with  which  it  is  covered, 
and  by  the  cottony  substance  with  which  it  envelopes 
its  eggs.  Bark-Hce  of  every  kind  may  be  destroyed 
by  the  application  of  a  ley  of  ashes,  or  a  solution  of 
potash. 

An  infinite  number  of  noxious  insects  invade  our 
fruit-bearing  trees  and  shrubs.  It  will  be  possible 
to  notice  but  a  few  of  them.  Passing  by,  therefore, 
the  minute  bugs  which  revel  upon  the  juices  of  the 
raspberry  and  strawberry,  and  make  themselves  known 
only  by  their  abominable  odor  when  crushed  ;  —  the 
ants,  wasps,  and  flies,  which  unite  to  rob  us  of  our  ripe 
grapes,  cherries,  peaches,  and  pears ;  —  the  saw-fly,  an 
imported  insect,  whose  gregarious  larvae  devour  the 
leaves  of  the  gooseberry  ;  —  the  JEgeria,*  also  a  for- 
eigner, which,  in  the  caterpillar  state,  perforates  the 
stems  of  the  currant-bush;  —  the  muscle-shaped  bark- 
louse  which  adheres  to  the  Hmbs,  and  the  moth  whose 
caterpillar  lives  in  the  fruit,  of  the  apple-tree,  both 
apparently  introduced  from  abroad  ;  —  passing  by 
these,  and  a  host  besides,  we  must  advert  only  to 
some  of  the  insects,  whose  threatened,  repeated,  or 
extensive  ravages  render  them  peculiarly  obnoxious 
to  the  lover  of  good  fruit. 

From  a  period  of  high  antiquity,  the  culture  of  the 
grape  has  occupied  the  attention  of  civihzed  man.  In 
regions  favorable  to  its  growth,  it  forms  a  very  con- 

*  Mgeria  tipuliformis.    F. 


29 

siderable  portion  of  the  daily  food  of  the  inhabitants ; 
to  the  well  it  is  one  of  the  most  wholesome  and  nour- 
ishing of  fruits,  and  to  the  sick  and  feeble  the  most 
innocent  and  grateful.  As  a  staple  commodity  it  is  an 
important  source  of  national  wealth  and  happiness, 
affording  employment  and  support  to  a  great  population 
engaged  in  its  cultivation,  and  in  the  manufacture  and 
exportation  of  its  valuable  products.  The  insects,  which 
prey  upon  this  noble  plant,  have  always  been  viewed 
with  great  solicitude,  and,  at  times,  the  most  vigorous 
individual  and  united  efforts  have  been  made  for  their 
destruction.  In  our  own  country,  where  the  foreign 
vine  is  now  successfully  cultivated,  and  the  native 
sorts  have  already  been  brought  to  yield  a  profitable 
vintage,  some  progress  has  been  made  in  devising  and 
putting  into  execution  the  means  of  limiting  the  ravages 
of  insects.  The  more  perfect  our  knowledge  of  these 
insects,  and  the  more  general  and  united  our  pursuit 
of  them,  the  greater  will  be  the  success  that  will  crown 
our  efforts. 

It  is  said,*  that  some  persons  have  entirely  aban- 
doned their  vines  in  consequence  of  the  depredations 
of  a  small  insect,  which,  for  many  years,  was  supposed 
to  be  the  vine-fretter  of  Europe.  So  far  from  being 
identical,  it  does  not  belong  even  to  the  same  genus, 
and  its  economy  is  widely  different  from  that  of  the 
vine-fretter,  puceron,  or  Jlphis.  It  is  described,  in  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Americana,"  f  by  the  name  of  Tetti- 
gonia  Vitis.  In  its  perfect  state  it  is  nearly  one  tenth 
of  an  inch  long,  is  furnished  w4th  four  wings,  the  under 

*  Fessenden's  New  American  Gardener.    6th  ed.    p.  299. 
t  Vol.  VIII.  page  43.    Article  Locust. 


30 

pair,  when  at  rest,  being  concealed  by  the  upper  pair, 
which  are  straw-colored,  with  two  broad  scarlet  bands 
across  them,  and  a  black  spot  at  the  tips.  On  turning 
up  the  leaves  of  the  vine  cautiously,  the  insects  will 
be  seen  in  great  numbers  with  their  puncturing 
tubes  thrust  into  the  tender  epidermis.  When  the 
vine  is  agitated,  the  little  Tetiigonice  leap  from  it  in 
swarms,  but  soon  alight  and  recommence  their  destruc- 
tive operations.  The  infested  leaves  at  length  become 
yellow,  sickly,  and  prematurely  dry,  and  give  to  the 
plant,  at  midsummer,  the  aspect  it  assumes  naturally 
on  the  approach  of  winter.  These  insects  pass  through 
all  their  metamorphoses  upon  the  plant ;  the  wingless 
larvae  and  pupae  are  active,  have  a  general  resemblance 
to  the  perfect  insect,  and  feed  together  in  the  same 
manner  beneath  the  leaves,  where  also  are  found  ad- 
hering innumerable  empty  skins,  cast  off  by  them  in 
their  progress  to  maturity.  They  survive  the  winter 
in  the  perfect  state,  hybernating  beneath  sticks,  stones, 
and  fallen  leaves,  and  among  the  roots  of  grass.  The 
Tettigonia  of  the  vine  is  more  hardy,  and  more  viva- 
cious than  the  ^^phis  ;  hence  the  applications  that  have 
proved  destructive  to  the  latter  are  by  no  means  so 
efficacious  with  the  former.  Fumigations  of  tobacco, 
beneath  .a  movable  tent  placed  over  the  trellises,  an- 
swer the  purpose  completely.  They  require  frequent 
repetition  and  considerable  care  to  prevent  the  escape 
and  ensure  the  destruction  of  the  insects ;  circum- 
stances which  render  the  discovery  of  some  more 
expeditious  method  an  object  of  great  importance  to 
those  whose  vineyards  are  extensive. 


31 

The  natural  history  of  the  rose-hug,  one  of  the  most 
powerful  assailants  of  the  vine,  was  for  a  long  time 
involved  in  mystery,  but  is  at  last  fully  cleared  up.* 
Fabricius,  a  German  naturahst,  was  the  first  to  give  a 
scientific  description  of  this  insect,  which  he  received 
from  America,  and  apphed  to  it  the  name  of  Melolon- 
tha  subspinosa.     Its  prevalence  upon  the  rose,  and  its 
annual  appearance  coinciding  with  the  blossoming  of 
that  flower,  have  gained  for  it  the  popular  name  by 
which  it  is  here  known.     For  some  time  after  they 
were  first  noticed,  rose-bugs  appeared  to  be  confined 
to  their  favorite,  the  rose ;  but  within  twenty  years  they 
have  prodigiously  increased  in  number,  have  attacked 
indiscriminately  various  kinds  of  plants,  and  have  be- 
come  notorious   for   their   extensive   and   deplorable 
ravages.     The  grape-vine  in   particular,   the   cherry, 
plum,  and  apple  trees  have  annually  suff'ered  by  their 
depredations ;  many  other  fruit-trees  and  shrubs,  gar- 
den vegetables  and  corn,  and  even  the  trees  of  the 
forest  and  the  grass  of  the  fields,  have  been  laid  under 
contribution  by  these  indiscriminate  feeders,  by  whom 
leaves,  flowers,  and  fruits  are  ahke  consumed.     The 
simultaneous  appearance  of  these  insects  in  swarms, 
and  their  sudden  disappearance,  are  remarkable  facts 
in  their  history.     They  arrive  early  in  June,  and  con- 
tinue for  about  a  month.     At  the  expiration  of  this 
time,  the  males  become  exhausted,  fall  to  the  ground, 
and  perish,  while  the  females  enter  the  earth,  lay  their 
eggs,  and  also  die.     The  eggs  laid  by  each  female  are 
about  thirty  in  number,  are  deposited  from  one  to  four 

*  See  The  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Repository  (for  July,  1827), 
Vol.  X.  p.  1,  &c.;  also  the  New  England  Farmer.  Vol.  VI.  pp.18, 
41,  49,  &c. 


32 

inches  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  are  usually 
hatched  in  twenty  days.  At  the  close  of  summer  the 
larvae,  which  are  whitish  grubs,  attain  their  full  size, 
being  then  nearly  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  de- 
scend below  the  reach  of  frost,  and  pass  the  winter  in 
a  torpid  state.  In  the  spring  they  approach  the  sur- 
face, form  htde  cells  or  cavides  by  compressing  the 
earth  around  them,  and  become  pupae.  This  change 
occurs  during  the  month  of  May  ;  and  in  the  beginning 
of  June,  having  divested  themselves  of  their  pupa- 
skins,  they  emerge  from  the  earth  in  their  perfect  state. 
Such  being  the  metamorphoses  and  habits  of  these 
insects,  it  is  evident  that  we  cannot  attack  them  in  the 
egg,  the  larva,  or  the  chrysalis  state ;  the  enemy,  in 
these  stages,  is  beyond  our  reach,  and  is  subject  to 
the  control  only  of  the  natural  but  inscrutable  means 
appointed  by  the  Author  of  Nature  to  keep  the  insect 
tribes  in  check.  When  they  have  issued  from  their 
subteiTanean  retreats,  and  have  congregated  upon  our 
vines,  trees,  and  other  vegetable  productions,  in  the 
complete  enjoyment  of  their  propensities,  we  must 
unite  our  efforts  to  seize  and  crush  the  invaders. 
They  must  indeed  be  crushed,  scalded,  or  burned,  to 
deprive  them  of  hfe,  for  none  of  the  applications  usually 
found  destructive  to  other  insects  seem  to  affect  these. 
Experience  has  proved  the  utility  of  ^gathering  them 
by  hand,  or  of  shaking  them  into  vessels.  They  should 
be  collected  daily  during  the  period  of  their  visitation, 
Mr.  Lowell*  states,  that  in  1823  he  discovered,  on  a 
solitary  apple-tree,  the  rose-bugs  "  in  vast  numbers, 

*  Mass.  Agr.  Repos.  Vol.  IX.  page  145. 


33 

such  as  could  not  be  described,  and  would  not  be 
believed  if  they  were  described,  or,  at  least,  none  but 
an  ocular  witness  could  conceive  of  their  numbers. 
Destruction  by  hand  was,"  in  this  case,  "  out  of  the 
question."  He  put  sheets  under  the  tree,  and  shook 
them  down,  and  burnt  thero.  Rose-bugs  are  day- 
fliers,  and  do  not  use  their  wings  readily  during  the 
night,  which  would  therefore  be  the  most  suitable  time 
to  perform  the  operation  mentioned  by  Mr.  Lowell. 
Dr.  Green,  of  Mansfield,  whose  investigations  *  have 
rendered  the  history  of  this  insect  complete,  proposes 
protecting  particular  plants  with  millinet,  and  says  that 
in  this  way  only  did  he  succeed  in  securing  his  grape- 
vines from  depredation.  A  strong  mixture  of  black 
pepper  and  tobacco  in  water  was  applied  by  him  with  a 
brush  to  the  leaves  and  fruit ;  but  it  came  short  of  the 
end  desired.  Air-slacked  lime  or  flowers  of  sulphur, 
dusted  upon  and  beneath  the  leaves  when  wet  with 
dew,  have,  in  several  instances,  under  my  own  obser- 
vation, partially  screened  them  from  attack.  Of  kte 
years  the  rose-bug  has  perceptibly  diminished  in  num- 
bers ;  but  I  regret  to  observe,  that  it  is  likely  to  be 
replaced  by  a  destroyer  of  the  same  genus,  with  simi- 
lar habits  and  powers.  This  insect  is  of  a  broad  oval 
shape,  of  a  rust  color,  and  rather  larger  in  size  than 
the  rose-bug.  It  is  the  Melolontha  varians  of  Fabricius, 
and  is  closely  allied  to  the  vine-chaffer,  so  destructive 
to  the  vine  in  Europe.  The  leaves  of  the  wild  grape- 
vine are  its  natural  food,  but,  like  the  rose -bug,  it  is  not 
particular  in   its   choice.     In  the   year  1825   I   first 

*  New  England  Farmer,  Vol.  VI.  pages  41,  49,  &c. 

5 


34 

observed  it  on  the  foreign  grape-vine,  in  a  garden  in 
this  vicinity.  In  a  late  visit  to  the  same  spot,  I  found  it 
in  great  numbers  on  this  vine,  and  also  upon  several 
kinds  of  garden  vegetables.  A  much  larger  beede,*  of 
a  brownish  yellow  color,  with  eight  black  spots  on  its 
back,  also  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  the  cultivated  and 
wild  grape.  These  insects  are  to  be  combated  by  the 
same  means  that  have  been  found  successful  against 
the  rose -bug. 

The  larvae  of  three  species  of  Sphinx,]  whose  meta- 
morphoses are  similar  to  those  of  the  potato-worm, 
devour  the  leaves  of  the  vine.  They  are  large,  fleshy, 
naked  caterpillars,  feeding  mostly  at  night,  and  re- 
maining at  rest  during  the  day-time,  when  they  will 
sit  with  the  head  and  fore  part  of  the  body  erect  in  the 
most  self-sufficient  and  dogged  manner  for  hours. 
From  this  odd  attitude,  resembling  that  of  the  fabulous 
Sphinx  sculptured  by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  the  genus 
received  its  name.  Three  or  four  of  these  insects  are 
able  to  devour  every  leaf  upon  a  vine ;  but  their 
ravages  early  betray  them,  and  render  it  easy  to  arrest 
them  in  their  career. 

Omitting  several  other  insects  of  minor  powers, 
I  shall  close  my  list  of  the  assailants  of  the  vine  with  a 
few  observations  upon  a  species  of  Tenthredo,  J  or 
saw-fly,  whose  gradually  increasing  ravages  I  have 
long  noticed.  This  insect  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  named  or  described,  at  least  it  is  not  to  be  iden- 
tified by  any  description  accessible  to  me.      In  its 

*  Melolontha  punctata.    L. 

^Sphinx  Grantor,    Cramer;    (S*.    satellilia? ,    Drury ;    and   S,  pam- 
mnatrix,  Smith. 

I  Tenthredo  (Selandria)  Vitis.    Harris. 


35 

perfect  state  it  is  a  little  four- winged  fly,  of  a  jet-black 
color,  except  the  thorax,  or  part  of  the  back  between 
the  wings,  which  is  red,  and  the  legs,  which  are  varie- 
gated with  pale  yellow.  The  body  of  the  female 
measures  one  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  that  of  the 
male  is  somewhat  shorter.  Small  and  apparently 
innocuous  as  these  insects  are,  each  pair  may  become 
the  progenitors  of  forty  or  fifty  destructive  larvae.  The 
flies  rise  from  the  ground  in  the  spring,  not  all  at  one 
time,  but  at  irregular  intervals,  and  deposit  their  eggs 
beneath  the  terminal  leaves  of  the  vine.  The  larvae, 
unlike  those  of  the  saw-fly  of  the  cherry-tree,  are  long 
and  cylindrical,  resembling  caterpillars  ;  they  feed  in 
company,  side  by  side,  beneath  the  leaves,  each  fra- 
ternity consisting  of  a  dozen  or  more  individuals. 
Commencing  upon  the  first  leaf,  at  its  edge,  they 
devour  the  whole  of  it,  then  proceed  to  the  next,  and 
so  on  successively  down  the  branch,  till  all  the  leaves 
have  disappeared,  or  tiU  the  insects  have  reached 
their  full  size.  They  then  average  five  eighths  of  an 
inch  in  length  ;  the  head  and  tip  of  the  tail  are  black, 
and  the  body  is  pale  green,  with  transverse  rows  of 
minute  black  points.  Having  finished  the  feeding  state, 
they  leave  the  vine,  enter  the  earth,  form  for  them- 
selves small  oval  cells,  change  to  pupae,  in  due  dme 
emerge  from  the  earth  in  the  perfect  state,  and  lay 
their  eggs  for  a  second  brood.  The  larvae  of  this 
second  brood  are  not  transformed  to  flies  until  the 
ensuing  spring,  but  remain  torpid  in  their  earthen  cells 
through  the  winter.  During  the  present  summer  many 
vines  have  been  entirely  stripped  of  their  leaves  by 
these   insects,   and  the  evil  seems  evidently  on  the 


36 

increase.  Air-rslacked  lime,  which  is  fatal  to  these 
larvae,  should  be  dusted  upon  them ;  and  the  ground 
beneath  the  vines  should  also  be  strewed  with  it  or 
with  ashes,  to  ensure  the  destruction  of  those  that  fall. 
A  solution  of  one  pound  of  common  hard  soap  in  five 
or  six  gallons  of  soft  water,  is  used  by  Enghsh  garden- 
ers to  destroy  the  Tenthredo  of  the  gooseberry,  and 
might  perhaps  be  equally  destructive  to  that  of  the 
grape-vine.  It  is  applied  warm,  by  means  of  a  garden 
engine,  early  in  the  morning  or  in  the  evening. 

The  slug-worm,  which  in  some  seasons  does  so 
much  injury  to  the  cherry,  pear,  and  plum  trees,  is  a 
species  of  Tenthredo,  agreeing  in  its  metamorphoses 
with  that  just  mentioned,  but  differing  from  it  in  some 
of  its  habits  and  in  its  appearance.  The  excellent 
and  well-known  history  *  of  this  insect,  by  Professor 
Peck,  has  left  for  me  nothing  to  say,  excepting  that 
ashes  or  lime,  sifted  upon  the  trees  by  means  of  the 
simple  apparatus  recommended  by  Mr.  Lowell,  is  fully 
adequate  to  the  destruction  of  the  slugs. 

The  cherry-tree  annually  suffers  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent  from  the  destruction  of  its  fohage  by  the  beetle 
or  dorr-bug.^  From  the  middle  of  May  till  the  end  of 
June,  myriads  of  these  large  brown  beetles  congregate 
at  night  upon  our  fruit-trees  ;  the  air  is  filled  with 
swarms  of  them  rushing  with  headlong  and  booming 
flight,  and  impinging  against  every  obstacle  ;  while  the 
very  grass  beneath  our  feet  seems  ahve  and  rustling 
with  the  new-born  beetles  issuing  from  the  soil,  and 
essaying  their  untried  wings.     The  metamorphoses  of 

*  Natural  History  of  the  Slug-worm.     8vo.     Boston.     1799. 
j-  Melolontha  (^uercina,     Knoch. 


37 

these  insects  have  ah-eady  been  explained.*  Their 
larvae  continue  in  the  soil  three  years,  devour  the  roots 
of  the  grasses,  and  destroy  them  sometimes  to  such  an 
extent,  that  the  turf  may  be  raised  and  rolled  up  like  a 
carpet.f  In  the  evening  these  beetles  may  be  shaken 
from  our  young  fruit-trees,  and  gathered  in  cloths 
spread  to  receive  them.  A  writer  in  the  "  New  York 
Evening  Post  "  observes,  that  on  the  very  first  experi- 
ment two  pails -full  of  beetles  were  thus  collected. 

Cherries,  in  common  with  most  other  stone-fruits, 
are  often  found  to  contain  grubs  within  them  ;  and  it 
has  been  confidently  and  repeatedly  asserted,  that 
these  were  produced  by  the  May-beetle,  or  Melolon- 
tha  just  mendoned.  This  is  one  of  the  many  errors 
committed  by  persons  unacquainted  with  Entomology ; 
and  its  correction  is  of  importance  to  nomenclature, 
and,  in  its  results,  to  horticulture.  The  real  source  of 
this  mischief  is  a  kind  of  weevil,  called  by  Herbst,  its 
first  de^criber,  Curculio  nenuphar,  and  re-described  by 
Professor  Peck,  %  by  the  name  of  Rhynchcenus  Cerasi. 
This  insect  is  one  fifth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  dark  brown 
color,  clothed  with  minute  reddish  and  white  hairs,  and 
its  wing-shells  are  covered  with  tubercles.  It  is  fur- 
nished with  a  curved  rostrum  or  snout,  with  which  it 
inflicts  its  noxious  punctures.  Repeatedly  has  this 
insect  been  raised  from  the  larvae  or  grubs,  that  are  so 
well  known  to  occasion  the  premature  ripening  and 
fall  of  the  plum,  cherry,  nectarine,  apricot,  and  peach. 

*  Page  12. 

f  This  actually  happened  on  the  farm  of  John  Prince,  Esq.  at  Rox- 
bury. 
X  Mass.  Agr.  Repos.  k,  Journal.     Vol.  V.    p'Jge  312, 


38 

Professor  Peck  also  obtained  it  from  the  grubs  that 
inhabit  the  excrescences  of  the  cherry-tree ;  and 
hence  there  is  reason  for  beheving,  that  those  which 
are  found  in  similar  excrescences,  that  deform  the 
hmbs  of  the  plum-tree,  are  produced  by  the  same 
insect.  Further  observations  are  requisite  to  clear  up 
this  point.  The  larvae,  whatever  they  may  be,  leave 
the  diseased  branches  near  the  end  of  June ;  hence  is 
established  the  expediency  of  extirpating  and  burning 
the  tumors  early  in  that  month.  Those  that  inhabit 
the  fruits  above  mendoned,  enter  the  earth  soon  after 
the  fall  of  the  fruits,  and  pass  through  their  last  changes 
in  the  course  of  three  weeks  afterwards.  Fallen  stone- 
fruit  should  therefore  be  gathered  without  delay,  and 
be  given  to  swine. 

Peach-trees  once  were  the  glory  of  our  gardens 
and  orchards,  yielding  their  rich  fruit  in  such  abun- 
dance, that  not  only  were  our  tables  amply  supplied, 
but  it  was  used  by  the  distiller  for  the  purpose  of 
being  converted  into  spirit,  and  by  the  farmer  to  feed 
his  swine.  These  valuable  trees  are  now  the  victims 
of  disease  and  the  prey  of  insects.  From  persons 
skilled  in  vegetable  physiology  and  meteorology  we 
have  yet  to  learn,  how  far  solar,  atmospheric,  and  ter- 
restrial influences  are  concerned  in  exciting  the  various 
diseases  with  which  they  are  annually  attacked  and 
contaminated;  what  treatment  can  be  adopted  for 
those  which  are  upon  the  decline ;  and  what  changes  in 
soil,  aspect,  and  management,  will  ensure  the  continued 
health  of  the  young  and  vigorous.  It  is  certain  that 
Jlphides  and  a  species  of  Thrips  attack  the  leaves, 
puncture,  poison,   and   exhaust  them,   and   occasion 


39 

them  in  time  to  curl  up,  thicken,  and  perish.  The 
enemy  is  readily  discovered,  hving  in  numbers  within 
the  litde  hollow,  red  convexities  that  deform  the  leaves  : 
but  it  is  not  equally  certain  that  these  insects  are  the 
cause  of  the  sudden  disease,  which,  like  a  pestilendal 
miasm,  pervades  the  foliage,  rapidly  changes  its  struc- 
ture, suspends  its  vital  functions,  and  causes  it  prema- 
turely to  wither  and  fall.  In  some  instances  that  have 
fallen  under  my  own  observation,  no  insects  could  be 
discovered  beneath  the  leaves ;  and  the  symptoms  of 
disease  were  too  recent  and  sudden  in  their  appearance 
to  have  originated  from  such  a  source.  The  means  of 
destroying  Aphides  are  readily  obtained  and  applied. 
Solutions  of  soap,  and  weak  alkaline  hquors,  used 
warm,  and  thrown  up  by  a  garden  engine,  are  the 
proper  remedies. 

Nor  is  it  difficult  to  guard  the  peach-tree  against  the 
borer,  which  attacks  it  near  the  root,  or  at  that  place 
denominated  the  7ieck,  the  most  vital  part  of  the  tree. 
More  than  six  years  ago  the  following  means  were 
pointed  out,*  and  success  has  uniformly  attended  their 
use.  Remove  the  earth  around  the  neck  of  the  tree, 
crush  or  burn  the  cocoons  and  larvae  exisdng  there, 
apply  the  common  composition  or  wash  for  fruit-treeSy 
and  surround  the  trunk  with  a  strip  of  sheathing-paper, 
eight  or  nine  inches  wide,  which  should  extend  one  or 
two  inches  below  the  level  of  the  soil,  and  be  secured 
with  strings  of  matting  above.  Fresh  mortar  should 
be  placed  around  the  root,  so  as  to  confine  the  paper 
and  prevent  access  beneath  it,  and  the  remaining  cavity 
may  be  filled  with  fresh  loam.     This  plan,  if  pursued 

*  New  England  Farmer,  Vol.  V.  page  33. 


40 

every  summer,  will  effectually  protect  the  tree  from 
being  girdled  at  its  most  vital  part ;  and  although  the 
insects  may  occasionally  attack  the  unprotected  trunk 
and  hmbs,  the  injury  will  be  comparatively  slight  and 
never  fatal.  Scalding  water,  and  also  soap-suds,  poured 
round  the  root,  have  been  highly  recommended,  both 
for  destroying  the  grubs  and  for  restoring  the  vigor  of 
the  tree.  This  remedy,  from  its  simpUcity,  is  deserving 
of  further  trial.  The  peach-tree  borer  is  entirely  dis- 
tinct, in  all  its  stages,  metamorphoses,  and  habits,  from 
that  which  perforates  the  apple-tree.  It  is  a  whitish 
caterpillar,  furnished  with  legs.  Soon  after  it  is  hatched, 
it  penetrates  the  cuticle,  and  lives  upon  the  inner  bark 
and  alburnum  or  new  wood,  being  often  involved  in 
great  quantities  of  gum  which  issue  from  the  w-ounds. 
During  the  winter  it  remains  torpid  ;  but  in  the  course 
of  the  spring  it  resumes  its  operations,  and  sooner  or 
later  constructs  a  cocoon  from  grains  of  the  bark  ce- 
mented by  a  glutinous  matter,  becomes  a  chrysahs, 
eventually  bursts  open  its  cocoon,  and  is  changed 
to  a  four-winged  insect.  It  deposits  its  eggs  upon  the 
bark  of  the  tree  near  the  root,  soon  after  its  ultimate 
metamorphosis  is  completed,  which  has  been  observed 
to  take  place  from  the  middle  of  July  to  the  last  of 
September.  In  the  "  American  Entomology  "  of  Mr. 
Say,  this  insect  is  correctly  figured  and  described  by 
the  name  oi^geria  exitiosa. 

None  of  our  fruit-trees  are  so  long-lived  as  the  pear, 
and  none  have  been  so  free  from  insect  assailants. 
The  slug  of  the  saic-fly,  as  already  mentioned,  occa- 
sionally robs  it  of  its  fohage,  and  a  minute  wood-eating 
insect  has  lately  preyed  upon  its  limbs.     The  latter 


41 

insect,  named  Scolytus  Pyri  by  Professor  Peck,  who 
detected  the  culprit  in  a  withered  branch  of  the  pear- 
tree,  has  produced  a  great  deal  of  discussion  in  the 
horticultural  papers,  which  it  is  not  my  intention  or 
desire  to  renew.  Permit  me,  however,  to  remark, 
that,  though  long  and  carefully  sought  for  in  the  blasted 
limbs  and  trunks  of  these  trees,  neither  the  insect  in 
question  nor  its  track  has  been  found  by  me,  and 
that  the  only  specimen  in  my  possession  was,  with 
many  others,  discovered  by  a  friend  in  Worcester  in 
the  diseased  hmbs  of  his  pear-trees.  It  is,  therefore, 
not  in  my  power  to  add  any  thing  to  the  account  pub- 
hshed  by  Professor  Peck.*  His  testimony,  drawn 
from  personal  inspection  of  the  seat  and  mode  of  attack 
selected  by  the  insect,  others  have  confirmed  by  their 
own  observations  heretofore  made  pubhc ;  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  Scolytus  is  capable  of  doing 
extensive  injury ;  indeed,  from  what  we  know  of  the 
habits  of  its  nearest  aUies,  we  have  every  reason  to 
fear,  that,  if  permitted  to  increase  in  number,  its  pow- 
ers will  eventually  be  beyond  control.  It  is  gener- 
ally admitted,  if  the  leaves  on  the  extreme  branches 
of  the  pear-tree  should  suddenly  wither  in  the  months 
of  July  and  August,  that  it  is  highly  important  imme- 
diately to  cut  off  the  affected  and  blackened  hmbs  at 
some  distance  below  the  apparent  extent  of  the  injury  ; 
and  if,  on  a  careful  examination,  these  limbs  are  found 
to  contain  insects,  they  should  undoubtedly  be  burned 
without  delay. 

*  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Repository,  Vol.  IV.  page  205. 

6 


42 

To  the  inhabitants  of  New  England,  and  even  of 
the  Middle  States,  the  apple-tree  is  far  more  useful  and 
important  than  any,  and  perhaps  all,  of  the  other  fruit- 
bearing  plants.  This  invaluable  foreign  tree  has  con- 
tinued to  flourish  in  despite  of  the  numerous  insect 
foes,  that  have  come  with  it  to  claim  the  rights  of  natu- 
ralization, and  of  those  indigenous  to  the  country, 
which  have  never  ceased  to  molest  it  and  dispute  its 
claim  to  the  soil.  Among  the  former  may  be  enume- 
rated several  kinds  of  Aphides,  which  infest  its  leaves ; 
the  muscle-shaped  bark-louse,*  and  another  species 
of  Coccus,\  of  a  larger  size  and  broader  form,  both  suf- 
ficiently described  in  "  The  New  England  Farmer  "  ;  J 
the  caterpillar,  that  lives  beneath  the  rugged  bark  of  the 
tree,  and  is  ultimately  changed  to  a  moth ;  ^  another 
caterpillar,  ||  called  here  the  apple-worm,  that  feeds  in 
the  centre  of  the  apple  and  causes  it  prematurely  to 
fall,  an  insect  well  known  both  in  England  and  France ; 
the  tent-making  insect,  called  here,  by  way  of  distinc- 
tion, the  caterpillar^^  which  is  also  an  imported  spe- 
cies ;  and  the  misnamed  Jlmerican  blight,  an  Jlpkis  ** 
clothed  with  a  cottony  fleece,  which  has  been  known 
in  this  country  comparatively  but  a  short  time.  Not  to 
detain  you  by  any  further  remarks  upon  these  insects, 
I  will  only  state,  that  the  apple-ivorm  is  not,  as  has 
been  asserted,   the  young  of  a  curculio,  nor  of  the 

*  Coccus  arborum  linearis.    GeofTroy. 

•j-  Coccus  cryptoganius  ?    Dalmann. 

X  Vol.  VII.  pages  186,  289. 

§  Tinea  corticulis.    F. 

II  Tortrix  pomana.    F.     See  Rosel,  Vol.  I.  Class  IV.  PI.  13. 

H  Bomhyx  castrensis.    L. 

**  Aphis  lanigera.    F.    Eriosoma  Mali.   Leach. 


43 

beetle  or  May-bug ;  but  that  it  proceeds  from  a  moth, 
of  which  an  account,  by  Joseph  Tufts,  Esq.,  was  printed 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Massachusetts  AgricuUural  Socie- 
ty,* and  that  it  has  also  been  described  by  the  Euro- 
pean naturalists  Rosel  and  Reaumur.  These  worms  or 
caterpillars  instinctively  leave  the  fruit  soon  after  it 
falls  from  the  tree,  and  retire  to  some  place  of  con- 
cealment to  become  pupae ;  in  order,  therefore,  to 
get  rid  of  these  noxious  vermin  it  is  necessary  daily 
to  gather  wind-fall  apples,  and  make  such  immediate 
use  of  them  as  will  ensure  the  destruction,  or  prevent 
the  metamorphoses,  of  the  insects. 

A  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  common  caterpillar  of 
the  apple-tree  has  already  been  given,  f  Crushing 
them  while  young  and  within  their  encampments,  is 
the  best  mode  of  destroying  them.  The  use  and 
merits  of  the  brush,  invented  by  Col.  Pickering,  are 
too  well  known  and  appreciated  to  require  any  ad- 
ditional recommendation.  It  is  much  to  be  wished, 
that  some  penalty  could  be  enforced  against  those 
who  neglect  to  employ  the  appropriate  means  for 
destroying  caterpillars  in  the  proper  season,  and  thus 
expose  their  neighbours'  orchards  to  continued  depre- 
dations. 

It  is  highly  probable  that  the  canker-worm  moth  X 
will  prove  to  be  identical  with  the  Phal^na  brumata^  or 

*  Vol.  IV.  page  364.  f  Page  14. 

I  Phalana  ( Geomdra)  vernata.  Peck.  See  his  Prize  Essay,  published 
in  the  "  Papers  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society  "  for  1796. 
See  also  the  Rev.  Noah  Atwater's  Prize  Essay,  ibid. ;  Dr.  Mitchell's 
Remarks  on  the  Canker-Worm,  in  the  "  New  York  Magazine,"  Vol.  VI. 
p.  201,  with  a  plate ;  Dr.  R.  Green  on  the  same  insect,  in  "  The 
Medical  and  Agricultural  Register"  for  1806,  p.  134. 


44 

winter  moth  of  Europe  ;  their  external  appearance  and 
habits  correspond,  and  the  difference  in  the  season  of 
their  occurrence  in  the  perfect  state  may  be  occasioned 
only  by  difference  of  cHmate.     The  canker-worm  is 
very  irregular  in  its  visitations.     For  a  long  period  our 
orchards  may  be   entirely  exempt   from   attack,   and 
then,  during  several  successive  years,  immense  num- 
bers will  appear,  overspread  fruit  and  forest  trees,  and 
deprive  them  of  their  leaves  at  midsummer,  when  the 
loss  is  most  serious  in  its  consequences.    It  is  stated,* 
that  whole  forests  have  perished,  when  thus  stripped 
of  their  sheltering  foliage.     Almost  all  insects,  in  the 
perfect  state,  are  furnished  with  wings :  this  insect  is 
an  exception ;    for,  as  you  well  know,  the  female  is 
without  them  ;  a  deprivation  that  fortunately  confines 
the  individual  within  a  hmited  space,  and  renders  the 
migrations  of  the  species  slow  and  precarious.     It  was 
for  a  while  supposed,  that  these  insects  rose  from  the 
earth  only  in  the  spring ;  but  it  is  ascertained  that  many 
of  them  do  also  appear  in  the  autumn  or  early  part  of 
winter.     In  this  vicinity  f  more  were  seen  during  the 
month  of  October,  1831,  than  in  the  ensuing  spring. 
Irregularities  in  the  period  of  the  last  developement  of 
insects    are   not  unfrequent,  and  they  are  evidently 
designed  to  secure  the  species  from  extinction.    Com- 
plete exemption  from  the  ravages  of  the  canker-worm 
will  depend  upon  keeping  the  wingless  females  from 
ascending  the  body  of  the  tree  to  deposit  their  eggs. 
Many  expedients   to  this  end  have,  at  various  times, 

*  Kalm.  Travels,  Vol.  II.  page  7. 

f  I  noticed  their  occurrence  in  the  autumn  in  Cambridge,  where,  in 
the  open  winter  of  1830-31,  an  intelligent  friend  observed  them 
ascending  in  every  month. 


45 

been  suggested ;  but  on  trial  none  have  stood  the 
test  of  experience  so  well  as  the  application  of  tar 
around  the  trunks.  This  should  be  used  both  late  in 
the  autumn  and  early  in  the  spring,  according  to  rules 
which  are  sufficiently  understood.  Attempts  have 
been  made  *  to  destroy  the  insects  in  the  pupa  state 
by  turning  up  the  soil,  and  exposing  them  to  the  action 
of  the  frost,  and  by  covering  the  earth  an  inch  thick, 
and  to  the  extent  of  three  or  four  feet  around  the  tree, 
with  lime.f  Should  this  practice  supersede  the  neces- 
sity of  tarring,  it  will  not  only  be  an  important  saving 
of  time  and  expense,  but  will  amply  remunerate  the 
farmer  by  the  improved  condition  of  the  land,  and  the 
greater  amount  of  the  fruit. 

Apple-trees,  throughout  our  country,  are  subject  to 
the  attack  of  a  borer,  a  native  insect ;  nor  is  there  any 
one  so  extensively  and  constantly  prevalent.  Notwith- 
standing the  exertions  annually  made  to  banish  it  from 
the  orchard  and  nursery,  year  after  year  it  makes  its 
appearance.  The  reasons  of  this  are  to  be  found  in 
the  economy  of  the  insect,  and  in  individual  neglect, 
neither  of  which  has  excited  sufficient  attention.  The 
common  use  of  the  term  borer  is  deceptive  and  incor- 
rect ;  but,  when  coupled  with  that  of  the  plant  upon 
which  it  preys,  is  admissible.  There  is,  in  fact,  an  im- 
mense number  of  kinds  of  insects,  all  agreeing  in  their 
habits  of  boring  the  trunks  and  limbs  of  trees,  but 
differing  essentially  from  each  other  in   appearance, 

*  See  a  paper  by  the  Hon.  John  Lowell  in  Uie  fourth  volume  of"  The 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  Repository";  also,  one  by  Mr.  Roland 
Howard,  in  "The  New  England  Farmer,"  Vol.  IV.  p.  391  ;  and  Pro- 
fessor Peck's  communication,  in  "  The  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Re- 
pository," Vol.  IV.  p.  89. 

f  Mass.  Agr.  Repos.    Vol.  III.  p.  317. 


46 

periods,  and  metamorphoses,  and  as  much  in  their 
choice  of  food.  No  one  ever  reared  the  JEgeria  exi- 
tiosa  from  the  apple-tree  borer,  nor  could  the  latter 
subsist  in  the  peach-tree.  Certain  species  of  borers 
are  confined  absolutely  to  one  species  of  plant,  while 
other  species  live  indiscriminately  upon  several  plants 
of  the  same  natural  family  ;  but  there  are  few  or  none 
which  exceed  these  limits.  The  borer  of  the  apple- 
tree,  or,  in  other  words,  the  striped  Saperda*  lives,  in 
the  larva  state,  within  the  trunks  of  several  pome- 
bearing  plants,  such  as  the  apple-tree,  quince,t  medlar, 
and  the  near  allies  of  the  last,  the  June-berry  and 
choke-berry  bush,  with  other  species  of  Aronia.  In- 
digenous plants  of  this  last  genus  are  its  natural  food, 
the  perfect  insects  being  found  upon  their  leaves,  and 
the  larvae  in  their  stems.  This  Saperda,  after  its  final 
change,  leaves  the  trunks  of  the  trees  to  fulfill  the  last 
injunctions  of  nature.  It  is  then  furnished  with  ample 
wings  beneath  its  striped  shells,  that  give  to  it  con- 
siderable powers  of  flight,  which  it  does  not  fail  to  use 
in  searching  for  the  tender  leaves  and  fruits  of  plants, 
upon  which  for  a  short  period  it  subsists,  in  seeking 
a  mate,  and  in  selecting  a  proper  place  for  the  depo- 
sition of  its  eggs.  Many  orchards  suffer  from  the  ne- 
glect of  their  proprietors  ;  the  trees  are  permitted  to 
remain,  year  after  year,  without  any  pains  being  taken 
to  destroy  the  numerous  and  various  insects  that  infest 
them  ;  old  orchards,  especially,  are  overlooked,  and  not 
only  the  rugged  trunks  of  the  trees,  but  even  a  forest 
of  unpruned  suckers  around  them,  are  left  to  the  undis- 

*  Saperda  hivittata.    Say. 

t  Also  the  Hawthorn  and  Mountain  Ash,  of  the  same  family. 


47 

turbed  possession  and  perpetual   inheritance  of  the 
Saperda.      Did   this   slovenly   and   indolent   practice 
affect   only  the  owner  of  the  neglected   domain,  we 
should  have  no  reason  for  complaint ;  but  when   the 
interests  of  the  community  are  exposed  by  the  har- 
bouring of  such  hosts  of  noxious  insects,  which  annually 
issue  from  their  places  of  refuge  and  overspread  the 
neighbouring  country,  when  our  best  endeavours  are 
thus  frustrated,  have  we  not  sufficient  cause  for  serious 
accusation  against  those  who  have  fostered  our  assail- 
ants ?     No  plants  are  more  abundant  in  our  forests 
and  fields,  than  the  native  medlars  or  aronias,  that 
originally  constituted  the  appropriate  food  of  the  striped 
Saperda.     Taking  into  view,  therefore,  the  profusion 
of  its  natural  food,  its  ample  means  of  migration,  and 
the  culpable  neglect  of  many  of  our  farmers,  we  cannot 
be  surprised  that  this  insect  is  so  generally  and  con- 
stantly prevalent.     On  the  means  that  have  been  used 
to  exterminate  it  I  shall  make  but  few  remarks.     Kil- 
ling it  by  a  wire  thrust  into  the  holes  it  inhabits,  is  one 
of  the  oldest,  safest,  and  most  successful   methods. 
Cutting  out  the  larva,  with  a  knife  or  gouge,  is  the 
most  common  practice ;   but  it  is  feared  that   these 
instruments  have  sometimes  been  used  without  suf- 
ficient caution.    A  third  method,  which  has  more  than 
once  been  suggested,  consists  in  plugging  the  holes 
with  soft  Avood.     To  this  it  has  been  objected,  that 
the  remedy  is  apphed  too  late,  or  after  the  insect  has 
issued  from  the  tree.    Now  this  is  a  gratuitous  assump- 
tion, and  made  without  adverting  to  the  habits  of  the 
insect.     The  presence  of  the  borer  is  detected  by  the 
recent  castings  around  the  roots  of  the  tree ;  and  upon 


48 

examination  it  will  be  be  found,  that  these  castings 
proceed  from  a  hole  or  holes,  and  that  they  are  daily 
thrown  out  by  the  insects  to  give  themselves  room  in 
their  cyhndrical  burrows,  as  well  as  to  admit  the  air. 
Before  completing  its  last  metamorphosis,  the  borer 
gnaws,  from  the  other  end  of  its  tube,  a  passage  quite 
to  the  bark,  which,  however,  it  leaves  untouched  until 
the  month  of  June,  when,  having  become  a  winged 
insect,  it  perforates  the  covering  of  bark,  and  makes 
its  exit  from  the  tree.  It  cannot  turn  in  its  burrow, 
nor  does  it  ever  leave  it  at  its  lower  orifice.  Those 
persons,  who  have  recommended  plugging  the  holes, 
never  contemplated  stopping  any  but  those  where  the 
insects  enter,  and  from  whence  they  expel  their  excre- 
mentitious  castings.  By  what  I  have  seen  of  this 
practice  I  am  persuaded,  that,  if  done  at  an  early 
period  of  the  insect's  hfe,  it  will  be  followed  by  suc- 
cessful results. 

Some  of  the  remarks  made  upon  the  immunity 
enjoyed  by  this  Saperda  and  upon  its  powers  of  mi- 
gration, will  apply  to  many  other  noxious  insects ;  and 
hence  it  becomes  a  serious  question,  what  further  steps 
shall  be  taken  to  secure  the  productions  of  the  garden, 
orchard,  and  field,  from  their  ravages.  As  an  essen- 
tial prerequisite,  every  opportunity  should  be  employed, 
and  every  facility  afforded,  for  obtaining  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  Entomology.  Vain  will  be  most  of 
our  attempts  to  repel  the  threatened  attack  or  actual 
invasion  of  these  creeping  and  winged  foes,  unless  we 
can  detect  them  in  their  various  disguises,  and  dis- 
cover their  places  of  temporary  concealment.  Those 
who  would  undertake  to  investigate   the  history  of 


49 

insects,  should  go  to  the  task  with  minds  previously 
disciplined  by  habits  of  close  observation  and  discrimi- 
nation, and  stored  with  the  results  of  others'  labors  in 
this  department  of  science.  Art  is  too  long  and  life 
too  short  to  permit  or  justify  unaided  devotion  to  any 
science.  If  a  liberal  and  enlightened  community  make 
the  demand,  our  public  institutions  will  no  longer  be 
without  the  works  of  those  who  have  preceded  the 
rising  generation  in  these  scientific  pursuits ;  and  the 
first  principles  of  Entomology  will  no  longer  be  omitted 
among  the  elementary  studies  of  the  young.  Let  us 
look  to  all  branches  of  Natural  History,  and  discover, 
by  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  them,  wherein 
through  ignorance  we  have  gone  astray,  and  let  us, 
if  possible,  retrace  our  steps.  Were  the  services  of  the 
feathered  race  sufficiently  known  and  duly  appreciated, 
the  exterminating  war  now  waged  against  them  would 
cease.  But  it  is  not  to  birds  alone  that  we  are  indebt- 
ed for  diminishing  the  numbers  of  noxious  insects ; 
various  quadrupeds,  reptiles,  and  fish  contribute  to  keep 
them  in  check,  some  hving  partially,  and  others  entirely, 
upon  insect  food.  Among  the  advantages  that  may  be 
expected  to  arise  from  associations  like  yours,  Gentle- 
men, is  the  adoption  of  universal  and  simultaneous 
efforts  to  repel  and  destroy  noxious  insects.  Should 
your  own  example  and  influence  be  ineffectual,  it  is 
not  unreasonable  to  expect  legislative  aid.  If,  in  the 
season  appointed  for  the  annual  visitation  of  each 
destructive  kind,  it  w^ere  to  become  an  object  of  pur- 
suit and  extermination,  and  if  every  proprietor  were 
obhged  to  destroy  the  more  common  insects  on  his 
own  grounds,  our  gardens,  nurseries,  orchards,  and 
7 


50 

fields  would  no  longer  be  despoiled  of  their  best  pro- 
ductions. The  animals  that  assist  in  keeping  the 
insect  tribes  in  check,  deserve  and  should  receive 
protection,  and  may  well  be  permitted  to  glean  from 
our  abundant  harvests  their  scanty  remuneration. 

When  their  merits  are  better  understood,  we  shall 
be  in  no  danger  of  mistaking  our  friends,  of  the  insect 
race,  for  the  foes   whose   ravages  we   deplore.     Of 
insects  that  are  indirectly  beneficial  to  us,  may  be 
mentioned  those  that  remove  animal  and  vegetable 
nuisances.    Through  the  unremitted  exertions  of  these 
litde  scavengers,  all  offensive  animal  substances  and 
decayed  vegetation  are  reduced  to  their  primitive  ele- 
ments, and  incorporated  with  the  soil,  which  is  thus 
rendered  more  fertile,  while  the  air  above  it  becomes 
pure  and  salubrious.     Others  are  the  lions,  the  tigers, 
the  exterminating  animals  of  prey,  of  the  insect  world  ; 
Uving  wholly  by  rapine,  and  chiefly  too  upon  those 
insects  that  are  destructive  to  vegetation,  they  appear 
destined  to  restrain  their  ravages,  and  are  therefore  to 
be  accounted  benefactors  to  ourselves  and  to  the  use- 
ful animals  that  depend  upon  the  products  of  the  soil 
for   support.      Besides   being    the    appropriate    food 
of  many  beasts,  birds,  and  fishes,  and  being  useful  to 
the  sportsman  by  affording  him  various  tempting  baits, 
as  well  as  lines  for  his  hooks,  insects  are  actually  em- 
ployed by  man  as  nutritious  and  palatable  articles  of 
sustenance  in  many  parts  of  the  world.     It  has  been 
remarked,  that  "  probably  a  large  proportion  of  insects 
were  intended  by  Providence  for  food,  and  that,  if  we 
will  not  eat  them,  it  is  unreasonable   to  complain  of 
their  numbers."    To  insects  are  we  indebted  for  many 


51 

valuable  drugs  employed  in  medicine  and  the  arts,  and 
to  them  also  for  materials  for  clothing,  unrivalled  in 
richness  and  durabihty  by  any  animal  or  vegetable 
fabric. 

In  addition  to  the  obvious  and  salutary  influence 
which  insects  are  appointed  to  exert  in  keeping  within 
due  bounds  the  luxuriance  of  vegetation,  they  are  of 
immense  importance  to  plants  in  disseminating  the 
fertihzing  principle  of  blossoms.  This  principle,  a 
yellow  dust,  called  pollen,  is  brought,  through  the 
agency  of  insects  that  frequent  flowers,  into  immediate 
contact  with  the  organ  which  contains  the  yet  un- 
formed or  infertile  seeds,  that  afterwards  expand  and 
are  brought  to  perfection.  Without  this  agency  many 
plants  would  never  mature  their  fruits,  and  others 
would  yield  no  fertile  seeds.  Notwithstanding  all  that 
has  been  said  to  the  contrary,  it  is  evident  that  the 
bee  was  as  much  made  for  the  blossom,  as  the  blossom 
for  the  bee.  Are  not  the  beauty  and  harmony  of  the 
creation,  and  the  mutual  dependence  of  its  various 
portions,  strikingly  exempUfied  in  the  relations  subsist- 
ing between  insects  and  plants  ?  Allured  by  the 
attractions  of  flowers,  insects  confer  an  immediate 
benefit  upon  them  by  ensuring  the  fertility  of  their 
seeds,  while,  by  a  virtuous  theft,  they  seek  to  rifle 
them  of  their  sweets. 

The  consequences  resulting  from  the  actual  or  an- 
ticipated introduction  of  insects  into  various  countries 
are  of  very  considerable  importance  in  political,  me- 
chanical, and  agricultural  economy.  It  is  related  that 
Kalm,  the  Swedish  traveller,  after  his  return  from 
America,  was  filled  with  consternation  upon  discover- 


52 

ing  the  pea  Bruchus  in  a  parcel  of  pease  brought  from 
this  country,  fearing,  and  very  justly  too,  that  he  might 
be  the  instrument  of  introducing  so  noxious  an  insect 
into  his  beloved  Sweden.  Greater  was  the  panic  and 
more  serious  were  the  consequences  to  the  British 
nation,  arising  from  ignorance  and  error  respecting  the 
Hessian-fly.  In  1 788  the  ravages  of  this  insect  had 
become  so  great  in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
Pennsylvania,  that  an  alarm  was  excited  in  England 
by  an  unfounded  fear  of  importing  it  in  cargoes  of 
wheat  from  this  country.  After  the  subject  had  occu- 
pied the  Privy  Council  and  the  Royal  Society  a  long 
time,  during  which  despatches  were  forwarded  to  his 
majesty's  ministers  in  France,  Austria,  Prussia,  and 
America,  and  expresses  were  sent  to  all  the  custom- 
houses to  search  the  cargoes,  —  a  mass  of  documents, 
amounting  to  above  two  hundred  octavo  pages,  was 
collected,  which,  so  far  from  affording  any  correct 
information  on  the  subject,  led  only  to  the  obnoxious 
and  mistaken  pohcy  of  prohibiting  the  importation  of 
American  grain,  and  ordering  that  which  had  arrived 
to  be  seized  and  stored.  In  the  mean  time  the  cele- 
brated Dr.  Currie,  of  Liverpool,  who  had  resided  in 
this  country,  and  knew  something  of  the  history  of  our 
miscalled  Hessian-fly,  pointed  out  to  the  committee  of 
investigation  the  errors  they  had  fallen  into ;  but,  in 
consequence  of  political  prejudice,  it  was  not  till  many 
months  afterwards,  upon  a  confirmation  of  his  state- 
ment being  received  from  America,  that  the  British 
government  saw  fit  to  reverse  its  orders,  and  take 
upon  itself  the  expense  to  which  it  had  put  the  parties 
by  its  ignorance.     If,  as  soon  as  the  ravages  of  this 


53 

insect  had  become  notorious  in  America,  an  entomolo- 
gist could  have  been  found  to  trace  out  its  metamor- 
phoses and  the  brief  duration  of  its  existence,  this 
panic  and  expense  would  have  been  avoided.  So 
true  is  it,  that  a  thorough  knowledge  of  insects  will 
serve  to  dissipate  many  unnecessary  alarms,  or  will 
point  out  when  and  how  preventive  means  may  most 
effectually  be  adopted.  One  of  our  greatest  philoso- 
phers, yea,  one  of  the  greatest  that  modern  ages  has 
produced,  Franklin,  did  not  deem  it  beneath  his  dignity 
to  descend  from  the  region  of  the  clouds  and  investi- 
gate the  transformations  of  a  musquito :  nor  were  his 
investigations  without  a  useful  result ;  for,  by  directing 
us  to  cover  our  rain-water  hogsheads  and  cisterns,  he 
taught  us  how  to  put  a  stop  to  the  multiphcation  of 
these  insects  around  our  dwelhngs.  But  the  most 
remarkable  triumph  of  science  over  the  powers  of 
insects  was  that  achieved  by  Linnaeus.  Being  em- 
ployed by  the  king  of  Sweden  to  discover  the  cause 
of  the  rapid  decay  of  the  timber  in  the  dock-yards,  he 
traced  it  to  the  operations  of  insects ;  and  having 
ascertained  the  period  of  their  metamorphoses,  he 
directed  the  timber  to  be  immersed  in  water  during 
the  time  that  the  insects  deposited  their  eggs,  and 
thus  secured  it  against  further  depredation. 

Horticulture  and  Agriculture  have  already  derived 
some  benefit  from  Entomology ;  and  more  is  to  be 
expected,  when  a  larger  number  of  individuals  shall 
be  found  to  undertake  the  necessary  investigations. 
Guided  by  a  knowledge  of  the  habits,  changes,  and 
period  of  existence  of  each  noxious  insect,  the  culti- 
vator will  find  the  way  for  successful  experiment 


54 

clearly  marked  out  to  him.  Correct  descriptions  and 
scientific  names  of  insects  will  obviate  much  of  the 
confusion  existing  in  regard  to  them,  and  will  enable 
the  future  investigator  to  transmit  to  others,  without 
the  risk  of  mistake,  the  useful  results  of  his  observa- 
tions. The  prejudices  of  mankind  have  attached  an 
idea  of  insignificance  and  worthlessness  to  the  pursuits 
of  the  Entomologist;  but  these  prejudices  can  no 
longer  rest  in  any  but  contracted  minds.  However 
minute  or  mean,  insects,  individually  considered,  may 
seem,  they  cannot  be  accounted  beneath  our  notice 
when  they  are  found  able  to  lay  waste  our  most  val- 
uable possessions,  to  counteract  our  agricultural  plans, 
and  to  deprive  us  of  the  pleasure  and  profit  of  our 
labors. 


FOURTH 
ANNIVERSARY  FESTIVAL 

OF  THE 

MASSACHUSETTS    HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY. 


The  Anniversary  of  tire  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  wag 
celebrated  on  the  third  of  October.  At  noon  a  Discourse  was 
delivered,  by  Dr.  Thaddeus  William  Harris,  to  the  members  of  the 
Society  and  a  respectable  and  intelligent  audience  of  ladies  and  gentle- 
men, assembled  at  the  Masonic  Temple. 

The  display  of  Fruits  and  Flowers  in  the  Dining-Hall  was  much 
superior  to  what  could  have  been  anticipated  from  a  season  so  inau- 
spicious as  the  present  to  their  production.  It  seemed  that  neither 
cold  nor  cholera  could  check  the  course  of  cultivation,  nor  prevent 
the  display  of  that  dominion  of  mind  over  matter,  which  moderates 
and  modifies  the  untoward  eccentricities  of  the  elements,  and  gives 
the  vegetable  productions  of  every  climate  to  seasons  and  soils  appar- 
ently very  unfit  for  their  developement. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  donations  of  Fruits  and  Flowers, 
which  were  presented  for  the  festival. 

Jacob  Tidd,  Roxbury ;  three  very  large  clusters  of  Grapes,  called 
Horatio  Grapes,  the  largest  weighing  2  lbs.  13^  ozs.  Mrs.  Timothy 
Bigelow,  Medford  ;  two  elegant  Roman  Cypress  trees,  Lemons,  and 
clusters  of  Lemons,  weighing  3  lbs.,  2  lbs.  J 5  ozs.,  and  2  lbs.  6  ozs. 
James  Read,  Esq.,  Roxbury ;  unconmionly  large  Porter  Apples,  fine 
Dahlias,  Roses,  &c.  Thomas  Whitmarsh,  Esq.,  Brookline  ;  three  fine 
clusters  of  Hamburg  Grapes,  two  baskets  of  Lady  Pears,  Dahlias,  and 
two  fine  clusters  of  St.  Peter's  Grapes.  Enoch  Bartlett,  Esq.,  Roxbury; 
very  fine  Bartlett  and  Capiaumont  Pears  ;  Ribstone  Pippin,  Porter,  and 
Moody  Apples;  and  Dahlias.  David  Haggerston,  Charlestown ; 
three  baskets  of  beautiful  Black  Hamburg  and  White  Sweet-Water 
Grapes,  a  fine  specimen  of  the  Brugnon  Nectarines,  and  a  large  and 
very  splendid  collection  of  Dahlias.  Elijah  Vose,  Esq.,  Dorchester; 
superb  Capiaumont  Pears; Pine  Apple,  Green  Citron,  Nutmeg,  and  Rock 
Melons;  and  large  Water  Melons.  Madam  Dix,  Boston;  splendid  Dix 
Pears.  Perrin  May,  Esq.,  Boston  ;  very  fine  Black  Hamburg,  White 
Sweet- Water,  and  Red  Chasselas  Grapes ;  out-of-door  culture.    John 


56 

Lee,  Esq.,  Boston ;  Isabella  Grapes.  John  Prince,  Esq.,  Roxbury ;  a 
dozen  of  fine  Pine-Apple  Melons  ;  Pomme  Reine,  Early  Greening,  Spit- 
zenbertr,  and  Doctor  Apples  ;  real  Borroseau  Apples  ;  and  handsome  Bon 
Chretien  pears.  Dr.  S.  A.  Shurtleff;  three  fine  bunches  of  Shurtleff's 
Seedling  Grapes,  St.  Michael  and  late  Catherine  Pears.  Professor 
Farrar,  Cambridge  ;  very  large  and  handsome  Porter  Apples.  Hon. 
John  Lowell,  Roxbury  ;  splendid  clusters  of  White  Chasselas,  Black 
Hamburg,  and  other  Grapes,  and  Flowers.  J.  P.  Bradlee,  Esq.,  Boston  ; 
a  basket  of  fine  Peaches.  Hon.  Peter  C.  Brooks,  Medford  ;  very  large 
and  fine  clusters  of  Black  Hamburg  and  Grisly  Tokay  Grapes.  Mrs. 
J.  Bray,  Boston  ;  White  Sweet- Water  Grapes,  and  very  fine  Arango 
Quinces.  B.  A.  Gould,  Esq.,  Boston  ;  very  large  and  fine  Magnum 
Bonum  Plums.  Cheever  Newhall,  Esq.,  Dorchester  ;  two  baskets  oi 
beautiful  White  Chasselas  Grapes  ;  out-of-door  culture.  Jeremiah  Fitch, 
Esq.,  Boston ;  a  large  basket  of  fine  Peaches,  and  a  Fig  Tree,  full  of 
fruit.  John  Mackey,  Esq.,  Weston  ;  three  baskets  of  very  beautiful 
Apples.  Stephen  Williams,  Esq.,  Northborough ;  Red  Calville,  Sum- 
mer Pearmain,  Ribstone  Pippin,  and  five  very  fine  varieties  of  imported 
Apples.  Messrs.  Kenrick,  Newton  ;  a  vase,  containing  Dalilias, 
Roses,  and  other  beautiful  flowers.  Messrs.  Winship,  Brighton  ;  a 
great  variety  of  very  handsome  flowers.  Dr.  Z.  B.  Adams  ;  a  basket 
of  very  beautiful  St  Michael  Pears.  S.  G.  Perkins,  Esq.  ;  a  flower- 
pot, containin^r  a  plant  of  the  Cantua  coronopifolia.  Benjamin  Guild, 
Esq.,  Brookline  ;  fine  clusters  of  Black  Hamburg,  Black  Cape,  (grown 
under  the  direction  of  C.  Senior,)  Miller's  Burgundy,  and  Isabella 
Grapes,  (the  latter,  open  culture,)  and  a  variety  of  Peaches.  Hon.  T. 
H.  Perkins ;  White  Chasselas  Grapes,  and  a  bunch  of  very  fine 
Dahlias.  C.  Senior  ;  two  fine  bunches  of  Black  Hamburg,  two  do. 
Frontignac,  two  handsome  White  Chasselas,  and  three  varieties  of  fine 
French  Grapes.  John  Breed,  Esq. ;  a  collection  of  splendid  Roses. 
Mrs.  Watson,  Boston  ;  fine  American  Swaalch  Peaches.  Gorham 
Parsons,  Esq.,  Brighton ;  Blue  Pearmain,  Summer  Gilliflower,  Hub- 
bardston  Nonsuch,  Bell  flower,  and  Winter  Gilliflower  Apples. 
Charles  Taylor,  Ksq.,  Dorchester  ;  three  baskets  of  fine  Black  Ham- 
burg Grapes  ;  berries,  very  large  size,  and  perfect.  George  Thomp- 
son, Brighton ;  a  very  splendid  collection  of  Dahlias.  From  the 
garden  of  Gardner  Greene,  Esq.,  Boston;  Green  Citron  and  other 
Melons,  and  Bergamot  Pears ;  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Senior. 

After  the  exhibition,  the  Society,  with  their  guests,  sat  down  to  an 
excellent  dinner,  prepared  at  Concert  Hall,  by  Mr.  Eaton.  The  Hon. 
H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  President  of  the  Society,  presided  at  the  table, 
and  was  assisted,  as  Toast-master,  by  Z.  Cook,  Jr.,  Esq.,  first  Vice- 
President  of  the  Society.     The  following  regular  toasts  were  drank. 

1.  J\''ew  Ensland.  —  While  her  fields  are  crowned  with  the  gifts  of  Cere* 
and  Pomona,  let  us  care  little  for  the  more  questionable  favors  of  Bacchus 
and  Pluttis. 

2.  Rotation.  —  A  principle  so  advantageous  in  Horticulture,  cannot  be 
otherwise  than  useful  in  its  application  to  politics. 

3.  Cattle  Shows.  —  The  noblest  .'spectacle  is  the  industrious  race  who  show 
the  cattle. 

4.  Mount  Jluhurn.  —  A  fortunate  conception,  happily  bodied  forth.  While 
it  adds  solemnity  and  dignity  to  the  attributes  of  Death,  it  offers  to  grief  its 
proper  mitigations. 


57 

5.  Machinery.  —  An  unsettled  national  policy  is  worse  than  the  friction  of 
the  ipheels,  —  this  tnaj  he  estimated  and  yield  to  remedy, — the  other  eludes 
calculation. 

6.  A'lilUJJcatwn,  —  the  Spasmodic  Cholera  of  the  Union.  Let  speedy 
purgation  and  persevering  cicunliness  save  us  from  its  fatal  collapse. 

7.  Tlie  Statesman,  who  is  true  to  his  principles,  and  whose  principle  is 
the  true  interest  of  his  country. 

8.  The  cause  of  Liberty  in  Europe.  —  The  seeds  have  been  profusely 
sown,  though  the  growth  has  been  kept  down  by  the  crown  imperial  and  the 
Siberian  crab. 

9.  Gardeners.  —  The  most  iisrful,  else  the  Creator  had  not  made  them  the 
frst  class  in  his  great  school  of  icisdom  and  benevolence. 

10.  Heroes.  —  The  earth  has  bubbles,  as  the  water  hath,  and  these  are  of 
them. 

11.  Woman !  —  Like  the  Iris,  indigenous  in  all  countries,  —  like  the  Rose, 
admired  by  all  nations  ;  —  in  modesty,  equalling  the  Cowslip,  —  in  fidelity, 
the  Honeysuckle,  —  in  disposition,  the  Clematis  ; —  may  she  never  sufl^er  from 
approximation  to  the  Coxcomb,  nor  lose  her  reputation  by  familiarity  with 
Bachelors'  Buttons. 

VOLUNTEER    TOASTS. 

By  Gen.  H.  A.  .^.  Dearborn.  The  Orator  of  the  Day.  —  A  true  Philoso- 
pher, who  renders  science  subservient  to  the  useful  arts. 

By  E.  Vose,  Ksq.  Our  Horticultural  Brethren  throughout  the  Union. — 
Their  only  competition  being  in  doing  each  other  good.  —  May  no  ''  root  of 
bitterness"  spring  up  among  them. 

By  T.  G.  Fessenden,  Esq.  The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. — 
Those  who  survey  our  Morning  Glories,  and  peruse  our  Dahlias  [not  adver- 
tisers], "  see  our  folks  and  get  some  peaches,"  will  hope  that  in  Thyme  we 
shall  be  worth  a  .Mint  to  the  '•  land  we  live  in." 

Ey  S.  Appleton,  Esq.  Agriculture,  Manufuctures,  Commerce,  and  Horticul- 
ture.—  The  first  gives  us  food, —  tlie  second  clothing,  —  the  third  gives  us 
riches,  —  the  fourth  adds  grace  and  ornament  to  the  others  ;  and  though  now 
mentioned  last,  was  first  before  Jldam^s  Fall. 

By  Vice-President  J.  C.  Gray.  The  Gardener,  and  Florists  who  have  con- 
tributed to  this  day's  Exhibition.  —  May  we  always  honor  the  merit  which  is 
displayed  in  good  Fruits  and  in  striking  Colors. 

By  Vice-President  Bartlett.  The  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society. — A 
pioneer  in  good  works.  —  May  the  only  contention  among  her  children  be, 
which  shall  excel. 

By  Z.  Cook,  Jr.,  Esq.,  First  Vice-President  of  the  Society.  Culture  in  all 
its  branches,  —  from  that  which  raises  a  seed  in  a  garden,  to  that  which 
plants  a  Washington  or  a  Franklin  on  the  summit  of  human  excellence. 

After  some  pertinent  and  eloquent  remarks,  Gen.  Dearborn  gave  the 
following.  Hon.  John  Lowell.  —  The  Patriarch,  Patron,  and  Pattern,  of 
Farmers  and  Horticulturists. 

By  Dr.  T.  W.  Harris.  Gentlemen  Farmers,  who  bringing  scientific  attain- 
ments to  bear  upon  practical  skill,  have  done  every  thing  for  Horticulture  in 
this  cotmtry,  and  whose  success  these  festivals  annually  exhibit. 

By  Professor  Farrar.  Phrenology.  —  As  our  Country  is  more  distin- 
guished by  her  rich  and  fertile  plains,  than  by  the  number  and  height 
of  her  mountains,  so  may  her  sons  be  better  known  by  the  general  devel- 
opement  of  all  their  faculties,  than  by  the  cultivation  of  any  one  power  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  vest. 

By  Gen.  H.  A.S.Dearborn.  Drs.  Knight  and  Van  Mons. — The  orna- 
ments of  England  and  Belgium,  and  the  benefactors  of  the  human  race. 

By  Rev.  Dr.  Harris. — 

"  The  tree  that  bears  immortal  fruit, 
Without  a  canker  at  the  root !  " 
Its  healing  leaves  to  us  be  given, 
Its  bloom  on  earth,  —  its  fruit  in  heaven  ! 

8 


58 

By  George  C.  Barrett.  As^riculiure,  HortieulUire,  and  Floriculture.  — 
Three  sisters  more  amiable  than  the  three  Graces,  and  more  useful  than  the 
nine  Muses. 

By  B.  V.  French.  Horticultural  .Associations,  whose  pursuits  are  pleasant, 
and  lead  to  results,  not,  like  many  others,  founded  on  selfishness,  but  con- 
ferring essential  benefits  on  the  whole  human  race. 

Anonymous.  The  Emperor  jYicholas.  An  Anti-Horitculturist  He  has 
undertaken  to  engraft  the  noblest  scions  in  the  icy  region  of  Siberia,  in  the 
vain  hope  of  blasting  the  Tree  of  Liberty.  May  he  soon  learn  that  he  has 
attacked  a  tree,  whose  roots  are  fixed  from  Pole  to  Pole. 

By  Z.  Cook,  Jr.,  Esq  ,  1st  Vice-President,  after  General  Dearborn  had 
retired.  H.  Jl.  S.  Dearborn,  the  worthy  President  of  the  Massachusetts  Horti- 
cultural Society.  His  indefatigable  labors,  in  both  the  scientific  and  prac- 
tical departments  of  Horticulture,  reflect  equal  honor  upon  himself,  and 
benefit  upon  the  Society  over  which  he  so  ably  presides. 

Anonymous.  If  he  be  a  benefactor,  who  instructs  us  how  two  spires  of 
grass  may  grow  where  but  one  grew  before,  let  everlasting  gratitude,  and 
the  Society's  first  premium,  be  awarded  to  the  man  who  shall  devise  (and 
make  public)  a  method  by  which  beets  and  turnips  may  be  raised  without 
tops,  and  peas  without  pods. 

Other  toasts  were  uttered  and  responded  too  numerous  for  insertion. 


ODE, 

Wiilten  for  the  Anniversary  Dinner  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Societi/,   Wednesday,  October  3,  1832. 

BY    MISS    H.    F.    GOULD. 

]^Sung,  during  the  entertainment,  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Newell,  of  Chaiiestown.] 

From  him  who  was  lord  of  the  fruits  and  the  flowers 
That  in  Paradise  grew,  ere  he  lost  its  possession  — 
Who  breathed  in  the  balm  and  reposed  in  the  bowers 
Of  our  garden  ancestral,  we  claim  our  profession; 
While  fruits  sweet  and  bright, 
Bless  our  taste  and  our  sight, 
As  e'er  gave  our  father,  in  Eden,  delight. 
And  fountains  as  pure  in  their  crystal,  still  gush 
By  the  'V^ine  in  her  verdure,  the  Rose  in  her  blush. 

While  others  in  clouds  sit  to  murmur  and  grieve, 

That  Earth  has  her  wormwood,  her  pit-falls,  and  brambles, 
We,  smiling,  go  on  her  ricli  gifts  to  receive 

Where  the  boughs  drop  their  purple  and  gold  on  our  rambles. 
Untiring  and  free. 
While  we  work  like  the  bee, 
We  hear  off"  a  sweet  from  each  plant,  shrub,  and  tree. 
Where  some  will  find  thorns  but  to  torture  the  flesh. 
We  pluck  the  ripe  clusters  our  souls  to  refresh. 


X  /^yr  i/Sa.^^t:^^'  ^y^-4^^i€^'<r^ 


69 

Yet,  not  for  ourselves  would  we  draw  from  the  soil 
The  beauty  that  Heaven  in  its  vitals  has  hidden ; 
For,  thus  to  lock  up  the  fair  fruits  of  our  toil. 

Were  bliss  half-possessed,  and  a  sin  all-forbidden. 
Like  morning's  first  ray, 
When  it  spreads  into  day, 
Our  hearts  must  flow  out,  until  self  fades  away. 
Our  joys  in  the  bosoms  around  us,  when  sown. 
Like  seeds,  will  spring  up,  and  bloom  out  for  our  own. 

And  this  makes  the  world  but  a  garden,  to  us, 

Where  He,  who  has  walled  it,  his  glory  is  shedding. 
His  smile  lays  the  tints ;  and,  beholding  it  thus, 
We  gratefully  feast  while  his  bounty  is  spreading. 
Our  spirits  grow  bright, 
As  they  bathe  in  the  light 
That  pours  round  the  board  where,  in  joy,  we  unite. 
While  the  sparks  that  we  take  to  enkindle  our  mirth 
Are  the  gems  which  the  skies  sprinkle  down  o'er  the  earth ! 

And,  now,  that  we  meet,  and  the  chain  is  of  flowers. 

Which  bind  us  together,  may  sadness  ne'er  blight  them. 
Till  those  who  tnust  break  fiom  a  compact  like  ours, 
Ascend,  and  the  ties  of  the  blest  reunite,  them  ! 
May  each  who  is  here, 
At  the  banquet  appear, 
Where  Life  fills  the  wine-cup,  and  Love  makes  it  clear, 
ThenJGilead's  balm  in  its  freshness  will  flow. 
O'er  the  wounds  which  i\iQ pruning-knife  gave  us  below! 


AN 

ACCOUNT   OF   THE   PROCEEDINGS, 

IN    RELATION    TO    THE 

EXPERIMENTAL  GARDEN  AND  THE  CEMETERY 

OF 

MOUNT  AUBURN. 


On  the  establishment  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  an 
Experimental  Garden  was  considered  indispensible  for  the  full  deve- 
lopement  of  all  the  great  purposes  of  that  institution.  It  was  often  the 
subject  of  anxious  inquiry  and  interesting  discussion,  and  the  only 
cause  of  delay,  in  commencing  the  important  work,  on  an  extensive 
plan,  was  the  deficiency  of  adequate  means. 

A  Rural  Cemetery  had  claimed  the  attention  of  several  distin.ffuished 
gentlemen,  some  ten  years  since,  but  no  definite  measures  were  taken 
for  accomplishing  an  object  of  such  deep  interest  and  genera!  solicitude 
among  all  classes  of  society.     Among  the  originators  of  that  laudable 
yeffraitless  attempt,  Ur.  Jacob  Bigelow  was  conspicuous  for  his  zealous 
efforts  to  insure  success  ;  and,  although  disappointed  in  his  expectations 
at  that  time,  he  never  abandoned  the  hope  of  an  ultimate  triumph  over 
the  numerous  obstacles,  which  were  to  be  encountered,  in  tiie  achieve- 
ment of  such  a  momentous  project.     Soon  after  the  organization  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  with  characteristic  promptness  and  energy,  he 
suo-gested  to  the  President  the  expediency  and  propriety  of  combining 
a  Cemetery  with  an  Experimental  Garden.     The  proposition  was  cor- 
dially approved,  and,  having  been  communicated  to  the  Society,  it  be- 
came a  favorite  theme  of  conversation  among  the  members ;  but  no 
feasible   plan  was  digested  which  promised  a  favorable   result.     The 
measure   was   commended  to  the  serious  attention   of  the  public   by 
Z.  Cook  Jr.,  Esq.,  in  the  Address  wliich  he  delivered  before  the  Horti- 
cultural Society,  on  the  celebration  of  its  second  anniversary  ;  and  the 
great  advantages  of  a  Garden  of  Experiment  was  repeatedly  urged  in 
the    horticultuial   communications   pubUshcd  in   "The    New   England 
Farmer."     There  was   no  discrepancy    of  opinion   as    to   tlie    urgent 
necessity  of  founding  both  establishments ;  all  considered  them,   not 
only  desirable,  hut  highly  important  objects  of  attainment.     Still  there 
were  wantin---  the  re(iuisite  funds  ;  and  how  to  procure  them  was  a 
problem  of  difficult  solution,  when  George  W.  Brimmer,  Esq.  proposed 


61 

that  a  tract  of  land,  called  "  Sweet  Auburn,"  which  he  owned  in  Cam- 
bridge, should  be  taken  by  the  Horticultural  Society  and  appropriated 
for  a  Garden  and  Cemetery,  and  invited  the  President  to  visit  that 
lemarkable  and  most  picturesque  site,  to  ascertain  whether  it  would 
answer  the  desired  purposes.  After  a  thorough  examination  of  the 
varied  features  and  numerous  advantages  which  it  combines,  they  were 
perfectly  satisfied  that  it  was  impossible  to  make  a  more  admirable 
selection  within  the  vicinity  of  the  metropolis. 

The  land  had  been  purchased  by  Mr.  Brimmer  with  a  view  of  appro- 
priating it  to  a  country  residence,  and  he  had  planted  out  many  orna- 
mental trees,  and  opened  several  extensive  avenues,  which  rendered  it 
a  favorite  resort  for  the  students  of  the  University  and  the  inhabitants 
of  the  town.  But  long  previous  it  had  been  much  frequented  by  the 
admirers  of  rural  scenery,  and  was  known  as  "  Stone's  Wood  "  ;  but  that 
appellation  was  changed  to  "  Sweet  Auburn  "  by  Colonel  George  Sulli- 
van and  Charles  W.  Green,  Esq.,  some  thirty  years  since,  when  they 
were  pursuing  their  studies  in  the  academic  halls  of  Harvard.  Having 
passed  the  closing  hours  of  a  summer's  day,  in  one  of  its  many  silent 
and  secluded  dells  in  the  pleasing  but  melancholy  perusal  of  that  illus- 
trious bard,  who  sang  the  sad  and  varied  fortunes  of  his  own 

"  Sweet  smiling  village,  loveliest  of  the  lavra," 

they  bestowed  its  dearly  cherished  name  upon  the  scene  of  their  youth- 
ful meditations. 

Notwithstanding  Mr.  Brimmer's  attachment  to  the  groves  of  Sweet 
Auburn,  —  for  there,  too,  he  had  passed  many  delightful  hours,  while  a 
pupil  of  tlie  University,  —  still  so  anxious  was  he  to  advance  the  science 
and  art  of  Horticulture,  and  to  encourage  the  foundation  of  a  Rural 
Cemetery,  that  he  liberally  offered  to  surrender  the  wliole  estate  to  the 
Society  for  these  purposes.  It  was  presumed,  that  by  subscriptions,  the 
division  of  the  property  into  shares,  or  some  other  practical  mode,  suffi- 
cient funds  could  be  readily  obtained  for  the  purchase  of  the  grounds, 
and  to  aSbrd  an  income  for  their  cultivation  and  embelisiiment ;  it  was, 
therefore,  determined  that  the  President  should  draw  up  a  memoir  ex- 
planatory of  the  great  objects  for  which  the  land  could  be  advantageously 
appropriated,  and  the  means  of  accomplishing  them.  This  was  immedi- 
ately done,*  and  submitted  to  such  gentlemen  as  it  was  supposed  would 
readily  cooperate  in  the  undertaking  ;  and  some  thirty  or  forty  having 
promptly  expressed  a  disposition  to  do  so,  a  special  meeting  of  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society  was  culled,  to  whom  the  project  was  submitted,  and 
H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Jacob  Bigelow,  George  W.  Brimmer,  George  Bond, 
and  Abbot  Lawrence,  were  chosen  a  committee  to  report  on  the  expedi- 
ency of  establishing  a  Garden  of  Experiment  and  Rural  Cemetery  in 
the  vicinity  of  Boston.  -  That  committee  had  numerous  meetings  ;  and 
in  June,  1^31,  it  was  authorised  to  increase  the  number  of  its  members, 
and  to  ask  the  aid  of  such  other  gentlemen  not  belonging  to  the  So- 
ciety as  were  disposed  to  forward  the  desired  objects  ;  and  to  petition 
the  Legislature  for  an  act  to  enable  the  Society  to  hold  real  estate  for 
the  purposes  of  a  Cemetery. 

*  Besides  the  Experimental  Garden  and  Cemetery,  the  plan  recommended 
in  the  memoir  included  a  Botanical  Garden  and  an  Institution  for  the  educa- 
tion of  scientific  and  practical  gardeners. 


62 

In  conformity  to  the  authority  thus  granted,  the  Committee  was 
enlarged,  and  consisted  of  the  following  members  : 

JOSEPH  STORY,  Chairman. 
DANIEL  WEBSTER, 
H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 
SAMUEL  APPLETON, 
CHARLES  LOWELL, 
JACOB  BIGELOW, 
EDWARD  EVERETT, 
GEORGE  BOND, 
G.  W.  BRIMMER, 
L.  M.  SARGENT, 
ABBOT  LAWRENCE, 
FRANKLIN  DEXTER, 
ALEXANDER  H.  EVERETT, 
CHARLES  P.  CURTIS, 
JOSEPH  P.  BRADLEE, 
JOHN  PIERPONT, 
ZEBEDEE  COOK, 
CHARLES  TAPPAN, 
G,  W.  PRATT. 

After  much  deliberation,  a  plan  having  been  matured,  it  was  deter- 
mined to  submit  the  following  Reports  to  the  consideration  of  the 
Society : 

Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  at  an  adjourned 
meeting,  held  in  the  apartments  of  the  Institution,  on  Saturday  the 
18th  of  June,  I831. 

The  following  Report  was  made  by  the  committee  on  a  Garden  of 
Experiment  and  Rural  Cemetery. 

The  committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  measures 
being  taken  for  the  establishment  of  an  Experimental  Garden,  and 
Rural  Cemetery,  ask  leave  to 

REPORT. 

When  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  was  organised,  it 
was  confidently  anticipated,  that,  at  no  very  distant  period,  a  Garden  of 
Experiment  would  be  established  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  ;  but,  to 
arrive  at  such  a  pleasing  result,  it  was  deemed  expedient  that  our  efforts 
should  first  be  directed  to  the  accomplishment  of  objects  which  would 
not  require  very  extensive  pecuniary  resources  ;  that  we  should  proceed 
with  great  caution,  and,  by  a  prudential  management  of  our  means, 
gradually  develope  a  more  complete  and  efficient  system  for  rendering 
the  institution  as  extensively  useful  as  it  was  necessary  and  important. 
Public  favor  was  to  be  propitiated  by  the  adoption  of  such  incipient 
measures  as  were  best  calculated  to  encourage  patronage  and  insure 
ultimate  success. 

With  these  views,  the  labors  of  the  Society  have  been  confined  to 
the  collection  and  dissemination  of  intelligence,  plants,  scions,  and 
seeds,  in  the  various  departments  of  Horticulture.  An  entensive  cor- 
respondence  was   therefore   opened  with   similar  associations  in  this 


63 

country  and  Europe,  as  well  as  wilh  many  gentlemen,  who  were  dis- 
tinguished for  their  theoretical  attainments,  practical  information  and 
experimental  researches,  in  all  the  branches  of  rural  economy,  on  this 
continent,  and  other  portions  of  the  globe. 

Tlie  kind  disposition  which  has  been  generally  evinced  to  advance 
the  interests  of  the  Society,  has  had  a  salutary  and  cheering  influence. 
Many  interesting  and  instructive  communications  have  been  received, 
and  valuable  donations  of  books,  seeds,  and  plants  have  been  made  by 
generous  foreigners,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States.  A  liberal  offer  of 
cooperation  has  been  promptly  tendered,  in  both  hemispheres,  and  great 
advantages  are  anticipated  from  a  mutual  interchange  of  good  offices. 

A  library  of  considerable  extent  lias  been  (ormed,  containing  many 
of  the  most  celebrated  English  and  French  works  on  Horticulture,  sev- 
eral of  which  are  magnificent ;  and  the  apartments  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  the  Society,  have  been  partially  embellished  with  beautiful  paint- 
ings of  some  of  our  choice  native  varieties  of  fruits.  By  weekly  exhibi- 
tions, during  eight  months  of  the  year,  of  fruits,  flowers,  and  esculent 
vegetables ;  —  by  awarding  premiums  for  proficiency  in  the  art  of 
gardening,  and  the  rearing  of  new,  valuable,  or  superior  products  ;  — 
by  disseminating  intelligence,  and  accounts  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Society  at  its  regular  and  special  meetings,  through  the  medium  of 
"  The  New  England  Farmer  "  ;  and  by  an  annual  festival,  and  public 
exhibition  of  the  various  products  of  horticulture,  an  interest  has  been 
excited,  and  a  spirit  of  inquiry  awakened,  auspicious  to  the  institution, 
while  a  powerful  impulse  has  been  given  to  all  branches  of  rural  in- 
dustry, far  beyond  our  most  sanguine  hopes. 

To  foster  and  extend  a  taste  for  the  pleasant,  useful,  and  refined  art 
of  Gardening,  the  time  appears  to  have  arrived  for  enlarging  the  sphere 
of  action,  and  giving  the  most  ample  developement  to  the  original  de- 
sign of  the  Society. 

The  London,  Paris,  Edinburgh,  and  Liverpool  Horticultural  associa- 
tions have  each  established  Experimental  Gardens  ;  and  their  beneficial 
effects  have  been  conspicuously  experienced,  not  only  throughout  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  France,  but  tiie  whole  civilized  world  is  deriving 
advantages  from  those  magnificent  depositories  of  the  rarest  products 
which  have  been  collected  from  the  vast  domains  of  Pomona  and  Flora. 
These  noble  precedents  have  been  followed  in  Russia,  Germany,  Hol- 
land, and  Italy.  We  must  also  emulate  the  meritorious  examples  of 
those  renowned  institutions,  and  be  thus  enabled  to  reciprocate  their 
favors  from  like  collections  of  useful  and  ornamental  plants.  An  equally 
enlightened  taste  will  be  thus  superinduced  for  those  comforts  and  em- 
bellishments, and  for  that  intellectual  enjoyment  which  the  science  and 
practice  of  horticulture  afford. 

With  the  Experimental  Garden  it  is  recommended  to  unite  a  Rural 
Cemetery;  for  the  period  is  not  distant,  when  all  the  burial  grounds 
within  the  city  will  be  closed,  and  otiiers  must  be  formed  in  the  coun- 
try,—  the  primitive  and  only  proper  location.  There  the  dead  may 
repose  undisturbed  through  countless  ages.  There  can  be  formed  a 
public  place  of  sepulture,  where  monuments  can  be  erected  to  our  illus- 
trious men,  whose  remains,  thus  far,  have  unfortunately  been  consign- 
ed to  obscure  and  isolated  tombs,  instead  of  being  collected  within  one 
common  depository,  where  their  great  deeds  might  be  perpetuated  and 
their  memories  cherished  by  succeeding  generations.     Though  dead. 


64 

they  would  be  eternal  admonitors  to  the  living,  —  teaching  them  the 
way  which  leads  to  national  glory  and  individual  renown. 

When  it  is  perceived  wliat  laudable  efforts  have  been  made  in  Eu- 
rope, and  how  honoralde  the  results,  it  is  impossible  that  the  citizens  of 
the  United  States  should  long  linger  in  the  rear  of  the  general  march 
of  improvement.  They  will  hasten  to  present  establishments,  and  to 
evince  a  zeal  for  the  encouragement  of  rural  economy,  commensurate 
with  the  extent  and  natural  resources  of  the  country,  and  the  variety  of 
its  soil  and  climate. 

Your  Committee  have  not  a  doubt  that  an  attempt  should  be  made  in 
this  state  to  rival  the  undertakings  of  other  countries,  in  all  that  relates 
to  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  The  intelligent,  patriotic,  and  wealthy 
will  cheerfully  lend  their  aid  in  the  estal)lishmcnt  of  a  Garden  of  Ex- 
periment, and  a  Cemetery.  Massachusetts  has  ever  been  distiniruished 
for  her  public  and  private  munificence,  in  the  endowment  of  colleges, 
academies,  and  numerous  associations  for  inculcating  knowledge,  and 
the  advancement  of  all  branches  of  industry.  A  confident  reliance  is 
therefore  reposed  on  the  same  sources  of  beneficence.  The  Legisla- 
ture will  not  refuse  its  patronage,  but  will  readily  unite  with  the  people 
in  generous  contributions  for  the  accomplishment  of  objects  so  well 
calculated  to  elevate  the  character  of  the  Commonwealth  and  that  of 
its  citizens. 

The  Experimental  Garden  is  intended  for  the  improvement  of  horti- 
culture in  all  its  departments,  ornamental  as  well  as  useful. 

The  objects  which  will  cliiefly  claim  attention,  are  the  collection  and 
cultivation  of  comn-ion,  improved,  and  new  varieties  of  the  different 
kinds  of  Fruits,  Esculent  Vegetables,  Forest  and  Ornamental  Trees 
and  Shrubs,  Flowering,  Economical,  and  other  interesting  Plants,  which 
do  not  exclusively  belong  to  the  predial  department  of  tillage  ;  —  pay- 
ing particular  attention  to  the  qualities  and  habits  of  each  ;  —  instituting 
comparative  experiments,  on  the  modes  of  culture,  to  which  they  are 
usually  subjected,  so  as  to  attain  a  knowledge  of  the  most  useful,  rare, 
and  beautiful  species;  —  the  best  process  of  rearing  and  propagating 
them  by  seeds,  scions,  buds,  suckers,  layers,  and  cuttings;  —  the  most 
successful  methods  of  insuring  perfect  and  abundant  crops,  as  well  as 
satisfactory  results,  in  all  the  branches  of  useful  and  omamental  plant- 
ing appertaining  to  horticulture. 

Compartments  to  be  assigned  for  the  particular  cultivation  of  Fruit 
Trees,  Timber  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  and  Shrubs,  Esculent  Veget- 
ables, Flowers,  and  for  the  location  of  Green  Houses,  Stoves,  Vineries, 
Orangeries,  and  Hot  Beds. 

For  the  accommodation  of  the  Garden  of  Experiment  and  Cemetery, 
at  least  seventy  acres  of  land  are  deemed  necessary ;  and  in  making 
the  selection  of  a  site,  it  was  very  important  that  from  forty  to  fifty 
acres  should  be  well  or  partially  covered  with  forest  trees  and  shrubs, 
which  could  be  appropriated  for  the  latter  establishment ;  and  that  it 
should  present  all  possible  varieties  of  soil,  common  in  the  vicinity  of 
Boston ;  be  diversified  by  hills,  valleys,  plains,  brooks,  and  low 
meadows,  and  bogs,  so  as  to  afford  proper  localities  for  every  kind  of 
tree  and  plant,  that  will  flourish  in  this  climate ;  —  be  near  to  some 
large  stream  or  river  ;  and  easy  of  access  by  land  and  water  ;  but  still 
sufficiently  retired. 

To  realize  these  advantages  it  is  proposed,  that  a  tract  of  land  called 


65 

"  Sweet  Auburn,"  situated  in  Cambridge,  should  be  purchased.  As  a 
large  portion  of  the  ground  is  now  covered  with  trees,  shrubs,  and  wild 
flowering  phints,  avenues  and  walks  may  be  made  through  them,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  render  the  whole  establishment  interestmg  and 
beautiful,  at  a  small  expense,  and  within  a  few  years  ;  and  ultimately 
offer  an  example  of  landscape  or  picturesque  gardening,  in  conformity 
to  the  modern  style  of  laying  out  grounds,  which  will  be  highly  credit- 
able to  the  Society. 

The  streams  and  parcels  of  bog  and  meadow  land  may  be  easily  con- 
verted into  ponds,  and  variously  formed  sheets  of  water,  which  will 
furnish  appropriate  positions  for  aquatic  plants,  while  their  borders  may 
be  planted  with  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  several  species  of  the  superb 
Magnolia,  and  other  plants,  which  require  a  constantly  humid  soil,  and 
decayed  vegetable  matter,  for  their  nourishment. 

On  the  southeastern  and  northeastern  borders  of  the  tract  can  be 
arranged  the  nurseries,  and  portions  selected  for  the  culture  of  fruit- 
trees  and  esculent  vegetables,  on  an  extensive  scale  ;  there  may  be 
arranged  the  Arboretum,  the  Orchard,  the  Culinarium,  Floral  depart- 
ments, Melon  grounds,  and  Strawberry  beds,  and  Green  houses. 

The  remainder  of  the  land  may  be  devoted  to  the  Cemetery. 

By  means  of  a  more  extensive  correspondence,  with  eminent  horti- 
culturists it  is  certain  that  many  valuable,  rare,  and  beautiful  plants 
may  be  obtained,  not  only  from  all  parts  of  our  own  country,  but  other 
regions  of  the  globe,  which  could  be  naturalized  to  the  soil  and  climate 
of  New  England.  This  can  be  efficiently  undertaken  so  soon  as  a 
Garden  of  Experiment  is  formed  ;  but  it  would  be  almost  useless  to  pro- 
cure large  collections  of  seeds  or  plants,  until  we  are  enabled  to  culti- 
vate them,  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  Society. 

Accounts  of  the  experiments  which  may  be  made  should  be  periodi- 
cally reported  and  published  ;  and  seeds,  buds,  cuttings,  and  uncommon 
varieties  of  rooted  plants  may  be  distributed  among  the  members  of  the 
Society,  and  be  sold  for  its  benefit,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  found 
most  expedient,  to  render  the  garden  the  most  extensively  useful  in 
all  its  relations  with  the  wants,  comforts,  and  pleasures  of  life. 

Such  an  establishment  is  required  for  "  collecting  the  scattered  rays 
of  intelligence,  and  blending  them  with  the  science  and  accumulating 
experience  of  the  times,"  and  then  diffiising  them  far  and  wide,  to  cheer 
and  enlighten  the  practical  horticulturist  in  his  career  of  agreeable  and 
profitable  industry.  It  will  powerfully  contribute  to  increase  the  taste 
for  rural  pursuits,  —  stimulate  a  generous  spirit  of  research  and  emula- 
tion,—  suggest  numerous  objects  worthy  of  inquiry  and  experiment, — 
multiply  the  facilities  of  information  and  the  interchange  of  indigenous 
and  exotic  plants,  —  develope  the  vast  vegetable  resources  of  the  Un- 
ion,—  give  activity  to  enterprise,  —  increase  the  enjoyment  of  all 
classes  of  citizens, —  advance  the  prosperity,  and  improve  the  general 
aspect  of  the  whole  country. 

The  establishment  of  a  Cemetery  in  connexion  with  the  Garden  of 
Experiment,  cannot  fail  of  meeting  public  approbation.  Such  rural 
burial  places  were  common  among  the  ancients,  who  allowed  no  grave- 
yards within  their  cities.  The  Potter's  Field  was  without  the  walls  of 
Jerusalem,  and  in  the  Twelve  Tables  it  was  prescribed  "that  the  dead 
should  neither  be  buried  nor  burned  in  the  city"  of  Rome.  Evelyn 
states,  "  that  the  custom  of  burying  in  churches  and  near  about  them, 

9 


66 

especially  in  great  cities,  is  a  novel  presumption,  indecent,  sordid,  and 
very  prejudicial  to  health  ;  it  was  not  done  amonor  the  Christians  in  the 
primitive  ages  ; "  was  forbidden  by  the  Emperors  Gratian,  Valentian, 
and  Theodosiiis,  and  never  sanctioned  until  the  time  of  Gregory  the 
Great.  The  Eastern  Christians  do  not  now  inter  the  dead  within  their 
churches.  During  the  age  of  the  patriarchs,  groves  were  se'ected  as 
places  of  sepulture.  When  Sartih  died,  Abraham  purchased  "the  field 
of  Ephron,  in  Machpelah,  with  .ill  the  trees  that  were  therein  and  the 
borders  round  about,  as  a  burying  place,"  and  there  he  buried  his  wife  ; 
"  and  there  they  buried  Abraham,  Isaac,  Rebekah,  and  Leah  " ;  and 
when  Jacob  had  l)Iessed  his  sons,  "  he  said  unto  them,  I  am  to  be 
gathered  unto  my  people  :  bury  me  with  my  fathers  in  the  cave  that  is 
in  the  field  of  Ephron."  Deborah  "was  buried  beneath  Bethel  under  an 
oak,"  and  the  valiant  men  of  Jabeshgilead  removed  the  bodies  of  Saul 
and  his  sons  from  the  wall  of  Bcthshan  and  "  buried  them  under  a  tree." 
Moses  was  buried  in  "  a  valley  in  tlie  land  of  Moab  "  ;  Joseph  in  "  a  par- 
cel of  ground  in  Shechem"  ;  Elcazer,  the  son  of  Aaron  "in  a  hill  that 
pertained  to  Phinehas,"  and  Manassah  with  Amon  "  in  the  garden  of 
Uzza." 

The  planting  of  rose-trees  upon  graves  is  an  ancient  custom;  Anac- 
reon  says,  that  "  it  protects  the  dead  "  ;  and  Propertius  indicates  the 
usage  of  burying  amidst  roses. 

Plato  sanctioned  the  planting  of  trees  over  sepulchres,  and  the  tomb 
of  Ariadne  was  in  the  Arethusian  Grove  of  Crete.  The  Catacombs  of 
Thebes  were  excavated  in  the  gorges  of  the  forest-clad  hills,  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  Nile,  and  those  of  Meniphis  were  beyond  the  lake 
Acherusia,  from  whence  the  Grecian  mythologists  derived  their  fabu- 
lous accounts  of  the  Elysian  Fields.  There  it  was  supposed  the  souls 
of  the  virtuous  and  illustrious  retired  after  death,  and  roamed  through 
bowers,  forever  green,  and  over  meadows  spangled  with  flowers,  and 
refreshed  by  perennial  streams.  In  the  mountains  near  Jerusalem  were 
located  the  tombs  of  the  opulent  Israelites ;  and  in  a  garden,  near  the 
base  of  Calvary,  had  Joseph,  the  Aramathean,  prepared  that  memorable 
sepulchre  in  which  was  laid  the  crucified  Messiah.  The  Greeks  and 
Romans  often  selected  the  secluded  recesses  of  wooded  heights  and 
vales,  as  favorite  places  of  interment,  or  the  borders  of  the  great  public 
highways,  where  elegant  monuments  were  erected,  and  surrounded 
with  cypress  and  other  ever  verdant  trees.  Many  of  the  richly  sculp- 
tured sarcophagi  and  magnificent  tombs,  reared  by  the  once  polished 
nations  of  Asia  Minor  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  the  numer- 
ous ruined  cities  on  the  deserted  coast  of  Karamania. 

The  Athenians  allowed  no  burials  within  the  city.  The  illustrious 
men  who  had  either  died  in  the  service  of  tiieir  country,  or  were 
thought  deserving  of  the  most  distinguished  honors,  were  buried  in  the 
Ceran)icus,  —  an  extensive  public  cemetery  on  the  road  to  Thria. 
Tombs  and  statues  were  erected  to  their  memory,  on  which  were  re- 
counted their  praises  and  exploits  ;  and  to  render  them  familiar  to  all, 
to  animate  every  citizen  to  a  love  of  virtue  and  of  glory,  and  to  excite 
in  youthful  minds  an  ardent  desire  of  imitating  those  celebrated 
worthies,  the  spacious  jrrounds  were  embellished  with  trees  and  made  a 
pui)lic  promenade.  Within  the  Ceramicus  was  the  Academy  where 
Plato  and  the  great  men  wJio  followed  him  met  their  disciples  and  held 
assemblies  for  philosophical  conference  and  instruction.      Connected 


67 

with  the  Academy  was  a  Gymnasium  and  a  garden,  which  was  adorned 
with  delig^htful  covered  walks,  and  refreshed  by  the  waters  of  the 
Cephisus,  wliicli  flowed  under  the  shade  of  the  plane  and  various  other 
trees,  through  its  western  borders.  At  the  entrance  and  williin  the 
area  of  the  garden  were  temples,  altars,  and  statues  of  the  gods. 

The  bodies  of  the  Athenians,  who  had  fallen  in  bottle,  were  collected 
by  their  countrymen,  and,  after  they  were  consumed  on  the  funeral  pile, 
their  hones  were  carried  to  Athens ;  there  they  were  exposed,  in 
cypress  coffins,  under  a  large  tent,  for  three  days,  that  the  relations 
might  perform  those  libations,  which  affection  and  religion  enjoined  ; 
then  they  were  placed  on  as  many  cars  as  there  were  tribes,  and  the 
procession  proceeded  slowly  through  the  city  to  the  Ceramicus,  where 
funeral  games  were  exhibited,  and  an  orator,  publicly  appointed  for  the 
occasion,  pronounced  an  eulogium. 

Even  the  Turks,  who  are  so  opposed  to  the  cultivation  of  the  fine 
arts,  embellish  their  grave-yards  Avitli  evergreens.  With  them  it  is  a 
religious  duty  to  plant  trees  around  the  graves  of  their  kindred,  and 
the  burying  ground  of  Scutari  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  objects  in 
the  environs  of  Constantinople.  Situated  in  the  rear  of  the  town  and 
extending  along  the  declivity  of  the  Asiatic  shore,  towards  tlie  sea  of 
Marmora,  it  presents  a  vast  forest  of  majestic  trees ;  and  thither  the 
inhabitants  of  the  imperial  city  generally  resort,  during  the  sultry 
months  of  summer,  to  enjoy  the  cool  breezes  which  descend  from  the 
Euxine,  or  are  wailed  over  the  waves  of  the  Propontis.  Throughout 
Italy,  France,  and  England,  there  are  many  cemeteries  which  are 
ornamented  with  forest  trees  and  flowering  shrubs.  Pere  La  Chaise, 
in  the  environs  of  Paris,  has  been  admired  and  celebrated  by  every 
traveller  who  has  visited  that  beautiful  garden  of  the  dead. 

In  Liverpool  a  similar  burying-ground  was  completed  three  years 
since,  and  a  meeting  has  recently  been  held  in  London  for  forming  one 
in  the  vicinity  of  that  city,  of  a  size  and  on  a  scale  of  magnificence 
which  shall  quadrate  with  the  wealth  and  vast  extent  of  the  mighty 
capital  of  a  great  nation.  Within  the  central  area  are  to  be  exact 
models  of  the  superb  temples,  triumphal  arches,  columns,  and  public 
monuments  of  Greece  and  Rome,  as  receptacles,  or  memorials  of  the 
departed  worthies  of  the  empire. 

The  establishment  of  rural  cemeteries  similar  to  that  of  Pere  La 
Chaise,  has  often  been  the  subject  of  conversation  in  this  country,  and 
frequently  adverted  to  by  the  writers  in  our  scientific  and  literary  pub- 
lications. Bnt  a  few  years  since,  a  meeting  was  held  in  Boston,  by 
many  of  its  most  respectable  citizens,  for  the  purpose  of  maturing  a 
plan  and  forming  such  an  establishment  in  the  environs  of  the  city. 
No  one  can  be  indifferent  to  a  subject  of  such  deep  and  universal  inter- 
est. In  whatever  point  of  view  it  is  considered,  who  is  there  that  does 
not  perceive  numerous  and  powerful  inducements  for  aiding  in  its 
accomplishment?  How  consoling  and  pleasing  is  the  thought  that  our 
memories  shall  be  cherished  sfter  death  ;  and  that  the  spot,  where  our 
ashes  repose,  shall  be  often  visited  by  dear  and  constant  friends  ;  that 
they  will  there  linger  to  call  up  the  soothing  yet  melancholy  reminis- 
cences of  by  gone  times  ;  that  the  sod,  which  covers  us,  will  be  kept 
ever  verdant;  that  a  magnificent  forest  will  be  reared  to  overshadow 
our  graves,  by  those  truly  kind  hands  which  performed  the  last  sad 
office  of  affection ;  that  flowers  will  fringe  the  pathways,  leading  to 


68 

our  lowly  resting-place,  and  their  fragrance,  mingled  with  the  holiest 
aspirations,  ascend  towards  the  throne  ofthe  Eternal. 

To  tliose  who  mourn,  what  a  consolation  to  visit  the  bower-seques- 
tered monument  of  a  much  loved  friend,  under  circumstances  and  with 
associations  so  favorably  calculated  to  revive  agreeable  recollections  of 
the  past;  and  when  those  revolting  ideas  are  excluded,  wjjich  obtrude 
upon  the  mind,  while  standing  in  the  usually  dreary,  desolate,  and  ruin- 
ous repositories  of  the  dead. 

In  a  Rural  Cemetery  the  names  and  virtues  of  the  departed  would 
live  in  perpetual  freshness,  and  their  souls  seem  to  commune  with  those 
who  come  to  do  honor  to  their  names.  Thus  would  all  like  to  repose  in 
death :  and  who  would  not  deem  it  a  blessing,  to  be  able  to  confer  that 
favor  on  a  parent,  child,  wife,  husband,  or  friend  ?  How  can  this  object 
be  so  succe.ssfuUy  accomplished  as  in  connexion  with  an  Experimental 
Garden  ?  That  part  of  the  land  wliich  has  been  recommended  for  a 
Cemetery  may  be  circumvallated  by  a  spacious  avenue,  bordered  by 
trees,  shrubbery,  and  perennial  flowers  ;  rather  as  a  line  of  demarca- 
tion than  of  disconnexion  ;  for  the  ornamental  grounds  of  the  Garden 
should  be  apparently  blended  with  those  of  the  Cemetery,  and  the 
walks  of  each  so  intercommunicate  as  to  afford  an  uninterrupted  range 
over  both,  as  one  common  domain. 

Among  the  hills,  glades,  and  dales,  which  are  now  covered  with 
evergreen  and  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs,  may  he  selected  sites  for 
isolated  graves,  and  tombs,  and  these,  being  surmounted  with  columns, 
obelisks,  and  other  appropriate  monuments  of  granite  and  marble,  may 
be  rendered  interesting  specimens  of  art ;  they  will  also  vary  and  em- 
belish  the  scenery  embraced  within  the  scope  of  the  numerous  sinuous 
avenues,  whicli  may  be  felicitously  opened  in  all  directions  and  to  a 
vast  extent,  from  the  diversified  and  picturesque  features  which  the 
topography  ofthe  tract  of  land  presents. 

Besides  the  great  public  advantages  which  will  result  from  the  horti- 
cultural departments,  and  from  that  portion  of  the  land  which  may  be 
consecrated  to  the  dead,  and  rendered,  like  the  Elysian  fields  of  the 
Egyptians,  a  holy  and  pleasant  resort  for  the  living,  —  the  whole  will 
present  one  of  the  most  instructive,  magnificent,  and  pleasant  prome- 
nades in  our  country.  From  its  immediate  proximity  to  the  Capital  of 
the  State,  it  will  attract  universal  interest,  and  become  a  place  of 
healthful,  refreshing,  and  agreeable  resort  from  early  spring  until 
the   close  of  autumn. 

To  accomplish  these  two  great  objects,  it  is  necessary  that  a  fund 
should  be  created  immediately,  sufficient  for  the  purchase  of  the  land, 
surrounding  it  with  a  substantial  fence,  the  erection  of  a  gardener's 
lodge,  laying  out  the  grounds,  and  preparing  them  for  the  purposes  of 
an  Experimental  Garden  and  a  Cemetery.  That  this  can  be  done,  your 
committee  do  not  entertain  a  doubt,  and  respectfully  recommend  the 
adoption  of  the  following  measures,  as  best  calculated  to  insure  success. 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 

For  the  Committee. 

The  Committee,  to  whom  was  referred  the  method  of  raising  sub- 
scriptions for  the  Experimental  Garden  and  Cemetery,  beg  leave  to 
REPORT: 

1.  That  it  is  expedient  to  purchase,  for  a  Garden  and  Cemetery,  a 
tract  of  land,  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  "  Sweet  Auburn,"  near 


69 

the  road  leading  from  Cambridge  to  Watertown,  containing  about 
seventy-two  acres,  for  the  sum  of  six  thousand  dollars  ;  provided  this 
sum  can  be  raised  in  the  manner  proposed  in  the  second  article  of 
this  report. 

2.  Thiit  a  subscription  be  opened  for  lots  of  ground  in  the  said 
tract,  containing-  not  less  than  two  hundred  square  feet  each,  at  the 
price  of  sixty  dollars  for  each  lot,  —  the  subscription  not  to  be  binding 
until  one  hundred  lots  are  subscribed  for. 

3.  That  when  a  hundred  or  more  lots  are  taken,  the  right  of  choice 
shall  be  disposed  of  at  an  auction,  of  which  seasonable  notice  shall  be 
given  to  the  subscribers. 

4.  That  those  subscribers,  who  do  not  offer  a  premium  for  the  right 
of  choosing,  shall  have  their  lots  assigned   to  them  by  lot. 

5.  That  the  fee  of  the  land  shall  be  vested  in  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  but  that  the  use  of  the  lots,  agreeably  to  an  act 
of  the  legislature  respecting  the  same,  shall  be  secured  to  the  sub- 
scribers, their  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever. 

6.  That  the  land  devoted  to  the  purpose  of  a  Cemetery  shall  contain 
not  less  than  forty  acres. 

7.  That  every  subscriber,  upon  paying  for  his  lot,  shall  become  a 
member  for  life  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  without 
being  subject  to  assessments. 

8.  That  a  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee  of  nine  persons  shall  be 
chosen  annually,  first  by  the  subscribers,  and  afterwards  by  the  Horti- 
cultural Society,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  cause  the  necessary  surveys 
and  allotments  to  be  made,  to  assign  a  suitable  tract  of  land  for  the 
Garden  of  the  Society,  and  to  direct  all  matters  appertaining  to  the 
regulation  of  the  Garden  and  Cemetery;  five  at  least  of  this  committee 
shall  he  persons  having  rights  in  the  Cemetery. 

9.  That  the  establishment,  including  the  Garden  and  Cemetery,  be 
called  by  a  definite  name,  to  be  supplied  by  the  committee. 

JOSEPH  STORY, 
DANIEL  WEBSTER, 
HENRY  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 
SAMUEL  APPLETON, 
CHARLES  LOWELL, 
JACOB  BIGELOW, 
EDWARD  EVERETT, 
GEORGE   BOND, 
GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER, 
ABBOT  LAWRENCE, 
FRANKLIN  DEXTER, 
ALEXANDER  H.  EVERETT, 
JAMES  T.  AUSTIN, 
CHARLES  P.  CURTIS, 
JOSEPH  P.  BRADLEE, 
JOHN  PIERPONT, 
ZEBEDEE  COOK, 
CHARLES  TAPPAN, 
LUCIUS  M.  SARGENT, 
GEORGE  W.  PRATT. 
Boslon,  Junt  11,  1831. 


70 

Resolved,  That  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on  an  Experimental 
Garden  and  Rural  Cemetery,  be  accepted,  and  that  said  committee  be 
autliorized  to  proceed  in  the  establishment  of  a  Garden  and  Cemetery, 
in  conformity  to  the  Report  which  has  this  day  been  made  and 
accepted. 

It  having'  been  considered  important,  that  the  public  should  be 
generally  informed  us  to  the  character  of  the  two  associated  establish- 
ments, the  Hon.  Edward  Everett  was  requested  to  prepare  an  Address, 
explanatory  of  the  objects  which  it  was  proposed  to  accomplish;  and 
he  furnished  the  following,  which  was  published  in  the  Boston  papers. 

THE  PROPOSED  RURAL  CEMETERY. 

At  the  late  session  of  the  Genera]  Court,  an  act  was  passed, 
enlarging  the  powers  of  the  Horticultural  Society  in  such  a  manner, 
as  to  enable  it  to  establish  a  rural  cemetery,  in  connexion  with  the 
experimental  garden,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  original  plan  of  that 
Society.  Preliminary  steps  have  been  taken  to  exercise  the  powers 
granted  by  this  additional  act  of  incorporation.  The  subject  has  been 
under  the  consideration  of  a  large  and  highly  respectable  committee, 
selected  for  their  known  interest  in  the  design  ;  and  a  plan  of  meas- 
ures to  be  pursued,  for  carrying  the  object  into  effect,  has  been  pre- 
pared and  adopted. 

The  spot,  which  has  been  selected  for  this  establishment,  has  not 
been  chosen  without  great  deliberation,  and  a  reference  to  every  other 
place  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  which  has  been  named  for  the  same 
purpose.  In  fact,  the  difficulty  of  finding  a  proper  place  has  been  for 
several  years  the  chief  obstacle  to  the  execution  of  this  project.  The 
spot  chosen  is  as  near  Bsston  as  is  consistent  with  perfect  security 
from  the  approach  of  those  establishments,  usually  found  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  a  large  town,  but  not  in  harmony  with  the  character  of  a 
place  of  burial.  It  stands  near  a  fine  sweep  in  Charles  River.  It 
presents  every  variety  of  surface,  rising  in  one  part  into  a  beautiful 
elevation,  level  in  others,  with  intermediate  depressions,  and  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  Avhole  covered  with  the  natural  growth  of  wood. 
In  fact,  the  place  has  long  been  noted  for  its  rural  beauty,  its  romantic 
seclusion,  and  its  fine  prospect ;  and  it  is  confidently  believed,  that 
there  is  not  another  to  be  named,  possessing  the  same  union  of 
advantages. 

It  is  proposed  to  s'et  apart  a  considerable  portion  of  this  delightful 
spot,  for  the  purpose  of  a  burial  place.  Little  will  be  required  from 
the  hand  of  art  to  fit  it  for  that  purpose.  Nature  has  already  done 
almost  all  that  is  required.  Scarcely  any  thing  is  needed  but  a  suit- 
able enclosure,  and  such  walks  as  will  give  access  to  the  different 
parts  of  the  enclosed  space,  and  exhibit  its  features  to  the  greatest 
advantage.  It  is  proposed,  (as  it  appears  from  the  report  above  cited,) 
to  divide  the  parts  of  the  tract,  best  adapted  to  that  purpose,  into  lots, 
containing  two  hundred  or  more  square  feet,  to  be  used  by  individuals 
becoming  proprietors  of  them,  for  the  purposes  of  burial.  It  will  be 
at  the  option  of  those  interested,  to  build  tombs  of  the  usual  construc- 
tion on  these  lots,  or  to  make  graves  in  them,  when  occasion  may 
require  ;  identifying  the  lot  by  a  single  monument,  or  the  graves  by 
separate  stones,  or  leaving  the  whole  without  any  other  ornament, 
than  the  green  turf  and  the  overshadowing  trees. 


71 

By  the  act  of  the  legislature,  authorizing  the  Horticultural  Society 
to  establish  this  Cemetery,  it  is  placed  under  the  protection  of  the 
laws,  and  consecrated  to  the  perpetual  occupancy  of  the  dead.  Being 
connected  with  ilie  adjacent  experimenlal  garden,  it  will  be  under  the 
constant  inspection  of  the  Society's  Gardener,  and  thus  possess  ad- 
vantages, in  reference  to  the  care  and  neatness  with  which  it  will  be 
kept,  not  usually  found  in  places  of  burial.  A  formal  act  of  dedica- 
tion, with  religious  solemnities,  will  impart  to  it  a  character  of  sanc- 
tity, and  consecrate  it  to  the  sacred  purposes  for  which  it  is  destined. 

It  is  a  matter  of  obvious  consideration,  tiial,  with  the  rapid  increase 
of  the  city  of  Boston,  many  years  cannot  elapse,  before  the  deposit  of 
the  dead  within  its  limits  must  cease.  It  is  already  attended  with 
considerable  difficulty,  and  is  open  to  serious  olijections.  The  estab- 
lishment now  contemplated,  presents  an  opportunity  for  all,  who  wiish 
to  enjoy  it,  of  providing  a  place  of  burial  for  those,  tor  whom  it  is  their 
duty  to  make  such  provision.  The  space  is  ample,  affording  room  for 
as  large  a  number  of  lots,  as  may  be  required  for  a  considerable  length 
of  time ;  and  the  price  at  which  they  are  now  to  be  purchased,  it  is 
believed,  is  considerably  less  than  that  of  tombs,  in  the  usual  places  of 
their  construction. 

Although  no  one,  whose  feelings  and  principles  are  sound,  can 
regard,  without  tenderness  and  delicacy,  the  question,  where  he  will 
deposit  the  remains  of  those,  whom  it  is  his  duly  to  follow  to  their  last 
home,  yet  it  may  be  feared,  that  too  little  thought  has  been  had  for  the 
decent  aspect  of  our  places  of  sepulture,  or  their  highest  adaptation  to 
their  great  object.  Our  burial  places  are,  in  the  cities,  crowded  till 
they  are  full ;  nor,  in  general,  does  any  other  object,  either  in  town 
or  country,  appear  to  have  been  had  in  view  in  thein,  than  that  of 
confining  the  remains  of  the  departed  to  the  smallest  portion  of  earth 
that  will  hide  them.  Trees,  whose  inexpressible  beauty  has  been 
provided  by  the  hand  of  the  Creator  as  the  great  ornament  of  the 
earth,  have  rarely  been  planted  about  our  grave-yards  ;  the  enclosures 
are  generally  inadequate  and  neglected,  the  graves  indecently  crowded 
together,  and  often,  after  a  few  years,  disturbed;  and  the  whole  ap- 
pearance as  little  calculated  as  possible  to  invite  the  visits  of  the 
seriously  disposed,  to  tranquillize  the  feelings  of  surviving  friends,  and 
to  gratify  that  disposition  which  would  lead  us  to  pay  respect  to  their 
ashes. 

Nor  has  it  hitherto  been  in  the  power  even  of  those,  who  might  be 
able  and  willing  to  do  it,  to  remedy  these  evils,  as  far  as  they  are 
themselves  concerned.  Great  objections  exist  to  a  place  of  sepulture 
in  a  private  field  ;  particularly  this,  that  in  a  few  years  it  is  likely  to 
pass  into  the  liands  of  those,  who  will  take  no  interest  in  preserving  its 
sacred  deposit  from  the  plough.  Tlie  mother  of  Washington  lies 
buried  in  a  field,  the  property  of  a  person  not  related  to  her  family, 
and  in  a  spot  which  cannot  now  be  identified.  In  the  public  grave- 
yard it  is  not  always  in  the  power  of  an  individual  to  appropriate  to  a 
single  place  of  burial,  space  enough  for  the  purposes  of  decent  and 
respectful  ornament. 

The  proposed  establishment  seems  to  .^urnish  every  facility  for  grati- 
fying the  desire,  which  must  rank  among  the  purest  and  strongest  of 
the  human  heart,  and  which  would  have  been  much  more  frequently 
indicated,  but  for  the  very  serious,  and  sometimes  insuperable  obstacles 


72 

of  which  we  have  spoken.    Here  it  will  be  in  the  power  of  every  one, 

who  may  wish  it,  at  iin  expense  considerably  less  than  that  of  a  com- 
mon tomb,  or  a  vault  beneath  a  church,  to  deposit  the  mortal  remains 
of  his  friends,  and  to  provide  a  place  of  burial  I'ur  himself,  which,  wliile 
livin;,^  he  may  contemplate  witliout  dread  or  disgust;  one  which  is 
secure  from  the  danger  of  being  encroached  upon,  as  in  the  grave- 
yards of  the  city  ;  secluded  from  every  species  of  uncongenial  intru- 
sion ;  surrounded  with  every  thing  that  can  fill  the  heart  with  tender 
and  respectful  emotions;  beneath  the  shade  of  a  venerable  tree,  on 
the  slope  of  the  verdant  lawn,  and  within  the  seclusion  of  the  forest ; 
removed  from  all  the  discordant  scenes  of  life. 

Such  were  the  places  of  burial  of  the  ancient  nations.  In  a  spot 
like  this  were  laid  the  remains  of  the  patriarchs  of  Israel.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  their  great  cities  the  ancient  Egyptians  established 
extensive  cities  of  the  dead  ;  and  the  Greeks  and  Romans  erected 
the  monuments  of  the  departed  by  the  road  side,  en  the  approach  to 
their  cities,  or  in  pleasant  groves  in  their  suburbs.  A  part  of  the 
Grove  of  Academus,  near  Athens,  famous  for  the  school  of  Plato,  was 
appropriated  to  the  sepulchres  of  their  men  of  renown  ;  and  it  was  the 
saying  of  Themistocles,  that  the  monuments  he  beheld  there  would 
not  permit  him  to  sleep.  The  "  Appian  Way  "  was  lined  with  the  monu- 
ments of  the  heroes  and  sages  of  Rome.  In  modern  times,  the  Turkish 
people  are  eminent  for  that  respectful  care  of  the  places  of  sepulture, 
which  forms  an  interesting  trait  of  the  oriental  character.  At  the 
head  and  foot  of  each  grave,  a  cypress  tree  is  planted,  so  that  the 
grave-yard  becomes,  in  a  few  years,  a  deep  and  shady  grove.  These 
sacred  precincts  are  never  violated ;  they  form  the  most  beautiful 
suburbs  to  the  cities,  and,  not  unfrequently,  when  the  city  of  the 
living  has  been  swept  away  by  the  political  vicissitudes,  frequent  under 
tliat  government,  the  Grove  of  Cypress  remains,  spreading  its  sacred 
shelter  over  the  city  of  the  dead. 

In  the  city  of  Boston,  the  inconveniences  of  the  present  modes  of 
burial  are  severely  felt;  and  it  is  as  a  becoming  appendage  and  inter- 
esting ornament  of  the  town,  tiiat  this  cemetery  should  be  regarded. 
When  it  shall  be  laid  out  with  suitable  walks,  and  the  appropriate 
spots  shall  begin  to  be  adorned  with  the  various  memorials  which 
affection  and  respect  may  erect  to  the  departed,  what  object  in  or 
near  Boston  will  l)e  equally  attractive?  What  would  sooner  arrest 
the  attention  of  the  stranger  ?  Wliither  would  a  man  of  reflection 
and  serious  temper  sooner  direct  his  steps  ?  f  (ad  such  a  cemetery, 
with  prophetic  forethought  of  posterity,  been  laid  out  in  the  first 
settlement  of  the  country,  and  all  our  venerated  dead,  —  the  eminent 
in  church  and  state,  —  been  deposited  side  by  side,  with  plain  but 
enduring-  monuments,  it  would  possess  already  an  interest  of  the 
most  elevated  and  affecting  character.  Such  a  place  of  deposit  is 
Pere  la  Chaise,  near  Paris,  which  has  already  become  a  spot  of  the 
greatest  interest  and  attraction,  furnishing  the  model  to  similar  estab- 
lishments in  various  parts  of  Europe,  and  well  deserving  to  be  had  in 
view,  in  that  which  is  in  contemplation  here. 

The  vicinity  of  our  venerable  University  suggests  an  interesting 
train  of  associations,  connected  with  this  spot.  It  has  ever  been  the 
favorite  resort  of  the  students.  There  are  hundreds  now  living,  who 
have  passed  some  of  the  happiest  hours  of  the  happiest  period  of  their 


73 

lives,  beneath  the  shade  of  the  trees  in  this  secluded  forest.  It  will 
become  the  place  of  burial  tor  the  University.  Here  will  the  dust  of 
the  young  men,  wlio  mny  be  cut  off  before  their  academic  course  is 
run,  be  laid  by  their  class-mates.  Here  will  be  deposited  tliose  who 
may  die  in  the  offices  of  instruction  and  government.  Nor  is  it  impos- 
sible, that  the  several  class-associations,  which  form  a  beautiful  feature 
of  our  college  life,  may  each  appropriate  to  tiiemselves  a  lot,  where 
such  of  their  brethren  as  may  desire  it,  may  be  brought  back  to  he 
deposited  in  the  soil  of  the  spot  where  they  passed  their  early  years. 

The  establishment  contemplated  will  afford  the  means  of  paying  a 
tribute  of  respect,  by  a  monumental  erection,  to  the  names  and  memory 
of  great  and  good  men,  whenever  or  wherever  they  have  died.  Its 
summit  may  be  consecrated  to  Washington,  by  a  cenotaph  inscribed 
with  his  name.  Public  sentiment  will  often  delight  in  these  tributes 
of  respect,  and  the  place  niay  gradually  become  the  honorary  mauso- 
leum for  the  distinguished  sons  of  Massachusetts. 

This  design,  though  but  recently  made  public,  has  been  long  in 
contemplation,  and,  as  is  believed,  has  been  favored  with  unusual 
approbation.  It  has  drawn  forth  much  unsolicited  and  earnest  con- 
currence. It  has  touched  a  chord  of  sympathy  which  vibrates  in  every 
heart.  Let  us  take  an  affectionate  and  pious  care  of  our  dead  ;  let 
us  turn  to  some  good  account,  in  softening  and  humanizing  the  public 
feeling,  that  sentiment  of  tenderness  toward  the  departed,  which  is 
natural  and  ineradicable  in  man.  Let  us  employ  some  of  the  super- 
fluous wealth,  now  often  expended  in  luxury  worse  than  useless,  in 
rendering  the  place  where  our  beloved  friends  repose,  decent,  attrac- 
tive, and  grateful  at  once  to  the  eye  and  the  heart. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Horticultural  Society  on  the  second  of  July,  the 
following  additional  act  was  accepted. 

COMMONWEALTH  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 
In  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-one. 
An  Act,  in  addition  to  an  Act  entitled,  "  An  Act  to  incorporate  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society." 
Section  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
in  General  Court  assembled,  and  bjj  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  be,  and  hereby  are,  authorized,  in 
addition  to  the  powers  already  conferred  on  them,  to  dedicate  and 
appropriate  any  part  of  the  real  estate  now  owned  or  hereafter  to  be 
purchased  by  them,  as  and  for  a  Rural  Cemetery  or  Burying-Ground, 
and  for  the  erection  of  Tombs,  Cenotaphs,  or  other  Monuments,  for,  or 
in  memory  of  the  dead  ;  and  for  this  purpose,  to  lay  out  the  same  in 
suitable  lots  or  other  subdivisions,  for  family  and  other  burylng-places  ; 
and  to  plant  and  embellish  the  same  with  shrubbery,  flowers,  trees, 
walks,  and  other  rural  ornaments,  and  to  inclose  and  divide  the  same 
wi'h  proper  walls  and  enclosures,  and  to  make  and  annex  thereto  other 
suitable  appendages  and  conveniences,  as  the  Society  shall  from  time 
to  time  deem  expedient.  And  whenever  the  said  Society  shall  so  lay 
out  and  appropriate  any  of  their  real  estate  for  a  Cemetery  or  Burying- 
Ground,  as  aforesaid,  the  same  shall  be  deemed  a  perpetual  dedication 
thereof  for  the  purposes  aforesaid ;   and  the  real  estate  so  dedicated 

10 


74 

shall  be  for  ever  held  by  the  said  Society  in  trust  for  such  purposes, 
and  for  none  other.  And  the  said  Society  shall  have  authority  to  grant 
and  convey  to  any  person  or  persons  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  of 
burial,  and  of  erecting  tombs,  cenotaphs,  and  other  monament-j,  in  any 
sucli  designated  lots  and  subdivisions,  upon  such  terms  and  conditions, 
and  subject  to  such  regulations,  as  the  said  Society  shall,  by  their  by- 
laws and  regulations,  prescribe.  And  every  rigiit  so  granted  and 
conveyed  shall  be  held  lor  the  purposes  aforesaid,  and  for  none  other, 
as  real  estate,  by  the  proprietor  or  proprietors  thereof,  and  shall  not 
be  subject  to  attachment  or  execution. 

Section  II.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purposes  of  this 
act,  the  said  Society  shall  be,  and  hereby  are  authorized  to  purchase 
and  hold  any  real  estate  not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollais  in  value, 
in  addition  to  the  real  estate  which  they  are  now  by  law  authorized  to 
purchase  and  hold.  And  to  enable  the  said  Society  more  effectually  to 
carry  the  plan  aforesaid  into  effect,  and  to  provide  funds  for  the  same, 
the  said  Society  shall  be,  and  liereby  are  authorized  to  open  subscrip- 
tion books,  upon  such  terms,  conditions,  and  regulations,  as  the  said 
Society  shall  prescribe,  which  shall  be  deemed  fundamental  and  per- 
petual articles  between  the  said  Society  and  the  subscribers.  And 
every  person,  who  shall  become  a  subscriber  in  conformity  thereto, 
shall  be  deemed  a  member  for  life  of  the  said  Society  without  the 
payment  of  any  other  assessment  whatsoever,  and  shall  moreover  be 
entitled,  in  fee  simple,  to  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  of  using,  as  a 
place  of  burial,  and  of  erecting  tombs,  cenotaphs,  and  other  monu- 
ments, in  such  lot  or  subdivision  of  such  cemetery  or  burying  ground, 
as  shall,  in  conformity  to  such  fundamental  articles,  be  assigned  to  him. 

Section  III.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  President  of  the  said 
Society  shall  have  authority  to  call  any  special  meeting  or  meetings 
of  the  said  Society  at  such  time  and  place  as  he  shall  direct,  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  any  or  all  the  purposes  of  this  act,  or 
any  other  purposes  within  the  purview  of  the  original  act  to  which 
this  act  is  in  addition. 

In  the  House  of  Representatives,  June  22d,  1831. 

Passed  to  be  enacted.  WILLIAM  B.  CALHOUN,  Speaker. 

In  Senate,  June  23d,  1831.  Passed  to  he  enacted. 

LEVi':RETT  S  ALTON  STALL,  President. 

June  SSd,  1831.  Approved.  LEVI  LINCOLN. 

A  true  Copy. 
Attest,        EDWARD  D.  BANGS,  Secretary  of  Commomvealth. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  for  lots  in  the  Cemetery,  in  July, 
the  following  gentlemen  were  elected  members  of  the  Garden  and 
Cemetery  Committee. 

JOSEPH  STORY, 

HENRY  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 

Dr.  JACOB  BIGELOW, 

GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER, 

EDWARD  EVERETT, 

B.  A.  GOULD, 

CHARLES  WELLS, 

G.  W.  PRATT, 

GEORGE  BOND. 


75 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee, 
H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Jacob  Bigelow,  and  G.  W.  Brimmer  were  ap- 
pointed a  sub-committee  to  report  a  plan  for  laying  out  the  grounds; 
and  the  Hon.  Joseph  Story,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Lowell,  and  otiiers  were 
instructed  to  report  on  t!ie  propriety  of  consc'-rating  the  Cemetery  by 
religious  ceremonies,  who  submitted  the  following: 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Horticultural  Society  the  following  Report, 
from  a  committee  chosen  by  the  subscribers  to  the  Cemetery,  was 
made  by  the  Hon.  Judge  Story. 

The  committee,  appointed  at  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  to  the 
Mount  Auburn  Cemetery,  to  consider  jind  report  to  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  whether  it  is  expedient  to  have  any,  and  if  any, 
what  religious  ceremonies,  for  the  purpose  of  consecrating  the  said 
Cemetery,  have  had  that  subject  under  consideration,  and  beg  leave 
respectfully  to  report  to  the  said  Society  : 

1.  That,  in  the  opijion  of  the  committee,  it  is  expedient  to  have  the 
said  Cemetery  consecrated  by  religious  ceremonies  on  Saturday  the 
twenty-fourth  day  of  September  instant,  in  the  afternoon,  at  Mount 
Auburn.  And  if  that  day  should  not  be  fair,  then  on  the  next  fair 
day,  excluding  Sunday. 

2.  That  the  religious  ceremonies  proper  for  the  occasion  would  be 

An  Introductory  Prayer, 

An  Address,  and 

A  Closing  Prayer, 
with  an  original  Hymn  to  be  sung  by  the  Assembly,  and  other  ap- 
propriate music. 

3.  That  the  choice  of  the  persons  to  officiate  at  the  religious  ceremo- 
nies of  consecration,  and  all  other  arrangements  suitable  for  the 
occasion,  should  be  made  by  a  committee  of  arrangements,  to  be 
chosen  by  the  Horticultural  Society,  with  full  powers  for  that  purpose. 

4.  That  the  committee  of  arrangements  should  have  full  power  to 
fill  all  vacancies  occurring  in  their  own  body,  and  to  appoint  all  suit- 
able officers  to  assist  them  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties ;  and  that 
they  should  give  due  public  notice  of  the  order  of  their  arrangements 
when  they  shall  have  been  completed. 

All  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

JOSEPH  STORY, 
By  order  of  the  Committee. 

Voted,  That  the  Report  be  accepted. 

Resolved,  That  a  Consecrating  Committee  of  nine  members  be 
chosen. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected :  Hon.  Joseph  Story,  Henry 
A.  S.  Dearborn,  Charles  P.  Curtis,  Rev.  Charles  Lowell,  Zebedee 
Cook,  Jr.,  J.  T.  Buckingham,  George  W.  Brimmer,  George  W.  Pratt, 
Z.  B.  Adams. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committed   above   named,   on  the  same  day, 

It  was  ordered,  that  Messrs.  Curtis,  Buckingham,  and  Pratt  be  a 
committee  to  invite  the  orator  and  clergyman,  and  to  provide  an  ap- 
propriate hymn  and  suitable  music,  for  the  dedication  of  the  Cemetery. 
1^:  Voted,  That  General  Dearborn,  Mr.  Brimmer,  and  Mr.  Cook  be  a 
committee  to  prepare  the  grounds  at  Mount  Auburn,  and  to  make 
arrangements  for  the  accommodation  of  the  company. 


76 

Voted,  That  Messrs.  Cook  and  Pratt  be  a  committee  to  make  suit- 
able appointments  of  marshals  and  other  officers,  and  to  arrange  all 
matters  of  police  for  tlie  occasion. 

The  sub-committee  first  above  named  announce  to  the  Society  that 
they  have,  as  far  as  practicable,  at  present,  performed  the  service 
assigned  them,  and  that  an  address,  at  the  solemn  consecration  of  the 
Cemetery,  will  be  delivered  by  the  Hon.  JOSEPH  STORY;  the 
Prayers  will  be  offered  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  WARE  and  the  Rev.  Mr. 
PIERPONT  ;  and  an  original  Hymn  will  be  prepared  by  the  Rev. 
Mr.  PIERPONT.  The  other  arrangements  will  be  announced  as 
soon  as  completed. 

The  site,  selected  for  the  performance  of  the  consecration  cere- 
monies, was  a  deep  circular  dell,  formed  by  the  united  bases  of  four 
beautiful  hills,  in  the  south-western  portion  of  the  Cemetery  grounds. 
In  the  centre  is  a  small  pool  supplied  by  perennial  springs,  and 
from  its  margin,  the  acclivities,  on  three  sides,  gracefully  rise,  for 
more  than  a  hundred  feet  in  extent,  presenting  a  magnificent  am- 
phitheatre, sufficiently  capacious  to  accommodate  from  six  to  eight 
thousand  spectators.  The  flanks  and  summits  of  each  eminence 
being  covered  with  majestic  forest  trees,  shrubs,  and  "  many  a  wood 
flower  wild,"  an  area  of  more  than  six  hundred  feet  in  circuit, 
extending  up  the  broad  escarpments,  for  at  least  seventy  feet,  was 
divested  of  the  under  wood,  and  lined  with  seven  ranges  of  seats  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  audience.  Near  the  northern  margin  of  the 
miniature  lake  a  rostrum  was  formed,  a  few  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  water,  for  the  orator,  clergy,  and  officers  of  the  Horticultural 
Society.  This  was  decorated  with  evergreens,  giving  it  the  appear- 
ance of  a  natural  bower,  open  towards  the  south.  On  the  declivity  of 
the  fourth  hill,  and  on  the  right  of  the  rostrum,  ranges  of  seats  were 
placed,  as  an  orchestra,  for  the  band  of  music,  choristers,  and  the 
various  committees  of  arrangements. 

The  approach  from  the  main  road  leading  to  Watertown,  was  by  a 
broad  and  umbrageous  avenue  to  the  foot  of  the  hill,  which  closes  the 
dale  of  consecration  on  the  north.  This  small  eminence  was  thickly 
overgrown  with  pines  and  cedars,  but  the  lower  limbs  having  been 
pruned,  the  symmetrical  countour  of  the  mound  was  disclosed,  and 
it  assumed  the  appearance  of  an  ancient  tumulus,  reared  to  the  memory 
of  some  great  chieftain,  like  thatof  Achilles,  of  Ajax,  and  of  Patroclus,  on 
the  plains  of  Troy.  In  the  rear,  under  the  shade  of  a  stately  grove  of 
walnuts,  where  the  main  avenue  divides  and  gracefully  sweeps  round 
the  lofty  hills  to  the  east  and  west,  the  company  descended  from 
their  carriages,  and  entered  the  secluded  and  romantic  silvan  theatre, 
by  two  foot  paths,  which  wound  through  lonely  vales  of  arching 
verdure. 

The  day  was  cloudless,  and  the  deep,  blue  vault  of  heaven  cano- 
pied the  immense  area  with  a  dome  of  more  resplendent  grandeur 
than  all  that  genius  can  conceive,  or  art  accomplish ;  whispering 
zephyrs  rustled  the  many-twinkling  leaves  of  those  towering  groves, 
which  crowned  the  surrounding  heights ;  the  glorious  sun  gilded,  with 
his  cheering  beamiS,  the  smiling  landscape  ;  while,  far  and  wide  over 
the  deep  and  expanded  glen,  a  thickened,  flickering  shadow  screened, 
with  balmy  freshness,  the  assembled  multitude,  who  listened,  with 
intense  and   elevated  thoughts,  to  the  fervent  prayer,   the   eloquent 


77 

appeal,  the  thrilling  hymn  of  praise,  and  those  swelling  notes  of 
music,  which  pealed  sublime,  through  every  vale  and  tufted  hill  of 
thnt  sacred  garden  of  tiie  dead.  Such  wts  the  solemn  stillness,  so 
motionless  the  surface  ot  the  dark,  deep  pool,  that  it  mirrored  the 
steep,  receding  acclivities,  and  the  innumerable  spectators  who 
thronged  the  encircling  seats. 

At  twelve  o'clock  a  procession  was  formed,  beyond  the  northern 
hill,  of  the  officers  of  the  Society,  as  an  escort  lo  the  orator  and 
officiating  clergy,  and,  preceded  by  llie  band,  entered  the  rostrum 
through  the  eastern  vale.  The  effect  was  grand  and  imposing,  callmg 
up  vivid  recollections  of  those  solemn  funeral  rites,  which  were 
performed  by  the  patriarchs  of  old,  in  the  field  of  Machphela  ;  or  the 
assembled  Athenians  in  the  venerable  groves  of  the  Ceramicus. 


At  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  September  30, 
1831,   the    Committee    on    laying    out    the  grounds  and    forming  the 
plan  of  the  Experimental  Garden  and  Cemetry  at  Mount  Auburn, 
REPORT, 

That  measures  were  promptly  taken  for  accomplishing  those  objects, 
and  although  considerable  progress  has  been  made,  it  will  require 
further  time  to  complete  the  work. 

Alexander  VVadsworth,  Esq.,  a  skilful  civil  engineer,  was  employed 
to  make  an  accurate  topographical  survey,  and  to  locate  the  numerous 
avenues,  which  it  was  found  necessary  to  establish  through  the  exten- 
sive and  beautifully  diversified  grounds  of  the  Cemetery  and  Garden, 
both  for  convenience  and  embellishment.  The  map  has  been  so  far 
perfected,  that  it  is  submitted  for  inspection,  and  to  exhibit  the  general 
outlines  of  the  projected  improvements  ;  but  considerable  labor  is  yet 
required  in  clearing  out  the  principal  carriage  avenues  and  foot  paths, 
before  the  sites  of  the  public  and  private  cen)etery  squares  can  be 
definitely  established,  and  designated  on  the  plan. 

Models  and  drawings  of  the  Egyptian  Gateways,  and  of  a  Gothic 
tower,  and  a  Grecian  tower,  one  of  which  is  proposed  to  be  erected 
on  the  highest  hill,  have  been  made,  and  are  offered  for  examination. 

It  has  been  ascertained,  that  the  most  lofty  eminence  is  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  feet  above  Charles  River,  which  gracefully  sweeps 
round  its  gently  sloping  base  ;  and,  when  crowned  by  the  proposed 
tower,  will  become  a  most  interesting  place  of  resort,  as  commanding 
an  extensive  panoramic  view  of  that  richly  variegated  region  of  mag- 
nificent scenery,  embraced  within  the  far  distant  heights  which 
encircle  the  metropolis,  and  the  waves  of  the  ocean  ;  while  it  will 
present  a  prominent  and  imposing  feature  in  the  landscape,  of  which  it 
becomes  the  centre. 

At  some  future  period,  when  the  munificence  of  the  citizens  shall 
be  commensurate  with  their  debt  of  patriotic  gratitude,  this  structure 
may  perhaps  give  place  for  a  stupendous  monument  to  the  most  illus- 
trious benefactor  of  his  country;  —  there  will  be  reared  the  cenotaph 
of  Washington,  in  massive  blocks  of  granite  or  ever-during  marble. 
Should  the  funds  hereafter  justify  it,  a  Doric  Temple,  to  be  used  as  a 
chapel,  for  the  performance  of  funeral  rites,  and  lodges  for  the  gar- 
dener and  superintendent  of  the  Cemetery,  are  contemplated,  and 
designs  are  in  progress  for  each. 


78 

As  the  season  for  rural  labor  is  far  advanced,  it  is  not  considered 
expedient  to  commence  the  construction  of  the  avenues  before  the 
next  sprinor;  but  they  can  be  divested  of  tlie  underwood,  and  the 
whole  of  the  grounds  so  far  cleared  up,  as  to  give  them  the  appearance 
of  a  park,  during"-  the  present  autumn.  It  is  expected  that  the  lots  may 
be  assigned  within  twenty  days. 

The  committee  lias  been  cheered,  in  the  discharge  of  its  duties,  by 
the  deep  interest  which  has  been  manifested  for  the  success  of  an 
undertaking,  so  important  to  the  prosperity  of  the  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, and  so  honorable  to  the  country.  Such  is  the  exalted  estimation 
in  which  it  is  held  by  the  p;iblic,  so  universal  is  the  approbation,  so 
intense  the  interest,  tiiat,  beside  the  constant  requests  for  permission 
to  become  subscribers,  by  the  more  affluent,  numerous  applications 
have  been  made  for  cemetery  lots,  by  farmers,  meclianics,  and  dealers 
in  building  materials,  on  condition,  that  they  may  be  paid  for  in  labor, 
or  such  articles  as  shall  be  required  in  the  prosecution  of  the  proposed 
improvements.  Within  a  few  days  offers  have  been  made  to  a  con- 
siderable amount;  and  as  it  was  the  intention  and  is  the  anxious 
desire  of  the  Society,  that  every  citizen  should  have  an  opportunity  of 
participating  in  the  advantages  of  the  establishment,  the  committee 
has  availed  itself  of  the  services  thus  tendered,  in  executing  much  of  the 
work  which  has  been  performed  ;  and  there  is  not  a  doubt,  that  a  very 
considerable  portion  of  the  expense  in  constructing  roads,  fences,  gate- 
ways, and  the  various  other  edifices,  may  be  defrayed,  by  a  compen- 
sation in  cemetery  lots.  This  will  not  only  be  a  great  accommodation 
to  numerous  individuals,  who  are  desirous  to  become  subscribers,  but 
be  highly  advantageous  to  the  Society.  It  is  therefore  recommended, 
that  the  committee  be  authorized  to  prosecute  such  improvements  as 
may  be  deemed  necessary,  on  these  reciprocally  beneficial  terms. 

With  the  view  of  fully  meeting  the  expectations  and  exigencies  of 
the  community,  it  is  considered  advisable  that  sites  for  single  graves 
should  be  designated,  in  various  parts  of  the  cemetery,  embracing  all 
the  diversified  localities,  to  afford  an  opportunity  for  individuals,  who 
have  no  families,  and  the  friends  of  such  strangers  as  may  be  wept 
and  honored  far  distant  from  their  native  land,  to  procure  eligible 
places  of  sepulture,  on  reasonable  terms. 

As  the  tract  which  has  been  solemnly  consecrated,  by  religious 
ceremonies,  as  a  burial-place  for  ever,  is  so  abundantly  covered  with 
forest  trees,  many  of  which  are  more  than  sixty  years  old,  it  only 
requires  the  avenues  to  be  formed,  the  borders,  for  some  ten  feet  in 
width,  planted  with  shrubs,  bulbous  and  perennial  flowers,  the  under- 
wood cleared  out,  the  fences,  gateways,  and  appropriate  edifices 
erected,  to  put  the  grounds  in  a  sufficiently  complete  state  for  the 
uses  designed,  and  to  render  them  at  once  beautiful  and  interesting. 
All  this  can  be  done  within  two  years,  at  a  comparatively  small 
expense,  and  a  result  produced  which  could  not  have  been  real- 
ized for  forty  years,  if  it  had  been  necessary  to  commence  the 
establishment  by  planting  out  forest  trees.  There  are  numerous 
majestic  oaks,  pines,  beeches,  and  walnuts,  which  have  braved  the 
storms  of  a  century.  Towering  aloft  amidst  the  general  verdure, 
and  extending  their  huge  branches  far  and  wide,  they  appear  as  the 
venerable  monarchs  of  the  grove,  but  still  exhibit  the  vigor  of  their 
luxuriant  progeny,  which,  in  umbrageous  contiguity,  cover  each  hill 
and  plain,  and  sloping  vale,  and  form  many  an 


79 

"  alley  green,' 

Dingle,  or  bushy  dell,  in  this  wild  wood, 
And  many  a  bosky  bourn,  from  side  to  side." 

The  Garden  also  can  be  very  considerah'y  advanced,  within  the 
same  short  period  which  will  suffice  for  developing  the  inijjrovementa 
of  the  Cemetery.  The  nuiseries  in;iy  be  established,  the  departments 
for  culinary  vegf'tables,  fruit  and  orniimental  trees,  shrubs  and  flowers, 
laid  out  and  planted,  a  green-house  built,  hot-beds  formed,  the  small 
ponds  and  morasses  converted  into  picturesque  sheets  of  water,  and 
their  margins  diversified  by  clumps  and  belts  of  our  most  splendid 
native  flowering  trees  and  shrubs,  requiring  a  soil  thus  constituted 
for  their  successful  cultivation,  while  tlieir  surface  may  i)e  spangled 
with  the  brilliant  Ijlossoms  of  the  Nymphaea,  and  the  other  beautiful 
tribes  of  aquatic  plants.  The  excavations  for  deepening  and  enlarging 
the  ponds  and  morasses  will  afford  inexhaustible  sources  of  manure, 
of  invaluable  consequence  to  the  Garden,  as  well  as  for  those  portions 
of  the  Cemetery  whi'-h  will  be  embellished  by  cultivated  plants. 

From  these  favorable  circumstances  and  the  generous  zeal  which 
has  been  evinced  for  the  energetic  prosecution  of  the  labors,  which 
are  required  to  perfect  the  details  of  the  whole  extensive  plan,  there 
no  longer  remains  the  least  doubt,  that,  in  the  summer  of  1^34,  Mount 
Auburn  will  rival  the  most  celebrated  rural  burial  grounds  of  Europe, 
and  present  a  garden  in  such  a  state  of  forwardness,  as  will  be  highly 
gratifying  to  the  Society  and  the  public.  The  work  has  been  com- 
menced on  an  ever-during  foundation,  has  the  approbation  and  patro- 
nage of  an  enterprising,  intelligent,  and  prosperous  community,  and 
cannot  fail  of  progressing  in  a  manner  that  must  give  universal  satis- 
faction. There  has  Horticulture  eatablislied  her  temple,  —  there  will 
all  denominations  of  Christians  surrender  up  their  prejudices,  —  there 
will  repose  the  ashes  of  the  humble  and  exalted,  in  the  silent  and 
sacred  Garden  of  the  Dead,  until  summoned  to  those  of  eternal  life, 
in  realms  beyond  the  skies. 

Respectfully  submitted  by  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn, 

For  the  Committee. 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  WORK, 

DONE    AT    MOUNT    AUBURN,    DURI.N'G    THE    TEAR    1832. 

Most  of  the  avenues  and  paths,  whicli  were  laid  out  last  autumn, 
were  constructed  during  the  spring,  affording  a  carriage  drive  of 
nearly  three  miles,  and  an  equal  extent  of  foot  walks,  which  rendered 
Mount  Auburn  the  most  pleasant  place  of  resort  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
capital,  during  the  whole  season.  The  visitors  were  numerous,  be- 
yond all  expectation,  who  thronged  the  grounds  until  the  close  of 
autumn. 

Early  in  August  the  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee  caused 
other  avenues  to  be  laid  out  and  constructed,  and  a  road  made  on  the 
eastern  side,  which  unites  the  highways  on  the  south  and  north  east, 
and  completes  the  line  of  centre  comuninication  with  the  main  road 
from  Boston  to  Watertown,  thus  furnishing  a  new  and  most  interest- 
ing approach  to  the  establishment,  from  Brighton,  Brookline,  Roxbury, 
and  other  towns  south  of  Charles  River,  as  well  as  from  the  city. 


80 

Under  the  authority  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  twenty-five  acres 
of  land  on  the  west  have  been  purchased,  making  the  whole  quantity 
over  one  hundred  acres,  now  appropriated  to  the  Cemetery  and 
Garden,  which  have  been  enclosed  by  a  neat  aud  substantial  fence 
seven  feet  high.  The  main  entrance  has  been  embellished  by  an 
Egyptian  Gateway,  twenty-five  feet  high,  with  lodues  in  imitation, 
of  small  temples  for  the  porter,  and  supermteiident,  making  the 
entire  front  one  hundred  and  ten  feet,  terminated  by  obelisks.  The 
plan  of  tho  gate  was  taken  from  one  of  those  in  Thebes,  described  in 
the  great  work  of  the  French  savans  on  Egypt. 

The  Experimental  Garden,  including  an  area  of  more  than  thirty 
acres,  has  i)een  laid  out,  and  the  paths  ami  avenues  constructed,  and 
bordered  with  turf,  so  that  the  whole  will  be  in  readiness  for  cultivation, 
and  to  be  planted  out  with  fruit  and  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs, 
next  spring. 

A  cottage  for  the  superintendent  and  gardener  has  been  raised,  and 
will  be  finished,  with  the  requisite  offices,  by  the  last  of  February. 
The  upper  Garden  Pond  has  been  excavated,  to  a  sufficient  depth 
to  affiard  a  constant  sheet  of  water,  with  a  fall  at  the  outlet  of  three 
feet,  and  being  embanked,  avenues  with  a  border  of  six  feet,  for 
shrubs  and  flowers,  have  been  made  all  round  it.  In  the  centre  an 
island  has  been  formed,  having  a  path  on  the  margin,  which  is  con- 
nected with  the  avenue  on  the  western  side  by  a  bridge  twenty-four 
feet  in  length,  neatly  railed  and  painted  ;  and  another  bridge  of  like 
form  and  extent  thrown  over  the  outlet,  which  aifords  a  communica- 
tion with  the  Cemetery  ground  by  the  way  of  the  Indian  Ridge  Path. 

A  receiving  tomb  with  walls  formed  of  granite,  and  covered  with 
massive  blocks  of  stone,  and  surmounted  by  a  quadrangular  tumulus, 
covered  with  sods.  The  entrance  is  by  a  flight  of  stone  steps,  and 
is  secured  with  an  iron  Gothic  door. 

On  the  western  side  of  Cypress  Avenue,  a  public  burial  lot,  ninety 
feet  long  and  twenty-four  feet  wide,  has  been  laid  out  and  surrounded 
with  an  iron  fence.  Being  divided  into  four  compartments,  by  two 
paths,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  it  will  afford  sufficient 
space  for  sixty  sepulchres,  for  the  accommodation  of  such  persons  as 
do  not  own  one  of  the  large  cemetery  lots. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  for  excavating,  to  a  greater  depth, 
Forest  and  Consecration-Dell  Ponds,  and  surrounding  them  by  em- 
bellished pathways,  like  those  of  Garden-Pond,  and  for  cleaning  the 
eastern  portion  of  Garden  and  of  Meadow  Ponds,  of  bushes  and  weeds; 
all  which  will  be  done  during  the  winter,  that  season  being  the  most 
favorable  for  such  work. 

Mr.  David  Haggerston,  of  Charlestown,  has  been  engaged  as  Su- 
perintendent and  Gardener  of  the  Cemetery  and  Experimental  Garden, 
and  will  enter  on  his  duties  the  first  of  March,  when  the  Cottage  will 
be  ready  for  his  reception  ;  and  from  his  known  intelligence,  skill, 
and  taste,  in  the  cultivation  of  trees,  and  plants  of  all  kinds,  we  have 
the  fullest  confidence,  that  our  labors,  the  next  season,  will  be  com- 
menced under  the  most  favorable  auspices. 

A  number  of  superb  marble  and  granite  monuments,  some  of 
them  fifteen  feet  high,  have  been  erected;  many  lots  are  surrounded 
by  beautiful  iron  fences,  or  prepared  for  planting  out  trees,  shrubs,  and 
flowers,  the  next  year ;  while  several  tombs  of  superior  construction 
have  been  made. 


81 

But  a  little  more  than  a  year  has  elapsed  since  the  purchase  of  the 
land,  and  the  various  works  were  commenced  ;  and  the  result  is  much 
more  favorable  than  the  most  sanguine  anticipated,  leaving  no  doubt 
of  a  successful  and  speedy  accomplishment  of  the  entire  plan. 

As  some  general  system  was  considered  necessary,  as  to  the  mode 
of  constructing  tombs,  enclosing  the  lots,  and  ornamenting  them  with 
trees,  shrubs,  and  flowers,  the  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee  have 
considered  it  expedient  to  submit  the  following  remarks  to  the  con- 
sideration of  the  numerous  proprietors,  with  the  hope  that  they  may  be 
favorably  received. 

SUGGESTIONS 

AS  TO  THE  MANNER  OF  LAYING  OUT  AND  IMPROVING  THE  CEMETERY 
LOTS,  AT  MOUNT  AUBURN. 

As  various  modes  of  interment  and  of  embellishing  the  lots  may 
be  projected,  by  the  several  owners,  it  is  very  desirable  that  such  only 
should  be  adopted,  as  will  ultimately  be  most  satisfactory  to  each 
proprietor,  and  produce  the  best  general  effect,  as  connected  with  the 
character  and  design  of  the  whole  establishment. 

MODE    OF    INTERMENT. 

The  interments  will  be  either  in  graves  or  tombs.  Graves  may  be 
made  in  the  common  manner,  or,  if  it  is  thought  desirable,  they  may 
be  so  constructed  as  to  possess  most  of  the  advantages  of  tombs, 
while  many  of  the  objections  to  them  are  avoided.  The  grave  having 
been  dug,  a  receptacle  for  the  coffin  may  be  formed,  by  surrounding 
the  sides  and  ends  with  a  wall  of  bricks,  laid  in  mortar,  one  course 
thick  and  about  a  foot  high.  At  the  bottom,  across  each  end,  and  in 
the  middle,  supports  should  be  formed  of  bricks,  one  course  wide  and 
two  thick,  for  the  coffin  ;  and  after  it  has  been  deposited,  an  arch  is  to 
be  turned  over  it,  of  the  same  thickness  as  the  walls.  By  adopting 
this  method,  the  earth  will  not  come  in  contact  with  the  coffin,  while 
it  will  be  rendered  more  secure,  and  when  other  graves  are  dug  near 
it,  will  remain  undisturbed.  The  expense  will  be  small,  and  the  work 
can  be  executed  in  a  few  hours. 

If  tombs  are  preferred,  it  is  important  that  no  part  of  them  should 
appear  above  the  surlace  of  the  ground  ;  and  to  accomplish  this,  the 
excavation,  where  the  lot  is  level,  should  be  at  least  ten  feet  deep, 
and,  by  covering  the  tomb  with  slabs  of  granite,  there  will  be  left  a 
space  of  two  feet  in  depth,  which  can  be  filled  with  loam,  and  the 
surface  of  the  lot  made  again  level,  with  the  border  in  front,  in  which 
plants,  such  as  are  proper  to  be  cultivated  within  the  area  of  tlie  lot, 
will  have  ample  room  to  extend  their  roots.  In  the  centre  of  the  lot,' 
a  foundation  being  laid  on  the  top  of  the  stone  slabs,  a  monument 
can  be  erected,  on  the  sides  of  which  the  names  of  the  persons  in- 
terred may,  if  it  is  thought  proper,  he  inscribed.  The  entrance  is  ta 
be  in  front  of  the  tomb  by  a  flight  of  stone  steps,  and  to  be  covered 
with  a  thin,  flat  stone,  that  may  be  readily  removed.  A  perpendicular 
iron  door,  at  the  bottom  of  the  steps,  secured  by  a  lock,  will  render 
the  entrance  perfectly  secure.  Tombs,  of  this  construction,  have  been 
taithfully  and  neatly  built,  by  Mr.  Savage,  for  two  proprietors  of  lots. 

u 


82 

on  Beech  Avenue,  whicli  are  excellent  models  of  this  mode  of  con- 
struction. 

If  the  lot  is  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  which  slopes  to  the  rear,  it  should 
be  made  level  by  the  earth,  thrown  out  of  the  excavation  for  the  tomb, 
and  the  exterior  side  covered  with  sods,  on  a  slope  of  at  least  forty- 
five  degrees.  If  the  hill  slopes  towards  the  aveni-e,  the  mode  oi'  con- 
struction must  be  reversed.  In  the  former,  the  entrance  is  to  be  at 
top  in  front,  as  in  the  first  described  tomb,  and  in  the  latter  at  top,  in 
the  rear.  This  mode  of  construction,  on  hill  sides,  effectually  conceals 
the  masonry,  and  the  appearance  of  perpendicular  openings  is  avoided, 
which  are  offensive  to  good  taste,  unless  the  construction  of  the  whole 
work  is  of  a  highly  ornamental  and  expensive  character.  If  the  monu- 
ment and  tomb  are  combined  in  a  structure  covering  a  large  portion 
of  the  lot,  such  as  a  temple,  portico,  mausoleum,  or  massive  sar- 
cophagus, like  some  of  those  which  embellish  the  cemetery  of  Pere  Le 
Chaise,  the  entrance  must  necessarily  be  in  one  of  the  facades ;  but 
from  the  character  of  such  monuments  the  portals  are  often  the  most 
ornamental  portions  of  the  structure. 

When  the  monuments  consist  of  slabs,  they  should  be  placed  hori- 
zonlnlly  on  the  ground,  and  never  be  raised  in  a  perpendicular  di- 
rection, as  is  commonly  the  case  in  our  chnrch-yards  ;  for  they 
would  not  harmonize  with  the  natural  and  artificial  beauties  of  a  rural 
cemetery,  but  give  a  gloomy  aspect  to  the  scenery,  which  is  intended 
to  banish  the  cheerless  associations,  connected  with  the  burial-places 
of  our  cities  and  country  towns.  At  Mount  Auburn,  the  dead  will 
be  ever  in  the  midst  of  the  living,  as  their  place  of  interment  will  be 
the  resort  of  many  visitors,  who  admire  the  magnificence  of  natural 
scenery,  combined  with  all  the  embellishments  of  tasteful  gardening. 
It  is  therefore  of  the  first  consequence,  that  such  sacred  grounds  should 
be  rendered  "  pleasant,  though  mournful  to  the  soul." 

MODF.    OF    LAYING    OUT    AND    EMBELLISHTNG    THE    LOTS. 

In  the  attempt  to  improve  the  appearance  of  the  lots,  by  enclosures 
and  cultivation,  it  should  be  constantly  borne  in  mind,  that  they  are 
very  small  com))artraents  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  grove,  and  to 
give  tliem  identity  and  beauty,  the  whole  of  their  areas  must  be  lefl 
open  and  unincumbered.  They  cannot  be  planted  with  trees  or 
shrubs,  and  if  surrounded  by  hedges,  they  will  present,  in  a  very  few 
years,  a  tangled  mass  of  weeds  and  bushes.  We  must  recollect  that 
they  are  to  exist  for  ages  ;  and  our  eflxjrt  shoidd  be,  to  render  their 
appearance  perpetually  interesting,  with  the  least  possible  attention, 
after  being  once  put  in  the  best  condition,  for  present  and  future  effect. 

Hedges,  used  as  inclosures,  will  disappoint  expectation,  and  require 
to  be  entirely  eradicated  after  a  few  years,  if  even  for  a  short  time 
they  should  have  a  pleasing  effect,  when  young,  healthy,  vigorous, 
and  well  managed.  They  are  only  proper  for  extensive  grounds,  farms, 
or  large  gardens,  embracing  some  ten  or  twenty  acres,  or  for  long 
lines  of  circumvallation,  which  are  to  be  seen  at  a  distance,  in  which 
the  imperfections,  occasioned  by  insects  and  the  ravages  of  time,  are 
lost  in  the  persfioctive,  but  should  never  be  employed  to  surround  a 
mere  parterre,  a  buisson  of  roses,  or  a  bed  of  hyacinths.  To  look 
even  beautiful,  hedges,  of  all  kinds,  require  constant  attention ;  they 
must  be   kept  clear  of  weeds,   and   be   pruned    and   clipped  several 


83 

times  in  the  course  of  the  season  of  vegetation,  and  this,  too,  by 
a  skilful  Jiand.  Edgings  for  such  limited  compartments  as  the 
Cemetery  lots,  must  be  formed  of  very  humble  plants,  to  be  in  keeping 
with  their  size  and  character ;  the  box,  violet,  auricula,  Burgundy 
rose,  daisy,  or  some  other  plants,  not  more  aspiring,  can  alone  be  used  ; 
and  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the  monument,  on  its  circumscribed 
location,  these  would  constitute  no  barrier.  Hedges  of  hawthorn, 
holly,  the  tripple-thorned  acacia,  pyracantha,  or  cedar,  or  any  other 
naturally  tall  plant,  would,  if  kept  even  tolerably  well  trimmed  and 
cultivated,  become  so  much  filled  with  wood  as  to  present  a  mass  of 
branches,  with  but  little  verdure,  save  on  the  evergreens,  while  the 
whole  ground  would  be  filled  with  roots  ;  besides,  the  whole  area  of 
the  lots  and  the  monuments  would  be  so  screened  from  observation,  as 
to  render  them  invisible  from  the  avenues  and  distant  points  of  view, 
when  the  latter,  at  least,  should  be  exposed  from  its  base  to  its  summit, 
and  to  accomplish  this  the  space  must  remain  open,  or  only  be  enclosed 
by  the  lightest  constructed  trellis,  formed  with  iron  posts  and  delicate 
pales,  or  small  stone  or  iron  posts  and  chains. 

As  the  proprietors  of  lots  have  a  right  to  a  foot  of  land  beyond  the 
prescribed  bounds,  for  a  fence,  there  will  be  an  area  seventeen  feet 
wide  and  twenty-two  feet  in  length  to  be  improved.  The  length  of 
the  lot,  however,  is  to  extend  the  twenty-two  feet  from  the  edge  of 
the  strip  of  land,  six  feet  wide,  reserved,  for  the  borders  of  the  avenues 
and  paths,  when  the  end  fronts  upon  tliem  ;  but  where  the  lots  are  so 
laid  out,  as  that  the  length  is  parallel  thereto,  the  seventeen  feet  in 
width  will  be  outside  of  the  six  feet  l)order. 

Having  equalized  the  surface  of  the  lot,  but  leaving  it  any  desired 
declivity  or  acclivity,  aci-ording  as  it  may  be  located,  on  a  hill-side, 
that  descends  or  rises  from  the  avenue  or  pathway,  it  should  be  cov- 
ered with  turf  laid  down  even  and  compact,  leaving  an  open  space, 
one  foot  from  the  exterior  edges,  and  two  feet  wide,  all  round,  in  which 
bulbous  and  other  perennial  flowers  may  be  planted,  and  so  arranged, 
in  conformity  to  their  periods  of  floration,  as  to  present  a  constant 
succession  of  blossoms,  until  the  commencement  of  winter  ;  or,  as  a 
less  expensive  mode,  a  verge  of  turf,  one  foot  wide,  may  be  laid  round 
the  lot,  and  the  area  within  sown  with  grass-  seed,  and  the  whole  may 
be  thus  rendered  verdant  in  a  few  weeks.  For  this  purpose  red-top 
grass  should  be  alone  cultivated,  as  it  forms  the  most  compact,  tenacious, 
and  beautiful  turf.  Red  clover,  being  a  biennial  plant,  should  not  be 
introduced,  and  the  other  grasses  do  not  send  out  so  many  offsets 
and  roots  as  the  red-top,  and  never  produce  so  fine  an  effect,  even 
when  managed  in  the  best  manner.  To  insure  a  perpetual  green, 
smooth,  and  pleasing  surfuce,  the  grass  should  be  cut  every  two  or 
three  weeks ;  and  the  oftener  this  is  done  the  better  ;  for  if  neglected, 
the  tall  grass  loses  its  deep  verdure,  and  when  cut  down,  tlic  surface 
of  the  ground,  having  been  long  shaded,  will  appear  seared  like  a 
stubble-field.  The  wliole  secret  of  keeping  turf  always  green  is, 
tlie  frequent  cutting  of  the  grass  ;  it  can  be  done  in  no  other  way.  In 
England,  so  celebrated  for  the  spacious  and  superb  lawns,  verdant 
0,venues,  and  velvet  walks,  which  eroljellish  the  country  seats  and 
rural  cottages  of  that  nation  of  gardens,  the  grass  is  mowed,  and 
the  turf  rolled  every  fifth  or  tenth  day,  and  even  more  often  where 
the  best  possible  effect  is  desired. 


84 

The  space  of  two  feet  in  widtli,  one  foot  from  the  edges  of  the  lot 
intended  for  flowers,  should  be  trenched  two  feet  deep,  and  filled 
with  loam  and  manure,  taking  care  to  rake  out  all  the  stones  ;  for 
balhs  require  a  light  and   rich  soil. 

There  being  a  border  six  feet  wide  in  front  of  the  lots,  and  a 
space  of  at  least  six  feet  between  them,  and  a  still  greater  one  in  the 
rear,  these  can  be  planted  with  ornamental  trees,  shrubs,  and  flowers, 
which  will  be  sufficient  for  all  the  purposes  of  shade  and  embellish- 
ment ;  and  where  there  are  deciduous  forest  trees  now  growing  in 
the  immediate  vicinity,  especially  if  of  a  large  size,  it  will  not  be  proper 
to  multiply  them,  lest  the  lots  be  too  much  overshadowed  and  ob- 
scured ;  neither  should  the  shrubs  be  numerous.  The  general  appear- 
ance of  the  whole  grounds,  should  be  that  of  a  well-managed  park, 
and  the  lots  only  so  far  ornamented  with  shrubs  and  flowers,  as  to 
constitute  rich  borders  to  the  avenues  and  pathways,  without  giving 
to  them  the  aspect  of  a  dense  and  wild  coppice,  or  a  neglected  gar- 
den, whose  trees  and  plants  have  so  multiplied  and  interlaced  their 
roots  and  branches,  as  to  completely  destroy  all  that  airinesss,  grace, 
and  luxuriance  of  growth,  which  good  taste   demands. 

As  the  list  of  ornamental  shrubs  and  plants,  suitable  for  the  decora- 
tion of  lots  and  avenues,  would  be  too  extensive  for  this  publication, 
the  proprietors  of  lots  Avill  do  well  to  consult  an  experienced  gardener 
or  nursery-man,  in  reference  to  the  species  which  are  best  suited  to 
particular  soils,  and  which  will  secure  a  succession  of  flowers  through- 
out the  season.  Messrs.  Winships  of  Brighton,  Mr.  Carter  at  the 
Botanic  Garden,  or  Mr.  Haggerston  on  the  premises,  can  give  the 
requisite  information,  and,  in  most  cases,  furnish  the  plants  desired. 
For  the  Committee, 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 
President  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society, 


PROCEEDINGS 


MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY, 

AT    A    MEETING    HELD    AT    THE    HALL    OF    THE    INSTITUTION, 
ON    SATURDAY,   SEPTEMBER    29,  1832. 


THE    FOLLOWING    OFFICEES    WERE    ELECTED    FOR   THE    ENSUING    YEAR 
PRESIDENT. 

HENRY  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Roxhimj. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS, 

ZEBEDEE   COOK,  Jr.  Dorchester. 
JOHN  C.  GRAY,  Boston. 
ENOCH  BARTLETT,  Roxbury. 
ELIAS  PHINNEY,  Lexington. 

TREASURER. 

CHEEVER  NEWHALL,  Boston. 

CORRESPONDING    SECRETARY. 

JACOB  BIGELOW,  M.  D.  Boston. 

RECORDING    SECRETARY. 

ROBERT  L.  EMMONS,  Boston. 

COUNSELLORS. 

AUGUSTUS  ASPINWALL,  Brookline. 
THOMAS  BREWER,  Roxbury. 
HENRY  A.  BREED,  Lj/nn. 
BENJAMIN  W.  CROWNINSHIELD,  S,ihm. 
J.  G.  COGSWELL,  .Yoiihampton. 
NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT,  Milton. 
B.  HERSEY  DERBY,  Salem. 


86 

SAMUEL  DOWNER,  Dorchester. 
OLIVER  FISKE,  Worcester. 
B.  V.  FRENCH,  Boston. 
J.  M.  GOrJRGAS,  Weston. 
T.  \V.  HARRIS,  C.tmbridge. 
SAMUEL  JACQUES,  Jr.  Charlestown. 
JOSEPH  Cr.  JOY,  Boston. 
WILLIAM   KENRICK,  J^ewton. 
JOHN  LEMIST,  Ro.vhun/. 
S.  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Boston. 
E.  M.  RICHARDS,  Dedhani. 
BENJA1\HN  RODMAN,  Mew-Bedford. 
JOIJN   D.  RUSSELL,  Boston. 
CHARLES  SENIOR,  Ro.ilmnj. 
WILLIAM  H.  SUMNER,  Dorchester. 
CHARLES  TAPPAN,  Boston. 
JACOB  TIDD,  Roxhvry. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester. 
ELIJAH  VOSE,  Dorchester. 
AARON  i:).  WILLIAMS,  Roxhury. 
J.  W.  WEBSTJ';R,  Cambridge. 
GEORGE  W.  PRATT,  Boston. 
GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER,  Boston. 
DAVID  HAGGERSTON,   Charlestown. 
CHARLES  LAWRENCE,  Sdtm. 

PROFESSOU    OF    BOTANY    AND     VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

MALTHUS  A.  WARD,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  HORTICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY. 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,  M.  D. 


87 


STANDING  COMMITTEES  APPOINTED  BY  THE  COUNCIL. 

I. 

ON    FRUIT    TREES,    FRUITS,    &C. 

To  have  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  multiplication  of  fruit 
trees  and  vines,  by  seed,  scions,  buds,  layers,  suckers,  or  other  modes; 
the  introduction  of  new  varieties ;  the  various  methods  of  pruning  and 
training  them,  and  whatever  relates  to  their  culture,  and  that  of  all 
other  fruits ;  the  recommendation  of  objects  for  premiums,  and  the 
awarding  of  them. 

E.  VOSE,  Chairmnn. 

SAMUI<:L  DOWNER, 

OLIVER  FISKE, 

ROC  CRT  MANNING, 

CflARLES  SENIOR, 

WILLIAM  KEN  RICK, 

E.  M.  RICHARDS, 

B.  V.  FRENCH, 

S.  A.  SHURTLEFF. 

II. 

ON    THF.    CULTURE    AND    PRODUCTS    OF    THE    KITCHEN     GARDEN. 

To  have  the  charge  of  Avhatever  relates  to  the  location  and  man- 
agement of  Kitchen  Gardens  ;  the  cultivation  of  all  plants  appertaininc- 
thereto  ;  the  introduction  of  new  varieties  of  esculent,  medicinal,  and 
all  such  vegetables  as  are  useful  in  the  arts  or  are  subservient  to 
other  branches  of  national  industry  ;  the  structure  and  management 
of  hot-beds  ;  the  recommendation  of  objects  for  premiums,  and  the 
awarding  of  them. 

DANIEL  CHANDLER,  Chairman. 
JACOR  TIDD, 
AARON  D.  WILLIAMS, 
JOHN  B.  RUSSELL, 
LEONARD  STONE, 
NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT. 

in. 

ON    ORNAMENTAL    TREES,    SHRUBS,    FLOWERS,    AND    GREEN-HOUSES. 

To  have  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  culture,  multiplication, 
and  preservation  of  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  and  flowers  of  all 
kinds  ;  the  construction  and  management  of  green-honses,  the  recom- 
mendation of  objects  for  premiums,  and  the  awarding  of  them. 

JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Chairman. 
JOSEPH  G.  JOY, 
DAVID  HAGGERSTON, 
GEORGE  W.  PRATT, 
SAMUEL  WALKER. 


88 
IV. 

ON    THE    LIBRARY. 

To  have  charge  of  all  books,  drawings,  and  engravings,  and  to 
recommend  from  time  to  time  such  as  it  may  be  deemed  expedient  to 
procure  ;  to  superintend  the  publication  of  such  communications  and 
papers  as  may  be  directed  by  the  Council ;  to  recommend  premiums 
for  drawings  of  fruits  and  flowers,  and  plans  of  country  houses,  and 
other  edifices  and  structures  connected  with  horticulture ;  and  for 
communications  on  any  subject  in  relation  thereto. 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Chairman. 

JOHN  C.  GRAY, 

JACOB  BIGELOW, 

T.  W.  HARRIS, 

E.  H.  DERBY, 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr. 

V. 

ON    THE    SYNONYMS    OF    FRUITS. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Society,  June  20,  the  following  gentlemen 
were  chosen  a  Committee  to  facilitate  an  exchange  of  fruits  with  the- 
Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Albany  Horticultural  Societies,  and 
others,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  their  synonyms. 

JOHN  LOWELL,  Chairman. 

ROBERT  MANNING, 

SAMUEL  DOWNER. 

VI. 

ON  THE  GARDEN  AND  CEMETERY. 

JOSEPH  STORY,  Chairman. 
H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 
JACOB  BIGELOW, 
G.  W.  BRLMMER, 
GEORGE  BOND, 
EDWARD  EVERETT, 
ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr. 
B.  A.  GOULD, 
G.  W.  PRATT. 

VIL 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr.  Chairman, 
G.  W.  PRATT, 
CHEEVER  NEWHALL, 
CHARLES  TAPPAN, 
JOSEPH  P.  BKADLEE. 


MEMBERS 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


Aspinwall,  Augustus,  Brookline. 
Ames,  John  W.,  Dedhnm. 
An  Irewi?,  Jolin  H.,  Snlein. 
Andrews,  Kbenezer  T.,  Boston. 
Anthony,  James,  Providence. 
Aflarns,  Samuel,  Milton. 
Andrews,  Ferdinand,  Lancaster. 
Atkinson,  Amos,  Brookline. 
Adams,  Daniel,  JVavhury. 
Adams,  Abel,  Boston. 
Adams,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Adams,  C.  Frederic,    " 
Adams,  Z.B,  " 

Appleton,  Nathan,  " 
Appleton,  Samuel,  " 
Austin,  James  T.,  " 
Austin,  William,  Charlestoivn. 
Austin,  E.  G.,  Boston- 
Adams,  Charles  F.,  Quincy. 

Bartlett,  Enoch,  Roxbury. 
Brewer,  Thomas,     " 
Brimmer,  George  W.,  Boston. 
Bradlee,  Joseph  P.,  " 

Breed,  Ebenezer,  " 

Breed,  Henry  A.,  Lynn. 
Bigelow,  Jacob,  Boston. 
Baldwin,  Enoch,  Dorchester. 
Breed,  John,  Charlestown. 
Breed  Andrews,  Lynn. 
Bailey,  Kendall,  Charlestown. 
Balhird,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Brewer  Gardner,     " 
Brown,  James,  JVest  Camhridge. 
Bartlett,  Edmund,  Meivburyport. 
Buckminster,  Lavvson,  Framingham. 
Buckminster,  Edward  F.,      " 
Breck,  Joseph,  Pepperell. 
Badlam,  Stephen,  Boston. 
Bradford,  Samuel  H.,  " 
Bailey,  Ebenezer,        " 

12 


Bangs,  Edward  D.,  Boston. 
Bowdoin,  James,  " 

Balch,  Joseph,  Roxbury. 
Bond,  George,  Boston. 
Bacon,  S.  N., 

Billings,  Joseph  H.,  Roxbury 
Barnard,  Charles,  Boston. 
Brown,  Charles,         " 
Brown,  Jonas  B.,       " 
Bussey,  Benjamin,  Roxbury. 
Bradlee,  Joseph  P.,  Boston. 
Baker,  Joseph,  " 

Buckingham,  Joseph  T.,  " 
Buckingham,  Edwin,  " 
Boyd,  James,  " 

I'rown,  John,  " 

Brigham,  Levi,  " 

Blake,  Joshua,  " 

Brigham,  Dennis,  " 

Bird,  Jesse,  " 

Bryant,  John,  " 

BuUard,  Silas,  " 

Burridge,  Martin,  Medford. 
Bond,  George  W.,  Boston. 

Cook,  Zebedee,  Jr.,  Boston. 
Codman,  John,  Dorchester. 
Cunningham,  J.  A.,     " 
Clapp,  Nathaniel,        " 
Coolidge,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Cordis,  Thomas,  " 

Copeland,  B.  F.,  Roxbury. 
Cogswell,  J.  G.,  JVorthampton. 
Champney,  John,  Roxbury. 
Cowing,  Cornelius,      " 
Chandler,  Daniel,  Lexington. 
Callander,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Chase,  Hezekiah,  Lynn. 
Clapp,  John,  South-Reading. 
Carter,  Horatio,  Lancaster. 
Colman,  Henry,  Salem. 


90 


Carncs,  Nathaniel  G.,  JVew  York. 
Curtis,  Eihvartl,  PeppcrelL 
Chandler,  Samuel,  JLixiiiirton. 
Capen,  Aaron,  Dorchester. 
Crowninsliiekl,  Benjamin  W.,  Snlem. 
Cotting,  William,  ff'est-Cainbridge. 
Cabot,  Samuel,  Brookline. 
Coffin,  Hector,  Rock  Farm,  Mwhwy 
Curtis,  Nathaniel,  Roxhurij. 
Clapp,  Isaac,  Dorchesler. 
Crafts,  Ebenezer,  Roxhury. 
Curtis,  Charles  P.,  Boston. 
Curtis,  Thomas  B.,        " 

Coolidge,  Samuel  F.,    " 

Carey,  Alpheus,  " 

Coffin,  George   VV.,      " 

Channing,  George  G.,  "  _ 

Craigie,  Mrs.  E.,  Cambridge. 

Coolidge,  Joshua,  IVatertown. 

Cobb,  Elijah,  Boston. 

Cowing,  llovvland,  Jr.,  Roxhury. 

Dearborn,  H.  A.  S.,  Roxhury. 
Davis,  Isaac  P.,  Boston. 
Downer,  Samuel,  Dorchester. 
Dowse,  Thomas,  Cambridge. 
Dudley,  David,  Roxbury. 
Doggett,  John,  Boston. 
Drew,  Daniel,  " 

Derby,  John,  Salem. 
Davenport,  Nathaniel,  Milton. 
Davis,  Charles,  Roxhury. 
Dorr,  Nathaniel,      " 
Dodge,  Pickering,  Salem. 
Dean,  William,  " 

Derby,  E.  H., 

Dodge,  Pickering,  Jr.,  Salem. 

Davis,  John  B.,  Boston. 

Driver,  Stephen,  Jr.,  Salem. 

Davis,   John,     Boston. 

Davis,   Daniel,  " 

Dutton,  Warren,      " 

Denny,  Daniel,         " 

Davis,  James,  " 

Dickson,  James  A.,   " 

Derby,  Richard  C,  " 

Darracott,  George,  " 

Emmons,  Robert  L.,  Boston. 
Everett,  Edward,  Charlestown. 
Eustis,  James,  South-Rtading. 
Ellis,  Charles,  Roxhury. 
Edwards,  Elisha,  Springfield. 
Eager,  William,  Boston. 


Endicott,  William  P.,  Danvers. 
li^verett,  Alexander  H.,  Boston. 
Eckley,  David,  " 

French,  Benjamin  V.,  Boston. 
Fessenden,  Thomas  G.,      " 

Frotliiiigham,  Samuel,       " 
,  Forrester,  John,  Salem. 

Fiske,  Oliver,   Worcester. 

Fosdick,  David,  Charlestown. 

Fletcher,  Richard,  Boston. 

Field,  Joseph,   IVeston. 

Fitch,  Jeremiah,  Boston. 

Francis,  J.  B.,  Warwick,  R.  I. 

Freeman,  Russell,  JS'cw- Bedford. 

Fay,  Samuel  P.  P.,  Cambridge. 

Farrar,  Joiin,  " 

Farley,  Robert,  Boston. 

Folsom  Charles,  Cambridge. 

Fisk,  Benjamin,  Boston. 

Fuller,  H.  H., 

Foster,  E.  B.,  " 

Faxon,  Nathaniel,  Boston. 

Gray,  John  C,  Boston. 
Gray,  Francis  C,    " 
Greenleaf,  Thomas,  Quincy. 
Gourgas,  J.  M.,  JVeston. 
Green,  Charles  VV.,  Roxhury. 
Gore,  Watson,  " 

Gannett,  T.  B.,   Cambridge. 
Gould,  Daniel,  Reading. 
Gardner,  W.  F.,  Salem. 
Gardner,  Joshua,  Dorchester. 
Goodale,  Ephranii,  Bucksport.  Me. 
Goodwin,  Thomas  J.,  Charlestown, 
Guild,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Gibbs,  Benjamin,  " 

Grant,  Benjamin  B.,  " 
Gould,  Benjamin  A.,  " 
Grant,  B.  B.,  " 

Harris,  Samuel  D.,  Boston. 
Huntington,  Joseph,  Roxhury. 
Haskins,  Ralph,  " 

Huntington,  Ralph,  Boston. 
Heard,  John,  Jr.,  " 

Hill,  Jeremiah,  " 

Hollingsworth,  Mark,  Milton. 
Harris, William  T.,  Cambridge. 
Holbrook,  Amos,  Milton. 
Ilowe,  Rufus,  Dorchesler. 
Hayden,  John,  Brookline. 
Hyslop,  David,        " 


91 


Howes,  Frederick,  Salem. 
Hairgerston,  David,  Cambridge. 
Hunt,  Ebenezer,  JVorthampton. 
Howliind,  John,  Jr.,  JVtw- Bedford. 
Hayward,  George,  Boston. 
Hifirinson,  Henry,       " 
Hall,  Dudley,  Med/ord. 
Hartshorn,  Eliphalet  P.,  Boston. 
Hou,f,rhton,  Abel,  Jr.,  Lynn. 
Hovey,   P.  B.,  Jr.,  Cambridge. 
Hurd,  William,  Charlestoivn. 
Howe,   Hall  J.,  Boston. 
Haskell,  Eiisha,        " 
Hickling.  Charles,    " 
Hicks,   Zacliariah,    " 
Howard,  Abraham,   " 
Hastings,  Thomas,     " 
Hastings,  Oliver,  Cambridge. 
Hosmer,  Z.,  " 

Henchman,  D.,  Boston. 
Hobart,  Enoch,         " 
Howe,  S.  L.,  Cambridge. 
Hodges,  J.  It.,  Taunton. 
Hedge,  Isaac  L.,  Plymouth. 

Ives,  John  M.,  Salem. 
Inches,  Henderson,  Boston. 
Ingalls,  William,  " 

Jacques,  Samuel,  Jr.,  Charlestown. 
Joy,  Joseph  G.,  Boston. 
Joy,  Joseph  B.,         " 
Jones,  Thomas  K.,  Roxburjj. 
Johnson,  Samuel  R.,  Charlestown. 
Jackson,  Patrick  T.,  Boston. 
Jackson,  James,  " 

Johonnot,  George  S  ,  Salem. 
Jarves,  Deming,  Boston. 
Jackson,  C.  T.,         " 
Johnson,  Otis,  Savannah,  Ga. 

Kenrick,  William,  JVeivton. 
Kellie,  William,  Boston. 
King,  John,  Medfurd. 
Kidder,  Samuel,  Charlestown. 
Kuhn,  George  H.,  Boston. 
Kendall,  Abel,  Jr.  " 

Kenrick,  John  A.,  JVetvlon. 

Lincoln,  Levi,   Worcester. 
Lincoln,  William,      " 
Lowell,  John,  Roxbury. 
Lee,  Thomas,  Jr.,    " 
Lewis,  Henry,        " 


Lemist,  John,  Roxbury. 
Lyman,  Theodore,  Jr.  Boston. 
Lowell,  John  A.,  " 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  " 

Lyman,  George  W.,  " 

Lawrence,  Charles,  Salem. 
Little,  Henry,  Bucksport,  Me. 
Lolan;  ,  Daniel,  Sherbu7-ne. 
Leland,  J.  P.,  " 

Little,  Samuel,  Bucksport,  Me. 
Leonard,  Thomas,  Salem. 
Lawrence,  William,  Boston. 
Lawrence,  Amos,  " 

Livermore,  Isaac,  Cambridge. 
Loring,  Josiah,   Boston. 
Lowell,  Charles,        " 
Lamson,  John,  " 

Lynde,  Seth  S,,  " 
Lowell,  Francis  C.,'  " 
Loring,  Henry,  " 

Lienow,  Henry,  " 
Loring,  W.  J.,  " 

Manning,  Robert,  Salem. 
Manners,  George,  Boston. 
Minns,  Thomas,  " 

Morrell,  Ambrose,  Lexington. 
Munroe,  Jonas,  " 

Mussey,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Mills,  James  K.,  " 

M'Carthy,  Edward,  Biighton. 
Mackay,  John,  Boston. 
Mead,  Isaac  W.,  Charlestown. 
AJearl,  Samuel  O.,   West- Cambridge. 
MofFatt,  J.  L.,  Boston. 
Melville,  Thomas,  Boston. 
Mc  Lellan,  Isaac,         " 
Merry,  Robert  D.  C,  " 

Newhall,  Cheever,  Dorchester. 
Nicholas,  Otis,  " 

Nuttall,  Thomas,  Cambridge. 
Newell,  Joseph  R.,  Boston. 
Newhall,  Josiah,  Lynnfield. 
Newman,  Henry,  Roxbury. 
Nicholson,  Henry,  Brookline. 
Newell,  Joseph  W.,  Charlestown. 

Otis,  Harrison  G.,  Boston. 
Oliver,  Francis  J.,       " 
Oliver,  William,  JDorchester. 
Oxnard,  Henry,  Brookline. 

Perkins,  Thomas  H.  Boston. 


92 


Perkins,  Samuel  G.  Boston. 
Parsons,  Tlieophilus,      " 
Putnam,  Jesse,  " 

Pratt,  George  W.,  " 

Prescott,  William,  " 

Penniman,  Elisha,  Brookline. 
Parsons,  Gorham,  Brighton. 
Pettee,  Otis,  A'eJt^/o/i. 
Prince,  John,  Roxbui-rj. 
Pliinney,  tllias,  Lexington. 
Prince,  Jolm,  Jr.,  Salem. 
Peabody,  Francis,      " 
Pickman,  Benjamin  T.,  Boston. 
Penniman,  James,  Dorchester. 
Poor,  Benjamin.  JVew  York. 
Perry,  G.  B.,  East-Bradford. 
Perry,  John,  Sherbur7ie. 
Pond,  Samuel,  Cambridge. 
Payne,  Edward  W.,  Boston. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,      " 
Pond,  Samuel  M.,  Bucksport,  Me. 
Prescott,  C.  H.,  Cornwatlis,  JV.  S. 
Parker,  Daniel  P.,  Boston. 
Pratt,  William,  Jr.,        " 
Priest,  John  F.,  " 

Philbrick,  Samuel,  Brookline. 
Parker,  Thomas,  Dorchester. 
Parker,  Isaac,  Boston. 
Parkinson,  John,  Roxbury. 
Phillips,  S.  C.  Salem. 
Pool,  Ward,  Danvers. 
Pierpont,  John,  Boston. 
Perkins,  T.  H.  Jr.,   Boston. 
Parkman,  Francis,         " 
Pond,  S:iniuel,  Jr.,         " 
Payne,  W.  E.,  " 

Preston,  John,  " 

Quincy,  Josiali,  Cambridge. 

Russell,  John  B.,  Boston. 

Bobbins,  E.  IT.  " 

Rollins,  William,       " 

Rice,  John  P.,  « 

Rice,  Henry,  " 

Russell,  J.  \V.,  Roxbiuy. 

Read,  James,         " 

Robbins,  P.  G.,      " 

Rollins,  Ebenezer,  Boston. 

Rowe,  Joseph,  Milton. 

Rogers,  R.  S  ,  Salem. 

Rodman,  Benjamin,  JVew  Bedford, 

Retell,  Francis,  " 

Rotch,  William,  " 


Richardson,  Nathan,  South- Reading 

Rand,  Edward  S.,  JVeioburjjport. 

Richards,  Kdward  M.,  Deiiham. 

Randall,  John,  Boston. 

Russell,  J.  L  ,  Salem. 

Russell,  James,  Boston. 

Raymond,  E   A.,      " 

Robinson,  Henry,    " 

Russell,  George,  M   D.,  Lincoln. 

Rogerson,  Robert,  Boston. 

Shurtleff,  Benjamin,  Boston. 

Sears,  David,  " 

Stephens,  Isaac,  " 

Silsby,  Enoch,  " 

Storer,  D.  Humphreys,  " 
Sullivan,  Richard,  Brookline. 
Seaver,  Nathaniel,  Roxbury. 
Senior,  Charles,  " 

Sumner,  William  H.,  Dorchester. 
Swett,  John,  " 

Sharp,  Edward,  " 

Smith,  Cyrus,  Sandwich. 
Sutton,  William,  Jr.,  Danvers. 
Story,  F.  H.,  Salem. 
Stedman,  Josiah,  JVeivton. 
Strong,  Joseph,  Jr.,  South- Hadley. 
Stearns,  Charles,  Springfeld. 
Shurtleff,  Samuel  A.,  Boston. 
Springer,  John,  Sleriiiig. 
Saltonstail,  Leverett,  Salem. 
Storrs,  Nathaniel,  Boston. 
Shaw,  Lemuel,  " 

Smith,  J.  M.,  " 

Sisson,  Freeborn,  Warren,  R.  I. 
Swift,  Henry,  JVantucket. 
Smith,  Stephen  H.,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Swan,  Daniel,  Medford. 
Stone,  Leonard,  IVatertown. 
Stone,  William,  " 

Stone, Isaac,  " 

Story,  Joseph,  Cambridge. 
Shattuck,  George  C,  Boston. 
Stanwood,  William,  " 

Stanwood,  David,  " 

Sargent,  L.  M.,  " 

Stone,  Henry  B.,  " 

Simmons,  D.  A.,  Roxbury. 
Savage,  James  S.,  Boston. 
Shaw,  Kobert  G., 
Sparks,  Jared,  " 

Savage,  James,  " 

Stone,  P.  R.  L.,  "  ^ 

Stearns,  Asahel,  Cambridge. 


93 


Stone,  David,  Boston. 
Staples,  Isaac,         " 
Sliaw,  C.  B.,  " 

Skinner,  Francis,     " 

Tappan,  Charles,  Brookline. 
Tidd,  Jacob,  Roxhunj. 
Thompson,  George,  Medford. 
Train,  Samuel,  " 

Thorndike,  Israel,  Boston. 
Thwing,  Supply  C,  Roihiiry. 
Tucker,  Richard  D.,  Boston. 
Tilden,  Joseph,  " 

Toothey,  Roderick,   Waltham. 
Thomas,  Benjamin,  Hingham. 
Trull,  Jolin  W.,  Boston. 
Taylor,  Charles,  Dorchester. 
Tudor,  Frederic,  Boston. 
Thayer,  J.  H.,  " 

Thachrr,  Peter  O.,    " 
Tremlett,  Thomas  B.,  Dorchester. 

Vose,  Elijah,  Dorchester. 
Vila,  James,  Boston. 

Williams,  Neliemiah  D.,  Roxhury. 
Williams,  Francis  J.,  Boston. 
Wilder,  M.  P.,  " 

Williams,  Aaron  D.,  Roxbury. 
Williams,  Moses,  " 

Williams,  G.,  " 

Weld,  Benjamin,  " 

Worthington,  William,  Dorchester. 
Welles,  John,  " 

Wales,  William,  " 

Webster,  J.  VV.,  Cambridge. 


White,  Abijah,  Watertoicn. 
Williams.  Samuel  G.,  Boston. 
Wight,  Ebenezer,  " 

Wyatt,  Robert,  " 

Winship,  Jonathan,  Brighton. 
Wilkinson,  iSimon,  Boston. 
Wilder,  S.  V.  S.,  Bolton. 
Waldo,  Daniel,   Worcester. 
Wyeth,  Nathaniel  J.,  Cambridge. 
West,  Thomas,  Haverhill. 
Willard.  Joseph,  Boston. 
Whitmarsh,  Samuel,  JVorthampton.. 
Whitmarsh,  Thomas,  Brookline. 
Warren,  Jonathan,  Jr.,  JVeston. 
Webster,  Nathan,  Hnverhill. 
Wilson,  John,  Roxhury. 
White,  Stephen,  Boston. 
Ward,  Malthus  A.,  Salem. 
Webster,  Daniel,  Boston. 
Ward,  Richard,  Roxbury. 
Weld,  Aaron  D.,  Jr.,  Boston. 
Walker,  Samuel,  Roxbury. 
Wells,  Cliarles,  Boston. 
Whitwell,  Samuel,    " 
White,  Benjamin  F.  " 
Wiley,  Thomas,  JVatertoton. 
Wales,  Thomas  B.,  Boston. 
Wyman,  Rufus,  Charlestown. 
Ware,  Henry,  Cnmbridge. 
Waterhou^e,  Benjamin,  Cambridge. 
Winship,  Francis,  Brighton. 
Weld,  James,  Boston. 
Whittemore,  George,  Boston. 
Willet,  Thomas,  Charlestown. 
Wolcott,  Edward,  Pawtucket. 


HONORARY    MEMBERS. 


ADAMS,  Hon.  JOHN  QUINCY,  late  President  of  the  United  States. 

AITON,  WILLIAM  TOWNSEND,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 

ABBOT,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Brunswick,  Me. 

ABBOT,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.,  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter, 
New-Hampshire. 

BUEfy,  J.  Esq.,  President  of  the  Albany  Horticultural  Society. 

BODIN,  Lf,  Chevalieii  SOULANGE,  Secretaire-General  de  la  Society 
d'Horticulture  de  Paris. 

BANCROFT,  EDWARD  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  President  of  the  Hor- 
ticultural and  Acjricultural  Society  of  Jamaica. 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT,  Esq.,  Great  Britain. 

BEEKMAN,  JAMES,  New- York. 


94 

BARBOUR,  P.  P.,  Virginia. 

COXK,  WILLIAM,  Esq.,  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 
COLLINS,  ZACCIIEU^;,  Esq.,  President  of  the   Pennsylvania  Horti- 
cultural Society,  Fhiliidelphiii. 
COFFIN,  Admiral  Sir  ISAAC,  Great  Britain. 
CHAUNCY,  ISAAC,  United  States  Navy,  Brooklyn,  New  York. 
BLAPIER,  LEWIS,  Philadelphia. 
DICKSON,  JAMES,  Esq.,  Vice-President  of  the  London  Horticultural 

Society.  „  „  „ 

DE  CANUOLLE,  Mons.  ANGUSTIN  PYRAMUS,  Professor  of  Bota- 
ny in  the  Academy  of  Geneva. 
De  La  SAGRA,  Don  RAMON,  Cuba. 
ELLIOTT,  Ho.\.  STEPHEN,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
EVERETT,  HORACE,  Vermont. 

EVANSON,  CHARLES  ALLAN,  Secretary  of  King's  County  Agricul- 
tural Society,  St.  John's,  New-Brunswick. 
FALDERMANN,  F.,  Curator  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. 
FISCHER,  Dr.,  Professor  of  Botany,  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden  at 

St.  Petersburg. 
GREIG,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Geneva,  President  of  the  Domestic  Horticultural 

Society  of  the  Western  Part  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
GORE,  Mrs.  REBECCA,  Waltham. 
GRIFFITHS,  Mrs.  MARY,  Charlies  Hope,  New  Jersey. 
GIRARD,  STEPHEN,  Philadelphia. 
GIBBS,  GEORGE,  Sunswick,  New- York. 
HeRICART    de    THURY,    Le   VicoMTE,    President   de    la    Societe 

d'Horliculture  de  Paris. 
HOSACK,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  President  of  the    New  York   Horticultural 
Society.  ^_      .     .        , 

HOPKIRK,  THOMAS,  Esq.,  President  of  the  Glasgow  Horticultural 

Society. 
HUNT,  LEWIS,  Esq.,  Huntsburg,  Ohio. 
HILDRKTH,  S.  P.,  Marietta,  Ohio. 
INGERSOLL,  JAMES  R.,   President  of  the   Horticultural  Society  of 

Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia. 
JACKSON,  ANDREW,  President  of  the  United  States. 
JOHONNOT,  Mrs.  MARTHA,  Salem. 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  ANDREW,  Esq.,  President  of  the  London  Hor- 
ticultural Society. 
LOUDON,  JOHN  CLAUDIUS,  Great  Britain. 
LA  FAYETTE,  General,   La  Grange,  France. 
LASTEYRIE,  Le  Comte  de,  Vice-President  de  la  Soci^fe  d'HorticuI- 

ture  de  Paris. 
LITCHFIELD,  FRANKLIN,  Consul  of  the   United  States   at  Porto 

Cabello. 
LORRILLaRD,  JACOB,  President  of  tlie  New  York  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, New  York. 
LON(JSTRETH,  JOSHUA,  Philadelphia. 

LONGWORTH,  NICHOLAS,  Cincinnati.  _  . 

MADISON,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,  Virginia. 
MONROE,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,  Virginia. 
MICHAUX,  MoNs.  F.  ANDREW,  Paris. 
MENTENS,  LEWIS  JOHN,  Esq.,  Bruxelles. 


95 

MITCHILL,  SAMUEL  L.,  M.  D.,  New  York. 

MOSSELLMANN, .  Esq.,  Antwerp. 

MERCEK,  Hon.  CHARLEa  F.,  Virginia. 

POITEAU,  Professor  of  the  Institut  Horticole  de  Fromont. 

POWELL,  JOHN   HARE,  Powellton,  Pennsylvania. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM,  Esq.,  Long  Island,  New  YorL 

PRATT,  HENRY,  Philadelphia. 

PALMER,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Calcutta. 

ROSEBERRY,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Earl  of,  President  of  the  Cale- 
donian Horticultural  Society. 

SABINE,  JOSEPH,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

SHEPHERD,  JOHN,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Liverpool. 

SCOTT,  Sir  WALTER,  Scotland. 

SKINNER,  JOHN  S.,  Baltimore. 

TURNER,  JOHN,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. 

THACHER,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  Plymouth. 

THORBURN,  GRANT,  Esq.,  New  York. 

TALIAFERRO,  JOHN,  Virjiinia. 

THOURS,  M.  Du  Pktit,  Paris,  Professor  Poiteau  of  the  Institut  Hor- 
ticole de  Fromont. 

VILMORIN,  MoNS.  PIERRE  PHILLIPPE  ANDRE,  Paris. 

VAUGHAN,  BENJAMIN,  Esq.,  Hallowell,  Me. 

VAN  MONS,  JEAN   BAPTISTE,  M.  D.,  Brussels. 

VAUGHAN,  PETTY,  Esq.,  London. 

VAN  RENSELLAER,  STLPH  LN,  Albany. 

VAN   ZANDT.  JOSEPH   R.,  Albany. 

VANDERBURG,  FEDERAL,  M.  D.,  New  York. 

WELLRS,  Hon.  JOHN,  Boston. 

WILLICK,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cal- 
cutta. 

WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  Geneseo,  New  York. 

YATES,  ASHTON,  Esq.,  Liverpool. 


CORRESPONDING    MEMBERS 


ADLTJM,  JOHN,  Georgretown,  District  of  Columbia. 
ASPINWALL,  Col.  THOMAS,  United  Slates  Consul,  London. 
APPLETON,  THOMAS,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Leghorn. 

ALPEY, . 

AQUILAR,  DON  FRANCISCO,  of  Moldonoda,  in  the  Banda  Oriental, 

Consul  of  the  United  States. 
BARNETT,  ISAAC  COX,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Paris. 
BURTON,  ALEXANDER,  United  States  Consul,  Cadiz. 
BULL,  E.  W.,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 
CARR,  ROBERT,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
COLVILLE,  JAMES,  Chelsea,  England. 
CARNES,  FRANCIS  G.,  Paris. 
DEERING,  JAMES,  Portland,  Me. 


96 

FLOY,  MICHAEL,  New  York. 

FOX,  JOHN,  Washing-ton,  District  of  Columbia. 

GARDINER,  ROBERT  H.,  Esq.,  Gardiner,  Me. 

GIBSON,  ABRAHAM  P.,  United  States  Consul,  St.  Petersburg. 

GARDNER,  BENJAMIN,  United  States  Consul,  Palermo. 

HALL,  CHARLES  HiaNRY,  Esq.,  New  York. 

HAY,  JOHN,  Architect  of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society. 

HALSEY,  ABRAHAM,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  New  York 
Horticultural  Society,  New  York. 

HARRIS,  Rev.  T.  M.,  D.  D.,  Dorchester. 

HUNTER, ,   Baltimore. 

HOGG,  THOMAS,  New  York. 

HENRY,  BERNARD,  United  States  Consul,  Gibraltar. 

LANDRETH,  DAVID,  Jk.,  Esq.,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Horticultural  Society. 

LEONARD,  E.  S.  H.,  M.  D,   Providence. 

MAURY,  JAMi-:S,  Esq.,  late  United  States  Consul,  Liverpool. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  tjecretary  of  the  Horticultural  and  Agricultural 
Society,  J;im;iica. 

MILLS,  STEPHEN,  Esq.,  Lonjr  Island,  New  York. 

MELVILLE,  ALLAN,  New  York. 

NEWHALL,  HOKATIO,  M.  D.,  Galena,  Illinois. 

OFFLEY,  DAVID,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Smyrna. 

OMBROSI,  JAMES,  United  States  Consul,  Florence. 

PARKER,  JOHN,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Amsterdam. 

PAYSON,  JOHN  L.,  Esq,  Messina. 

PORTER.  DAVID,  \V;.sliin-ton. 

PRINCE,  VMLLIAM  ROBERT.  Esq.,  Long  Island,  New  York. 

PRINCE,  ALFRED  STRATTON,  Long  Island. 

PERRY,  M.  C,  United  States  Navy,  Charlestown. 

PALMER,  JOHN  J.,  New  York. 

ROGERS,  W^ILLIAM  S.,  United  States  Navy,  Boston. 

REYNOLDS,  M.  D.,  Schenectady,  New  York. 

ROGERS,  J.  S.,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

SHALER,  WILLIAM,  United  States  Consul  General,  Cuba. 

SMITH,  DANIEL  D.,  Esq.,  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

SMITH,  GIDEON  B.,  Baltimore. 

SHAW,  WILLIAM,  New  York. 

STRONG,  JuDGR,  Rochester,  New  York. 

STEPHENS,  THOMAS  HOLDUP,  United  States  Navy,  Middletown, 
Connecticut. 

SMITH,  CALEB  R.,  Esq.,  New  Jersey. 

SPRAGUE,  HORATIO,  Gibraltar. 

THORBUllN.  GEORGE  C,   New  York. 

WILSON,  WILLIAM,  New  York. 

WINGATE,  J.  F..  Bath,  Maine. 

WINGATE,  JOSHUA,  Portland. 


ADDRESS 


DELIVERED  BEFORE  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY, 


AT    THEIR 


FIFTH    ANNUAL    FESTIVAL 


SEPTEMBER  18,  1833. 


BY  ALEXANDER  H.  EVERETT. 


PUBLISHED    BY    REQUEST    OF    THE    SOCIETY. 


BOSTON: 

PRINTED    BY    J.    T.    BUCKINGHAM. 

M  DCCC  XXXIII. 


ADDRESS. 


Gentlemen  of  the  Horticultural  Society : — 

In  attempting  to  address  you  on  this  occasion,  I 
have  consulted  my  wish  not  to  appear  insensible  to 
the  kindness  of  the  request  that  brings  me  here,  to  a 
greater  extent,  perhaps,  than  prudence  would  justify. 
Though  fully  aware  of  the  importance  and  attractive 
character  of  the  art  which  forms  the  object  of  your 
institution,  the  nature  of  my  pursuits  through  life  has 
been  such  as  to  deprive  me  of  the  opportunity  of 
obtaining  more  than  a  very  limited  acquaintance  with 
its  details ;  and  in  the  absence  of  the  resources  of 
imagination  and  eloquence  which  others  might  draw 
upon  to  supply  the  want  of  actual  knowledge,  I  must 
throw  myself,  without  reserve,  on  your  indulgence. 
Even  the  little  practical  information  to  which  I  might 
pretend  on  the  subject  of  fruits,  flowers,  and  gardens, 
relates  chiefly  to  those  that  are  found  in  other  coun- 
tries, where  it  has  been  my  fortune  to  pass  the 
greater  part  of  the  mature  period  of  my  life,  and  may 
not,  perhaps,  be  applicable  here.  May  I  venture  to 
add,  that  there  is  one  particular  in  which  my  experi- 
ence, in  regard  to  foreign  fruits,  diflers  from  that  of 


4 

some  preceding  travelers  ?  The  companions  of  UIjs- 
ses,  as  we  are  told  by  Homer,  found,  somewhere  on 
the  coast  of  Africa,  a  fruit  which  he  calls  the  Lotus, 
the  taste  of  which  was  so  delicious,  that  those  who 
had  once  eaten  it  lost  the  desire  to  return  to  their 
native  country,  and  remained  for  life  among  the 
Lote-Eaters,  who,  it  seems,  derived  their  ])olitical 
name  from  their  favorite  fruit.  Critics  and  horticul- 
turists are  not  agreed  as  to  the  precise  fruit  intended 
in  this  passage.  Whatever  it  may  have  been,  it  has 
not  been  my  fortune,  in  the  course  of  my  travels,  to 
taste  it  ;  and  I  have  generally  found  that  the  fruits 
and  flowers  which  pleased  me  best  in  other  coun- 
tries, were  those  which  brought  most  vividly  to  mind 
the  recollection  of  my  own. 

Horticulture,  in  its  simplest  application,  proposes 
to  improve  the  qualities  of  vegetables,  flowers,  and 
fruits.  In  its  higher  departments,  it  assumes  the 
character  of  one  of  the  elegant  arts,  and  teaches  the 
disposition  of  grounds  and  gardens,  whether  intended 
for  the  recreation  of  individuals,  the  ornament  of 
cities  and  palaces,  or  the  repositories  of  the  dead. 
Permit  me  to  say  a  few  words  upon  each  of  these 
divisions  of  the  subject. 

I.  The  first  in  order  and  in  immediate  practical 
importance  of  the  objects  of  Horticulture,  is  the  im- 
provement of  the  qualities  of  vegetables,  fruits,  and 
flowers,  including  the  introduction  of  new  and  valua- 
ble varieties  from  foreign  countries.  "  I  am  astonish- 
ed," says  an  elegant  French  writer,  "  at  the  indiffer- 
ence with  which  we  regard  the  names  and  memories 
of  those  who  have  naturalized  among  us  the  fruits 


and  flowers  of  other  climates."  The  case  was  not  the 
same  among  the  Romans.  Plinj  makes  it  his  boast, 
that  of  the  eight  sorts  of  cherries  known  at  Rome  in 
his  time,  one  was  called  the  Flinian^  in  honor  of  one 
of  the  members  of  his  family,  who  had  brought  it 
into  Italy.  The  other  seven,  also,  bore  the  names  of 
the  most  distinguished  families,  including  the  Julian, 
w  hich  was  that  of  the  Emperors.  The  first  cherry- 
trees  w  ere  brought  to  Rome  from  Pontus,  in  Asia- 
Minor,  by  Lucullus,  after  the  defeat  of  Mithridates, 
who  was  king  of  that  country.  In  less  than  a  cen- 
tury, they  had  spread  themselves  over  the  whole  of 
Europe, — even  into  the  then  remote  and  barbarous 
island  of  Britain.  The  distinguished  naturalist  to 
whom  I  just  alluded,  also  commemorates  the  good 
fortune  of  Pompey  the  Great,  and  the  Emperor  Ves- 
pasian, in  having  carried,  in  their  triumphant  entries 
into  Rome,  on  their  return  from  their  campaigns  in 
Syria,  the  Ebony-tree  and  the  Balm  of  Gilead. 

Modern  nations  have  not,  however,  been  entirely 
regardless  of  the  services  of  eminent  individuals  in 
this  particular.  France  herself  bestowed  upon  one 
species  of  the  same  fruit,  w  hich  bore,  in  ancient  times, 
the  names  of  Csesar  and  Pliny,  the  scarcely  less  illus- 
trious one  of  Montmorency.  She  also  gave  to  our  "  fra- 
grant weed"  its  scientific  appellation  of  Nicotiana, 
in  honor  of  Nicot,  her  Ambassador  in  Portugal,  who 
is  supposed,  in  France  at  least,  to  have  introduced  it 
into  Europe,  although  the  merit  is  attributed,  in  En- 
gland, to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Her  w-riters  have 
gratefully  recorded  the  service  rendered  to  the  West 
of  Europe  by  Busbeck,  an  Austrian  Ambassador  at 


Constantinople,  who  brouglit  home  with  him  from 
his  embassy,  the  Lihic,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of 
our  flowering  shrubs.  Of  late  years  it  has  even  be- 
come common  to  designate  the  most  curious  and 
beautiful  sorts  of  non-descript  plants,  as  they  are 
discovered,  by  the  name  of  the  discoverer  or  that  of 
some  other  person  of  high  scientific  fame.  Thus  the 
laurel  of  our  woods  has  obtained  its  scientific  name  of 
Kalmia,  from  the  Swedish  naturalist,  Kalm  ;  while 
his  countryman,  Dahl,  has  furnished  one  to  the  plant, 
whose  brilliant  and  various  flowers,  though  so  re- 
cently naturalized  among  us,  already  adorn  all  our 
gardens,  and  contribute  so  much  to  the  beauty  of 
your  exhibitions. 

In  the  culture  of  flowers,  the  Dutch  have  per- 
haps excelled  all  other  nations.  Their  taste  is,  how- 
ever, somewhat  limited  in  its  objects,  and  confines 
itself  almost  exclusively  to  the  tulip,  the  rose,  and 
the  hyacinth.  The  rage  for  tulips,  that  prevailed  at 
one  time  in  that  country,  and  the  extravagant  height 
to  which  the  conventional  value  of  particular  varieties 
was  carried,  are  well  known.  A  pressure  in  the  tulip 
market  was  then  nearly  as  serious  a  thing  in  Holland 
as  a  pressure  in  the  money  market  is  in  this  country 
at  the  present  day.  Although  the  taste  for  flowers 
no  longer  exists  to  the  same  degree  as  it  once  did 
in  Holland,  that  country  is  still  tin;  place  where  they 
are  most  extensively  cultivated,  and  whence  they  are 
sent  as  articles  of  merchandize  to  all  parts  of  the 
world.  The  principal  tulip  and  hyacinth  gardens  are  at 
Haarlem.  The  largest  that  I  saw  there  contained  not 
less  than  three  or  four  acres  of  ground,  and  was  really 


a  brilliant  spectacle.  The  principal  rose-gardens  are 
at  Nordwyck,  on  the  German  Ocean.  In  the  tulip 
gardens  every  variety  has  its  name,  derived  commonly 
from  some  great  political  character,  and  has  its  fixed 
price  in  the  florist's  catalogue.  We  have  seen,  dur- 
ing the  present  season,  a  specimen  of  one  of  these 
tulip  gardens,  laid  out  on  a  small  scale  by  one  of  your 
members,  in  which  a  considerable  number  of  the  most 
curious  and  brilliant  varieties  were  collected  in  one 
parterre.  In  selecting  the  individuals  whose  names 
they  affix  to  their  favorite  plants,  the  florists  display 
a  very  laudable  impartiality,  and  take  them  alike 
from  all  countries  and  all  parties.  We  saw,  for  ex- 
ample, in  Mr.  Walker's  little  collection,  a  Lewis  the 
Fourteenth,  a  Bonaparte,  and  a  Washington,  bloom- 
ing very  amicably,  side  by  side,  in  the  same  enclos- 
ure. There  is  even  room  to  suspect  that  these 
names  were  not  bestowed  with  any  reference  to  in- 
tellectual capacity  or  moral  worth  ;  but  rather,  per- 
haps, under  the  influence  of  a  slight  tincture  of  legit- 
imacy. Lewis  the  Fourteenth,  was,  by  far,  the  most 
brilliant  flower  in  the  collection,  and  commanded  the 
high  price  of  ten  guineas,  while  Bonaparte  and 
Washington  mingled  rather  obscurely  with  the  com- 
mon herd,  and  might  be  had  for  about  five  shillings  a 
piece. 

Washington  has  been  rather  more  fortunate  in 
fruits  than  in  flowers.  His  name,  as  I  am  told  by 
one  of  your  most  distinguished  members,  has  lately 
been  given  to  a  new  and  most  delicious  variety  of 
Pears,  which,   though  very   recently  introduced,   is 


8 

said  to  have  already  eclipsed  the  reputation  of  the 
St.  Michael's  and  the  St.  Germain's. 

Our  barren  soil  and  wintry  climate  do  not  admit 
of  a  very  luxuriant  vegetation,  and  we  can  never 
hope  to  naturalize  among  us  the  magnificent  products 
of  the  tropical  climates,  which  either  perish  at  once 
or  dwindle  into  comparatively  dwarfish  shapes.  We 
possess,  however,  most  of  the  flowers  and  fruits 
which  thrive  in  the  corresponding  temperate  regions 
of  the  old  world.  The  Queen  of  Flowers  presides  in 
our  gardens,  as  in  those  of  Greece  and  Persia ;  and 
the  King  of  Fruits,  as  the  vine  has  sometimes  been 
emphatically  called,  covers  our  rocks  with  a  royal 
mantle  of  spontaneous  verdure.  In  improving  these 
natural  gifts  to  the  utmost,  we  have  ample  scope  for 
the  exercise  of  skill  and  taste.  The  culture  of  the 
Vine  may,  perhaps,  be  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
branches  of  your  art,  which  deserves  more  attention 
than  it  has  yet  received.  The  best  European  wines, 
such  as  Champagne,  Burgundy,  and  the  various  sorts 
of  Rhenish  and  Moselle,  which  have  recently  become 
such  general  favorites  among  us,  are  all  produced  in 
latitudes  considerably  higher  than  ours.  Where  the 
Vine  grows  spontaneously  with  great  luxuriance, 
there  is  reason  to  suppose,  that,  with  proper  care,  its 
fruit  may  be  brought  to  any  degree  of  perfection. 
When  the  northern  navigators  from  Iceland  visited 
the  coasts  of  this  country,  seven  or  eight  hundred 
years  ago,  and  made  a  settlement  on  a  spot,  probably 
not  very  distant  from  the  territory  we  occupy,  they 
were  so  much  struck  with  the  luxuriant  growth  of 


9 

the  Vine,  that  they  gave  to  their  discovery  the  name 
of  Wineland,  which  was  thus,  by  a  rather  singular 
accident,  appropriated  to  one  of  the  few  countries 
within  the  temperate  regions  of  the  Christian  world, 
where  no  wine  was  ever  made.  A  more  general  and 
careful  cultivation  of  the  Vine  may,  perhaps,  enable 
us  to  justify  the  application  of  this  ancient  title,  and 
furnish  the  community,  at  a  cheap  rate,  with  a  pal- 
atable, healthy,  and  refreshing  substitute  for  ardent 
spirit,  which  the  friends  of  temperance  among  us  are 
now  so  earnestly  endeavoring  to  banish  from  general 
consumption. 

II.  The  disposition  of  grounds  and  gardens, 
whether  for  the  purpose  of  private  recreation  or 
public  utility  and  ornament,  is  another  application  of 
Horticulture,  not  less  interesting  and  important  than 
the  immediate  care  of  fruits  and  flowers.  Under  this 
aspect,  it  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  elegant 
arts,  and  has  engaged  the  attention  and  employed  the 
pens  of  some  of  the  greatest  men  of  ancient  and 
modern  times.  Among  the  English  writers  on  the 
subject,  we  find  Horace  Walpole,  Sir  William  Tem- 
ple, and  the  ilkistrious  Lord  Chancellor  Bacon,  who 
has  devoted  to  it  one  of  the  longest  and  most  agreea- 
ble of  his  Essays.  This  department  of  the  art  has 
not  yet  been  much  studied  among  us  ;  but  as  wealth 
and  population  increase,  it  will  gradually  attract  more 
attention,  and  will  cover  the  banks  of  our  beautiful 
streams  and  lakes,  the  southern  slopes  of  our  hills, 
and  the  promontories  and  islands  along  our  coast, 
with  ornamented  grounds.  Notwithstanding  the  com- 
parative sterility  of  the  soil,  there  are  few  regions, 
2 


10 

better  fitted  for  this  purpose,  by  varieties  in  the  sur- 
face of  the  landscape,  the  abundance  of  water,  and 
tlie  frequently  wild  and  picturesque  beauty  of  the 
scenery,  than  New-England.  Lake  Champlain, — 
Lake  Winnepiseogee,  with  the  neighboring  White 
Hills, — the  charming  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  and 
a  thousand  other  hills  and  streams  of  less  celebrity, 
but  not  inferior  beauty, — the  islands  south  of  the 
Cape,  and  in  our  own  harbor, — all  present  the  most 
attractive  natural  situations,  and  only  require  the 
magical  touches  of  art,  to  be  converted  into  scenes, 
as  elegant  as  any  that  grace  the  most  cultivated  re- 
gions of  Europe,  or  bloom  perennially  in  the  pages 
of  the  poets. 

In  this,  as  in  all  the  other  arts,  the  progress  of 
taste  has  been  slow  and  gradual.  It  is  a  striking 
proof  of  the  simple  state  of  Horticulture  in  the  time 
of  Homer,  that,  in  describing  the  gardens  of  Alcinous, 
King  of  Phoeacia,  a  prince  to  whom  he  has  given  a 
palace  with  brazen  walls  and  silver  columns ; — de- 
scribing them,  too,  with  so  much  latitude  of  imagina- 
tion, that  he  has  enriched  them  with  the  gift  of  per- 
petual spring ; — he  can  still  imagine  nothing  more 
magnificent  than  an  enclosure  of  four  acres  devoted 
exclusively  to  fruit. 

Four  acres  was  the  allotted  space  of  ground, 
Fenced  with  a  green  enclosure  ail  around  ; 
Tall  thriving  trees  confessed  the  fruitful  mould, 
The  reddening  apple  ripens  into  gold. 
Here  the  blue  fig  with  luscious  juice  o'erflows ; 
With  deeper  red  the  full  pomegranate  glows; 
The  branch  here  bends  beneath  the  weighty  pear. 
And  verdant  olives  flourish  round  the  year; 
Beds  of  all  various  kinds,  forever  green, 
In  beauteous  order  terminate  the  scene. 


11 

It  is  curious  to  compare  with  this  simple  scene, 
the  superb  description  of  Paradise  by  Milton,  who 
found,  in  his  own  correct  natural  taste,  a  guide  which 
the  practice  of  the  art  was,  in  his  time,  far  from 
affording. 

the  crisped  brooJis, 

Rolling  on  orient  pearl  and  sands  of  gold, 
With  mazy  error  under  pendent  shades 
Ran  nectar,  visiting  each  plant,  and  fed 
Flowers  worthy  of  Paradise,  which  not  nice  Art 
In  beds  and  curious  knots,  but  Nature  boon 
Poured  forth  profuse  on  hill,  and  dale,  and  plain. 

It  was  long,  however,  before  the  art  reached  in 
practice  the  point  of  correct  taste  indicated  by  this 
fine  passage.  Among  the  Romans,  and  in  modern 
times,  until  a  very  recent  period,  the  prevailing  taste 
was  for  grounds  ornamented  in  a  formal  and  fantastic 
way.  Pliny,  who  was  one  of  the  wealthiest  and  most 
distinguished,  as  well  as  most  accomplished  persons 
of  his  time,  has  given  in  his  works  a  description  of 
two  .of  his  villas,  which  appear  to  have  been  orna- 
mented very  nearly  in  the  same  way  with  the  Dutch 
and  French  gardens  of  the  time  of  Lewis  XIV.  They 
were  laid  out  in  regular  walks,  adorned  with  artificial 
flowers  and  basins,  statues,  obelisks,  and  evergreens, 
cut  into  fantastic  shapes.  In  the  time  of  Lewis  XIV. 
this  was  the  taste  which  prevailed  throughout  Europe 
and  extended  even  into  England,  But  the  better 
spirits,  as  we  have  seen  from  the  passage  in  Milton, 
foresaw,  by  the  instinctive  light  of  their  own  good 
taste,  the  improvement  that  occurred  shortly  after. 
Pope,  in  one  of  his  Moral  Essays,  finely  ridicules  the 
style  of  the  day,  and  predicts  that  its  tasteless  crea- 


12 

tions  would  soon  be  restored  to  a  more  natural  con- 
dition. 

The  time  shall  come  that  sees  the  golden  ear 
Embrown  the  waste  or  nod  on  the  parterre  ; 
Dark  forests  cover  what  your  pride  has  planned, 
And  laughing  Ceres  re-assert  the  land. 

The  most  beautiful  work  which  was  produced 
under  the  influence  of  this  formal  style,  was  undoubt- 
edly Versailles,  the  residence  of  the  remarkable 
sovereign  who  gave  his  name  to  the  age  when  it  pre- 
vailed. The  palace  at  Versailles  was  constructed  by 
Lewis  XIV.  when  at  the  height  of  his  power,  without 
regard  to  expense  ;  and  the  gardens,  though  arranged 
in  accordance  with  the  taste  of  the  day,  correspond 
with  the  magnificence  of  the  master.  The  principal 
ornaments  were  the  artificial  fountains.  The  water  for 
the  supply  of  them  was  brought  several  miles  in  an 
aqueduct  from  the  Seine,  where  it  was  raised  by  a 
cumbrous  piece  of  machinery,  which,  at  the  time 
when  it  was  erected,  was  celebrated  as  a  wonder  of 
art,  under  the  name  of  the  Machine  of  Marly.  A 
steam-engine  has  recently  been  substituted  for  it. 
The  fountains  are  annually  played  on  the  festival  day 
of  St.  Lewis,  Avhich  is  the  24th  of  August,  and  the 
whole  population  of  Paris  goes  out  to  witness  the 
spectacle,  which  is  certainly  very  magnificent. 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  life  of  Lewis  XIV. 
Versailles  was  his  favorite  abode,  and  its  groves  and 
walks  were  thronged  by  the  nobles  and  beauties  of 
the  most  brilliant  court  ever  known  in  Europe.  It 
continued  to  be  the  residence  of  the  royal  family 
until  the  memorable  days  of  the  5th  and  6th  of  Oc- 


13 

tober,  1790,  when  the  populace  of  Paris  took  the 
palace  by  storm,  and,  after  slaughtering   the   guard, 
penetrated  to  tlie  Queen's  bed-chamber,  and   carried 
off  the  family  in  triuuiph  to  the  capital.      It  was  here 
that  Burke  had  seen  the  same  unhappy  Piincess,  only 
a  few  years  before,  on   her  first  ap])earance  at  court, 
as  the  Dauphiness,  "  glittering  like  the  morning  star, 
full  of  life,  and  splendor,  and  joy."     While  the  place 
was  under  her  direction  she  added  to   the  embellish- 
ments a  small  garden  laid  out  in  imitation  of  a  Swiss 
dairy.     Since  the  fatal  days  of  October  Versailles  has 
been  abandoned  as  a  residence,  and  the  gardens  have 
been  in  some  degree   neglected.     1  saw  them  for  the 
first  time  at  the  hour  of  sunrise,  on  a  fine  May  morn- 
ing, in  the  year  1812.      The  palace  of  Lewis  XIV. 
was  then  a  ruin ;  the  last  of  his  successors  had  per- 
ished on  the  scaffold  ;  his  sceptre  had  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  Corsican  adventurer,  who  was  rulino;  the 
greater  part  of  Europe  with  a  rod  of  iron,  under  the 
name  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon.     The  very  bones  of 
the  Bourbon  family  had  been  torn  from  their  conse- 
crated resting-place,  by  the  mad  rage  of  an  infuriate 
mob,  and  scattered  to  the  four  winds  of  heaven.    Ten 
years  after,  when  I  saw  Versailles  again,  the  scene 
had  already  changed.     The  Bourbons  again  inhabited 
the  palace,  and  possessed  the  power  of  their  ances- 
tors.    The  Emperor  Napoleon  had  fallen  from  his 
high  estate,  and,  under  the  name  of  General  Bona- 
parte, expired,  in  exile  and  misery,  on  a  burning  rock 
in  a  distant  ocean.     His  remains,  in  turn,  had  been 
denied  a  resting-place  in  the  land  which  he  had  so 
long  governed.     Ten  years  more  have  produced  an- 


14 

other  change  in  the  actors  and  decorations  of  this 
great  drama.  Another  hand  now  wields  the  sceptre 
of  Lewis,  Napoleon,  and  Charles  X.,  and  another  fam- 
ily of  royal  exiles  are  wandering  in  beggary  through 
all  the  courts  of  Europe.  In  the  mean  time  the 
gardens  of  Versailles  have  annually  bloomed  as  freshly 
as  before,  and  the  nightingales  that  frequent  them 
have  sung  as  gaily  as  if  nothing  had  happened.  These 
violent  and  sudden  changes  in  the  political  world, 
contrasted  with  the  steadiness  and  order  that  distin- 
guish the  course  of  nature,  may  serve,  perhaps,  to 
recommend  to  us  as  our  chief  pursuits  and  pleasures 
those  that  consist  in  the  study  of  her  works  and  the 
enjoyment  of  her  beauties. 

When  Lewis  XIV.  was  at  the  height  of  his  power, 
he  made  it  a  part  of  his  magnificence, — as  his  succes- 
sor. Napoleon,  afterwards  did, — to  place  one  of  his 
family  upon  the  throne  of  Spain.     Philip  V.  after  es- 
tablishing himself  in  his  new  kingdom,  was  ambitious 
to  imitate  the  splendor  of  the  royal  residences  of  that 
which  he  had  left,  and  undertook  to  create  a  new 
Versailles,  on  the  summit  of  the  Guadarrama  moun- 
tain, at  the  distance  of  about  sixty  miles  from  Madrid, 
and  at  the  height  of  three  thousand  six  hundred  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.     This  freak  of  fancy  cost 
the  Spanish  people  forty  millions  of  dollars,  and  pro- 
duced, as  its  result,  the   palace  and  gardens  of  La 
Granja,  or,  as  they  are  often  called,  from  the  name  of 
the  neighboring  village,  St.  Ildefonso.    Notwithstand- 
ing the  enormous  expense  at  which  they  were  con- 
structed, there  is  little  in  the  architecture  of  the  build- 
ings, or  the  general  appearance  of  the  place,  to  remind 


15 

one  of  the  splendid  residence  of  the  old  French  court ; 
but  the  gardens,  and  especially  the  fountains,  are  con- 
sidered by  many  as  even  superior  to  those  of  Versailles. 
They  are  situated  on  the  declivity  of  the  mountain, 
and  are  abundantly  supplied  with  pure  and  pellucid 
water  from  the  springs  above  them.  One  of  them, 
called  the  Fountain  of  Fame,  throws  up  a  stream  of 
water  to  the  height  of  a  hundred  and  thirty  feet,  the 
upper  part  of  which  may  be  seen  from  the  city  of 
Segovia  at  six  miles  distance. 

Such  was  the  state  of  Horticulture,  as  applied  to 
the  disposition  of  grounds  and  gardens,  in  the  time  of 
Lewis  XIV.  A  better  taste  soon  after  grew  up  in 
England,  and  spread  itself  thence  over  all  parts  of 
Europe.  The  improvement  lay  in  substituting  a 
more  free  and  direct  imitation  of  nature,  for  the 
formal  arrangements  and  fantastic  decorations  that 
were  in  use  before.  Most  of  the  grounds  and  gar- 
dens that  have  been  laid  out  in  Europe  within  the 
last  half  century,  have  been  disposed  upon  this  plan, 
of  which  very  beautiful  specimens  are  to  be  found, 
not  only  in  England,  France,  and  Germany,  but  in 
Sweden,  Poland,  Austria,  and  Russia.  The  Wood 
at  the  Hague,  an  enclosure  of  about  a  mile  in  length, 
and  half  a  mile  in  width,  is  justly  considered  as  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  number. 

Of  the  grounds,  ornamented  in  the  purer  taste  of 
the  present  day,  that  have  fallen  under  my  observa- 
tion, those  of  the  royal  residence  of  Aranjuez,  in 
Spain,  are,  however,  the  most  beautiful.  This  is  the 
place  where  the  Court  usually  repair  to  pass  the 
months  of  May  and  June,  and  it  seems  to  realize,  as 


16 

nearly  as  fact  can  be  supposed  lo  approach  to  romance, 
the  description  of  the  Happy  Valley  in  Rasselas.  It  is 
situated  about  thirty  miles  from  Madrid,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  noble  river  Tagus,  which  is  here  of 
very  moderate  size,  with  one  of  its  smaller  branches, 
called  the  Jarama.  The  country  in  this  part  of 
Spain,  though  not  barren,  is  destitute  of  wood,  and 
wears,  through  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  a  parch- 
ed and  dry  appearance.  After  passing  over  several 
miles  of  this  monotonous  landscape,  you  descend  into 
an  extensive  valley  of  six  or  eight  miles  in  length 
and  two  or  three  in  breadth,  covered  with  the  most 
luxuriant  vegetation,  and  laid  out  entirely  in  grounds 
and  gardens ;  in  the  midst  of  which  are  embosomed 
the  buildings  that  form  the  royal  residence  and  the 
neighboring  village.  The  two  divisions,  of  which 
ornamented  grounds  are  naturally  composed,  that  is, 
a  flower  and  fruit  garden,  and  a  park  tastefully 
planted  and  disposed,  are  here  combined  in  high  per- 
fection. In  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  Pal- 
ace, are  two  gardens  devoted  chiefly  to  flowers,  and 
planted  with  alleys  of  elms,  sycamores,  cypresses, 
acacias,  and  various  other  sorts  of  ornamental  trees, 
which,  in  this  rich  and  well-watered  soil,  grow  luxu- 
riantly, and  rise,  in  some  cases,  to  a  very  great 
height.  The  rest  of  the  valley  is  laid  out  into  open 
lawns,  intersected  by  roads  and  variegated  by  clumps 
of  trees,  which  occasionally  thicken  into  a  sort  of 
forest,  particularly  at  the  point  where  the  junction  of 
the  rivers  presents  a  scene,  similar  in  kind,  and  pro- 
bably not  inferior  in  beauty,  to  the  celebrated  Meet- 
ing of  the  Waters  in  the  Vale  of  Avoca,  in  Ireland. 


17 

From  this  point,  the  Tagus  proceeds  with  an  in- 
creased volume  of  water,  and,  after  washing,  a  few 
miles  below,  the  base  of  the  lofty  precipitous  rock, 
which  forms  the  site  of  the  old  Gothic  capitol  of 
Toledo,  pursues  its  course  of  about  four  hundred 
miles  to  the  ocean. 

During  my  residence  in  Spain,  a  bold  adventurer 
set  forth  in  a  steam-boat  from  Aranjue^,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  exploring  the  river  from  that  place   to  its 
mouth.     It  was  the  first  time  that  a  steam-boat  had 
ever  been  seen  upon  its  waters,  at  least,  in  the  inte- 
rior of  the  Peninsula.    The  enterprise'  occupied  about 
two  months  ;  regular  bulletins   of  its   progress  were 
published  in  the  newspapers,  and  it  was  evidently 
regarded  as  a  matter  of  some  national  importance. 
Compare  this  state   of  the  internal  communications 
in  a  kingdom  that  has  been  occupied  ever  since  the 
earliest  dawn  of  history,  with  the  hundred  and  fifty 
magnificent  steam-boats   that  are  no^v  regularly  em- 
ployed upon  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  and  you  have 
at  least,  one   remarkable   fact,— whatever  objections 
may  be  urged  against  them,— in  favor  of  the  influ- 
ence of  liberal  political  institutions. 

III.  The  grounds  and  gardens,  to  which  I  have 
alluded,  have  been  laid  out  chiefly  for  the  private 
recreation  of  their  owners  ;  but  the  art  of  Horticul- 
ture is  applied  to  higher  and  more  interesting  objects. 
At  Athens,  the  public  gardens  were  employed  by  the 
principal  philosophers,  as  schools,  or  places  of  in- 
struction. One  of  them,  called  Academus,  or,  as  it 
is  modernized  in  English,  the  Academy,  was  frequent- 
ed by  Plato  ;  and  in  consequence  of  the  great  celeb- 
3 


18 

rity  and  influence  which  have  since  been  acquired  by 
the  doctrines  originally  taught  there,  has  given  its 
name  to  a  great  variety  of  literary   and  scientific  in- 
stitutions.    The  original  Academy  was  nothing  more 
than   a  public  garden,   laid   out  by   the  distinguish- 
ed Athenian  General,  Cymon,    and    planted  chiefly 
with     olive-trees,    of    which    there    are    many    still 
growing  on  the  spot.     The  place  was  situated  with- 
out the  walls  of  Athens,  and  near  the  spot  appropri- 
ated to  the  sepulchres  of  distinguished  men.     At  the 
entrance  was  an  altar,  dedicated  to  Love,  and  within 
were  altars  to  Minerva  and  the  Muses.     The  tomb 
of  Plato  was  in  the  immediate  neighborhood.     The 
Lyceum  was  another  Athenian   garden  of  the  same 
description,  which   was  celebrated   as  the   school  of 
Aristotle,  and,  like  the  Academy,  has  given  its  name, 
in  modern  times,  to  innumerable  institutions  for  edu- 
cation and  improvement. 

The  art  of  embellishing  grounds  and  gardens,  has, 
also,  been  occasionally  applied,  both  in  ancient  and 
modern  times,  to  the  still  more  solemn  and  interest- 
ing purpose  of  preparing  repositories  for  the  remains 
of  the  dead.  The  cemeteries  of  the  Eastern  nations 
are  commonly  situated  without  the  walls  of  their 
cities,  tastefully  planted  with  trees,  and  frequented 
as  public  walks.  The  cemetery  of  Pere  la  Chaise  at 
Paris  is  of  the  same  description  ;  and  there  is  a  beauti- 
ful one,  of  a  similar  kind,  though  on  a  smaller  scale, 
at  New-Haven,  in  Connecticut.  It  is  much  to  be 
desired,  that  repositories  of  this  description  may  be 
multiplied  among  us.  While  they  tend  to  promote 
the  salubrity  of  cities,  they  connect  agreeable  images 


19 

with  the  recollections  of  the  past,  and  the  antici- 
pations of  the  future  ;  and  strip  the  idea  of  death 
of  a  part  of  the  horrors,  with  which  superstition 
and  the  weakness  of  our  nature,  have  unnecessarily 
invested  it. 

In  connexion  with  this  branch  of  the  subject,  I 
would  venture  to  remark,  that  it  has  often  occurred 
to  me  as  a  desirable  thing,  that  some  public  funeral 
ground  of  this  description  should  be  consecrated  to 
the  memory  of  the  patriots  and  heroes  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  spot  most  suitable  for  this  purpose  would 
be  Mount  Vernon,  a  territory  Avell  adapted  to  it 
by  its  central  situation  in  the  Union,  its  vicinity  to 
the  Seat  of  Government,  its  natural  picturesque 
beauties,  and  its  noble  position  upon  the  banks  of 
one  of  the  finest  rivers  in  the  world ;  but  especially 
fitted  for  the  object,  above  all  other  grounds,  from 
having  been  the  residence  of  Washington.  It  seems 
to  be  a  sort  of  profanation,  that  the  dwelling,  which 
was  rendered  sacred  to  the  view  of  the  American 
people  by  having  been  the  scene  of  his  earthly  pil- 
grimage, should  be  afterwards  devoted  to  the  ordi- 
nary purposes  of  life ;  and  without  intending  any 
reflection  upon  the  conduct  of  the  present  occupant, 
whose  leisure  and  privacy  are  as  sacred  as  those  of 
any  other  individual,  it  is  certainly  a  painful  thing, 
that  the  people  should  not  be  permitted,  at  all  times 
and  seasons,  to  pay  iheir  vows  in  perfect  freedom  at 
the  tomb  of  their  political  father.  It  is  evident  that 
they  can  never  enjoy  this  advantage  in  its  full  extent, 
while  the  place  is  held  as  individual  property.  Some 
restrictions  must  be  imposed  upon  the  freedom  of 


20 

access  ;  and  the  disagreeable  scenes,  which,  from  time 
to  time,  will  necessarily  occur,  in  consequence  of 
this,  without  furnishing  a  proper  occasion  for  censure 
upon  any  one,  should,  if  possible,  be  avoided  in  re- 
gard to  all  matters  connected  in  any  way  with  the 
memory  of  the  great  genius  of  the  spot. 

It  is,  therefore,  desirable,  on  every  account,  that 
Mount  Vernon  should  be  purchased  by  the  people, 
and  held  as  a  national  property.  The  sacrifice,  that 
would  be  necessary  in  order  to  acquire  it,  is  too 
trifling  to  be  mentioned ;  and  although  the  family  of 
Washington  must,  of  course,  set  a  high  value  on  his 
patrimonial  domain,  they  would  naturally  be  proud 
and  happy  to  cede  it  for  the  honorable  purpose  of 
being  consecrated  as  a  perpetual  monumental  ground 
to  the  memory  of  the  Revolutionary  fathers  of  the 
country.  The  house  and  grounds  should  be  kept  in 
perfect  order,  and,  as  nearly  as  possible,  in  the  condi- 
tion in  which  they  were  left  by  Washington.  On 
some  elevated  spot  should  be  erected  an  equestrian 
statue  of  the  hero,  that  might  catch  from  a  distance 
the  view  of  citizens  as  they  ascended  the  river  to 
visit  the  place,  and  might  serve  as  an  indication  to 
them  that  they  had  reached  the  end  of  their  journey. 
This  imposing  figure,  towering  majestically  above 
the  clumps  of  trees  that  adorn  the  grounds,  would 
form  a  noble  object  as  seen  from  a  distance.  Every 
ship  that  passed,  would  strike  her  top-sails  in  honor 
of  it,  as  the  mariners  of  Athens,  when  they  entered 
the  Piraeus  on  their  return  voyages,  were  accustomed 
to  salute  the  tomb  of  Themistocles,  which  stood  at 
the  bottom  of  that  harbor. 


21 

Within  the  house  might  be  placed  the  portraits  of 
the  great  proprietor  and  of  his  associates  in  civil  and 
military  life.     In  the  principal  hall  should  stand  his 
own  by  Stuart,  with  that  of  his  aid  and  confidential 
friend   General   Hamilton  on  one  side,   and  on  the 
other,  that  of  Lafayette  by  Scheffer,  which  now  hangs 
in  the  Rotonda  of  the   Capital.     After  these  would 
naturally  follow    those  of  Knox,   Lincoln,    Greene, 
Lee,    Gates,    Morgan,     Sumpter,    and    the   others. 
Warren,   the  young  martyr  of  Bunker-Hill,   should 
hold  a  conspicuous  place,  and  the  hero  of  Benning- 
ton should  not  be  omitted.     Another  principal  room 
should  be  devoted  to  the  commemoration  of  those 
who  served  the  country  in  civil  life.     At  the  head  of 
these,  should   be   stationed  Franklin,   John    Adams, 
and  Jefferson,  with  the  members  of  the  Continental 
Congress  grouped  around  them.     In  their  company 
should    appear    the    others,    whose    services    were 
most  conspicuous  in  the  earlier  scenes  that  preceded 
the  decisive  action.     There  should  be  seen  the  open 
face  and  manly  person  of  Sajiuiel  Adams,  as  repre- 
sented by  Copley.     By   the   side  of  this,   our   more 
than  Cato,  might  stand  Patrick  Henry,  our  untaught 
Demosthenes,  John  Dickinson,  the  lettered  farmer, 
and  Otis, — a  name  endeared  to  the  citizens  of  Bos- 
ton by  the  patriotic  virtues  and  charming  eloquence 
of  more   than  one   generation.     In   another   of  the 
rooms  should  be    collected  the   younger   generation 
who  were  associated  with  Washington  in  completing 
the  work  of  the  Revolution,  by  reforming  the  govern- 
ment and  introducing  the  present  Federal  constitu- 
tion.    Here  should  be  another  portrait  of  Washing- 


.22 

ton  in  a  civil  dress  as  President,  and  another  of  Ham- 
ilton on  account  of  his  signal  services  on  that  occa- 
sion.    Madison  and  Jay  should  accompany  the  latter 
on   either  sidv^ ;    and  after  them   should   come    the 
active    friends   and    supporters   of    the   constitution 
throughout  the  country  ; — the  cloudy  care-worn  coun- 
tenance of  Parsons,  the  radiant  visage  of  Ames,  and 
the   fine  manly  features  of  Rufus  King.     With  this 
group  the   list  should  close,  for  it  would  scarcely  he 
expedient   to   make  Mount  Vernon  a   Westminster 
Abbey,  or  general  mausoleum  of  the  illustrious  dead, 
but  rather  to  devote  it  specifically  to  the  honor  of 
the  revolutionary  worthies   and  the  founders  of  the 
government.     The   merit  of  these,  as  respects  the 
country,    will   always    remain   of    a   singular   kind, 
whatever  titles  of  honor  may    hereafter  be  won  by 
others.     In   some   more   private  apartment  should  be 
collected  the  portraits  of  the  family  of  Washington. 
This  interesting  collection  would  at  once  furnish  the 
house  in  a  manner  suitable  to  its  destination,  and 
concur  in  promoting  the  general  object.     The  na- 
tional flag  should  be  displayed  above  the  building,  to 
mark  it  as  public  property,  and  the  estate  might,  for 
purposes  of  jurisdiction,  be  considered  as  an  appen- 
dage to  the  District  of  Columbia. 

The  access  to  Mount  Vernon,  under  this  arrange- 
ment, should  be  perfectly  free  to  every  one,  at  all 
times  and  seasons, — effectual  measures  having  been 
taken  to  prevent  disorder  and  injury  to  the  property. 
Under  these  circumstances,  the  resort  to  the  place 
would  probably  be  much  greater  than  it  liad  ever 
been  before  ;    and  it  would  gradually  come  to  be 


regarded  as  a  sort  of  sacred  ground,  like  the  plains 
of  Elis  in  ancient  Greece,  where  the  Olympic  games 
were  celebrated  at  the  end  of  every  four  years. 
Mount  Vernon,  too,  might,  perhaps,  be  made  the 
theatre  of  public  rejoicings  on  the  anniversary  of  our 
great  national  festival.  The  citizens  of  the  neigh- 
borhood would  naturally  meet  there  upon  that  occa- 
sion ;  and,  in  proportion  as  the  importance  of  the  day 
shall  be  more  and  more  felt,  and  the  respect  for  the 
memory  of  our  political  fathers  shall  go  on  increas- 
ing, as  it  w  ill,  from  year  to  year,  many  persons,  from 
all  parts  of  the  country,  would  naturally  avail  them- 
selves of  that  opportunity  to  visit  the  abode  and 
burial-place  of  their  illustrious  leader.  The  festivi- 
ties might,  probably,  be  continued  for  several  days, 
and  might  be  accompanied  by  devotional  and  literary 
exercises,  poems,  plays,  and  other  entertainments  of 
all  descriptions.  The  whole  drama  of  the  Greeks 
grew  out  of  an  annual  religious  festival,  lasting  four 
or  five  days  in  succession, — during  which,  tragedies 
and  comedies,  founded  in  the  history  and  manners  of 
their  country,  were  acted,  without  intermission,  from 
morning  till  night.  We,  too,  might,  perhaps,  obtain 
in  this  way,  a  national  drama  more  congenial  to  the 
state  of  manners  and  of  morals  among  us,  than  that 
of  modern  Europe.  Here,  too,  some  new  Herodotus 
might  read  to  his  assembled  countrymen  the  yet 
unwritten  history  of  the  achievements  of  their 
fathers ;  some  modern  Pindar  restore  the  glory  of 
poetry,  by  devoting  it  anew  to  the  praise  of  heroism 
and  virtue.  A  festival  like  this,  held,  perhaps,  once 
in  three  or  four   years,  would   produce  no   trifling 


24 

effect  in  maintaining  among  the  people  a  high  na- 
tional spirit,  and  cherishing  that  principle  of  public 
VIRTUE  which  we  are  taught  to  regard  as  the  essence 
of  our  government. 

But,  gentlemen,  I  am  trespassing  too  long  upon 
your  patience,  with  a  detail  of  plans  that,  perhaps, 
may  never  be  realized.  Whether  such  a  disposition 
as  1  have  now  suggested,  will  ever  be  made  of  the 
sacred  domain  of  Mount  Vernon,  will  depend  upon 
the  wisdom  of  the  General  Government.  In  the 
mean  time  you  have  commenced  on  the  smaller 
scale,  corresponding  with  the  wants  and  the  re- 
sources of  a  single  state,  an  establishment  of  this 
description,  which  promises  to  become  one  of  the 
chief  ornaments  of  the  neighborhood,  and  of  which 
the  progress,  thus  far,  does  great  credit  to  the  dis- 
cernment and  taste  of  your  society.  Superior  in  its 
natural  advantages  of  position  to  the  famous  sepul- 
chral grounds  of  the  ancient  world,  we  may  venture 
to  hope,  unless  the  sons  of  the  pilgrims  shall  degen- 
erate from  their  fathers,  that  Mount  Auburn  will 
hereafter  record  in  its  funeral  inscriptions,  examples 
not  less  illustrious  than  theirs,  of  public  and  private 
virtue.  Even  now,  while  the  enclosures  that  sur- 
round it  are  scarcely  erected, — while  the  axe  is  still 
busy  in  disposing  the  walks  that  are  to  traverse  its 
interior, — this  consecrated  spot  has  received  the  re- 
mains of  more  than  one,  whose  memory  a  grateful 
people  will  not  willingly  permit  to  die.  There  was 
laid,  by  the  gentle  ministration  of  female  friendship, 
as  the  first  tenant  of  the  place,  the  learned,  devout, 
and  simple-hearted  Daughter  of  the  Pilgrims,  who 


25 

has  wrought  out  an  honorable  name  for  herself,  by 
commemorating  theirs.     There  reposes  in  peace, 'the 
joung  Warrior,   cut   off  like   a  fresh    and    blooming 
flower,  in  the  spring  of  his  career.     There,  too,  rests 
beside   them,    the    generous    Stranger,    who,    in  his 
ardent  zeal  for  the  welfare  of  man,  had  come  from  a 
distant  continent  to  share  the  treasures  of  his  wisdom 
with  an  unknown  people.*   Around  their  remains  will 
gradually  be  gathered  the  best,  the  fairest,  the  brav- 
est of  the   present  and  of  many  future  generations. 
In  a  few  short  years,   we,  too,  gentlemen,  who  are 
now  employed  in  decorating  the  surfece  of  Mount 
Auburn  or  describing  its  beauties,  will  sleep  in  its 
bosom.     How  deep   the  interest  that  attaches  itself 
to  such  a  spot!     How  salutary  the  effect  which  a 
visit  to  its  calm  and  sacred   shades,  will  produce  on 
souls  too  much  agitated  by  the  storms  of  the  world ! 
It  was  surely  fitting  that  Art  and  Nature  should  com- 
bine their  beauties,  to  grace  a  scene  devoted  to  pur- 
poses so  high  and  holy. 

*  The  persons  alluded  to  in  the  text  are  Miss  Hannah  Adams,  Lieut.  Watson,  and  Dr. 
bpurzheim.. 


FIFTH 

ANNIVERSARY  FESTIVAL 

OF    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


The  fifth  Anniversary  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  So- 
ciety was  celebrated  on  the  13th  of  September.  At  11  o'clock, 
an  excellent  Address  was  delivered  at  the  Masonic  Temple,  by 
Hon.  Alexander  Everett.  This  contained  brief  but  compre- 
hensive historical  sketches  of  Horticulture,  and  notices  of  exist- 
ing improvements  in  gardening,  as  displayed  in  various  parts  of 
Europe,  and  noted  by  the  personal  observations  of  the  Orator. 
A  portion  of  the  Address  had  reference  to  Cemeteries,  in  different 
portions  of  the  globe,  and  particularly  that  at  Mount  Auburn, 
which  was  originated  and  established  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  This  part  of  the  perform- 
ance was  particularly  interesting,  eloquent,  and  impressive.  From 
half  past  12  to  2  o'clock,  the  Dinner  hall  was  open  to  public 
inspection,  and  notwithstanding  the  rain,  which  fell  profusely,  a 
large  concourse  of  spectators  proved  that  the  public  felt  an  inter- 
est in  the  exhibition. 

At  three  o'clock  the  Members  of  the  Society,  together  with 
numbers  of  respectable  guests,  sat  down  to  a  dinner,  provided  by 
Mr.  Eaton,  which  consisted  of  all  the  substantial  and  delicacies 
the  Epicure  could  wish  for,  or  the  Temperate  Man  enjoy.  The 
following  are  some  of  the  donations  of  Fruits  and  Flowers,  which 
were  presented  for  the  festival  : — 

A  fine  basket  of  Isabella  grapes,  6lc.  from  E.  P.  Hartshorn,  of 
Boston, — also  a  basket  of  Black  Hamburgh  and  Sneet  Water 
grapes,  from  the  same — open  culture,  fine  for  the  season.  A 
basket  of  apples,  and  a  basket  of  Seedling  pears,  from  Joseph 
Morton,  Esq.  of  Milton.  Freestone  Rare-ripe  peaches,  a  very 
handsome  specimen,  from  E.  Cowing,  of  Roxbury.  From  John 
Prince,  Esq.  of  Roxbury,  a  basket  of  Ruckman's  Pearmain,  a 
basket  of  Gilliflower   apples,  a  basket  of  Bourasseau   apples,  a 


28 

basket  of  Pomme  Niege  apples,  a  basket  of  Summer  Queen 
apples,  a  basket  of  Ribstone  pippin,  Fall  dueening  apple, 
Golden  Pippin,  French  apple,  French  Bon  Chretien  pair,  all  very 
beautiful.  From  E.  M.  Richards,  of  Dedham,  two  baskets  of 
natural  peaches,  superior,  two  baskets  of  Benoni  apples,  large, 
one  basket  of  Red  Juniating.  From  Madam  Dix,  Boston,  a 
basket  of  Dix  pears,  very  fine.  From  Dr.  S.  A.  Shurtletf,  Bos- 
ton, a  basket  of  St.  Michael  pears,  and  four  baskets  of  White 
Chasselas  grapes,  open  culture,  very  beautiful.  From  Luther 
Allen,  of  Sterling,  three  baskets  of  monstrous  Red  apples,  for 
baking.  From  J.  Tidd,  Esq.  of  Roxbury,  four  clusters  of  very 
fine  Black  Hamburgh  grapes,  also  a  large  Muskmelon.  From 
Charles  Oakley,  Esq.  of  the  city  of  New-York,  a  basket  of  Heath 
Clingstone  peaches,  a  basket  of  plums,  name  unknown,  a  basket 
of  Orange  Nectarin  Clingstone  seedlings,  a  basket  of  Orange 
Clingstone  seedlings,  a  basket  of  seedling  pears,  a  basket  of 
pears,  called  Vergalieu  in  New-York,  the  St.  Michael  in  New- 
England,  a  basket  of  peaches,  name  unknown,  all  beautiful  and 
some  splendid  specimens.  From  Enoch  Bartlett,  Esq.  Roxbury, 
a  basket  of  Bartlett  pears,  a  basket  of  Andrews  pears,  a  basket 
of  Capiaumont  pears,  all  very  superior.  From  John  Wilson,  of 
Roxbury,  two  baskets  of  Melacaton  peaches.  From  E,  Vose, 
Esq.  of  Dorchester,  a  basket  of  Capiaumont  pears,  a  basket  of 
Bartlett  pears,  very  superior.  From  John  Breed,  Esq.  of  Belle 
Isle,  two  baskets  of  wall  fruit  peaches,  one  basket  of  Bartlett 
pears,  one  basket  of  pears,  name  unknown,  a  basket  of  long  green 
pears,  a  basket  of  pears,  name  unknown,  all  very  fine  fruit. 
From  Howland  Cowing,  Roxbury,  a  basket  of  large  sweet  apples, 
name  unknown,  and  one  basket  of  sour.  From  Dr.  Webster,  of 
Cambridge,  a  variety  of  Flowers,  also  a  vegetable  called  Glascol 
Rabbi,  a  basket  of  almonds,  open  culture,  a  basket  of  white 
Chasselas  and  red  Chasselas  grapes,  a  Persian  and  one  other 
variety  of  melon,  very  fine.  From  P.  B.  Hovey,  and  Charles  M. 
Hovey,  of  Cambridgeport,  one  highly  decorated  basket,  contain- 
ing Bartlett,  Johonnot,  and  Andrews  pears,  and  several  varieties 
of  peaches,  grapes,  and  flowers,  also,  another  basket  of  Bartlett 
and  Johonnot  pears,  and  a  basket  of  Porter  apples,  very  fine  speci- 
mens. From  Messrs.  Winship,  of  Brighton,  two  baskets  of  Sem- 
iana  plums,  very  superior.  From  E.  P.  Hartshorn,  eight  baskets, 
containing  Isabella,  black  Hamburgh,  and  v\hite  Chasselas 
grapes.  From  Messrs.  Willet  and  Wilson,  of  Boston,  one  large 
basket  of  Autumn  Bergamot,  also,  a  large  basket  of  Gansels  or 
Brocas  Bergamot  pears,  also,  a  large  basket  of  white  sweet  water 
grapes.  From  Professor  Farrar,  of  Cambridge,  a  fine  basket  of 
Porter  apples.  From  E.  Breed,  Esq.  of  Charlestown,  two  large 
decorated  baskets,  consisting  of  the  white  Muscat  of  Alexandria, 
the  St.  Peters,  and  black  Hamburgh  grapes,  Bartlett  and  Rous- 
sellet  de  Rheims  pears,  and  a  variety  of  peaches,  very  beautiful 


29 

specimens.  From  Lawson  Buckminster,  Esq.  of  Framingham, 
one  large  basket  of  Porter  apples,  very  superb.  From  Mr.  Mason, 
of  Charlestown,  a  basket  of  green  citron  melons,  three  baskets, 
containing  Malta  peaches  and  Nectarines,  four  baskets  of  black 
Hamburgh  grapes,  and  one  of  Miller's  Burgundy  grapes,  also 
yellow  Musknielons,  very  fine  specimens.  From  Joshua  Childs, 
Boston,  a  basket  of  Manilla  grapes,  a  beautiful  specimen.  From 
the  garden  of  the  late  Redtord  Webster,  Boston,  a  basket  of  St. 
Michael's  pears,  a  basket  of  sweet  water  grapes,  and  one  of  sweet 
lemons.  From  David  Fosdick,  Charlestown,  a  very  beautiful 
ornamented  pyramid  basket  of  white  Muscadine  and  Isabella 
grapes,  and  a  variety  of  apples  and  peaches.  From  Enoch 
Bartlett,  Esq.  Roxbury,  two  baskets  of  beautiful  peaches,  and  a 
splendid  specimen  of  Porter  apples.  From  Zebedee  Cook,  Jr. 
Esq.  of  Boston,  1st  Vice-President  of  the  Society,  a  basket  of 
most  beautiful  Bartlett  pears.  From  Dr.  Fisk,  of  Worcester,  a 
basket  containing  very  large  varieties  of  apples.  From  Wm.  B. 
Roberts,  Gardener  to  Samuel  G.  Perkins,  Esq.  of  Brookline,  a 
large  and  highly  ornamented  basket,  containing  black  Hamburgh, 
Cape,  St.  Peters,  Linfendal,  white  Muscat  of  Alexander,  Golden 
Chasselas,  common  do.  grapes.  Admirable,  Jaune,  Bolle  Chever- 
euse,  Morris's  white  early  Admirable,  Pine  apple,  Clingstones. 
From  Hon.  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  President  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  Roxbury,  two  baskets  of  red  Roman  Nec- 
tarines, one  do.  containing  Drap  d'Or,  and  late  blue  French 
plums,  one  do.  Cantaleupe  Melons,  Trowbridge  apples,  Maria 
Louisa  pears,  Beurre  Angleterre  do.  Sickle  do.  some  of  them  very 
beautiful.  From  Jairus  Lincoln,  Esq.  Hingham,  a  basket  of  Seek- 
no-further  apples.  From  Elisha  Edwards,  Esq.  Springfield,  a 
basket  of  Freestone  and  Clingstone  peaches,  very  fine,  one  do.  of 
St.  Michael's  and  brown  beurre  pears,  large  and  fair.  From  Wm. 
Lawrence,  Bulfinch-street,  Boston,  Seedling  peaches,  very  beau- 
tiful. From  T.  B.  Coolidge,  Esq.  Bowdoin-square,  Boston,  a 
basket  of  beautiful  yellow  plums.  From  the  garden  of  the  Hon. 
T.  H.  Perkins,  by  W.  H.  Cowing,  white  Hambro-Muscat  of 
Lunel  Frankendale,  Royal  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  flame-colored 
Tokay,  black  Frontignac,  Melacaton  (native)  white  peaches  from 
the  wall,  Bromfield  Nectarine,  American,  all  remarkably  fine 
specimens,  and  some  uncommonly  splendid. 

The  Floral  decorations  of  the  Hall,  (which  did  great  credit  to 
the  taste  of  the  Committee,  who  performed  that  service,)  were 
furnished  from  the  Society's  Garden  at  Mount  Auburn,  by  Mr. 
D.  Haggerston,  by  Messrs.  Winship,  Mr.  Mason,  Mr.  Walker, 
Mr.  P.  B.  Hovey,  jr.  Mr.  C.  M.  Hovey,  Messrs.  Kenrick,  Dr. 
Webster,  Henry  Sheafe,  Esq.  and  others.  Gen.  Sumner,  fur- 
nished some  fine  ])urple  Egg  Plants  for  the  dinner. 

Eleven  varieties,  consisting  of  Apples,  Pears,  Peaches,  Plums, 
and  Lemons  of  Artificial  Fruits,  very    nearly  resembling  natural 


30 

ones,  were  exhibited  by  Mr.  Nelson  D.  Jones,  No.  21,  Joy's 
Buildings,  where  the  Society  and  others  can  see  artificial  speci- 
mens of  the  finest  fruits. 

A  large  Orange  Tree,  in  full  bearing,  exhibited  by  Messrs. 
Willot  and  Wilson,  attracted  much  attention. 

By  order  of  the  Committee  on  Fruits,  &-c. 

EDWARD  M.  RICHARDS. 

Nicholas  Longtcorth,  Esq.  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  an  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Society,  sent  two  bottles  of  native  wine,  the  pure 
juice  of  the  native  grape,  which  was  very  much  admired,  and  was 
of  excellent  quality. 


After  dinner,  the  following  regular  Toasts  were  drank  : — 

Cultivators  and  Conquerors.  The  former  would  make  the  whole  world  a 
Garden,  the  latter  would  convert  the  "  Great  Globe"  to  a  Golgotha. 

Let  the  Trumpet  of  Fame 
Resound  with  the  name 
And  deeds  of  the  Tiller, 
But  blast  the  Mankiller. 

Manual  Labor  Schools.  Success  to  those  literary  and  scientific  establish- 
ments, which,  by  mixing  corporeal  with  intellectual  exercitations,  set  the 
seal  on  that  true  greatness,  which  consists  of  a  union  of  the  most  estimable 
qualities  of  Body  and  Mind. 

Nullification.  A  Pa.ssio>i  flower,  planted  in  a  hot  hotise,  propagated  by  ar- 
tificial heat,  and  matured  by  fermcntijig  substances.  Let  us  hope  that  the 
process  of  division  may  not  change  it  into  a  "  Tremella  nostor,"  or  the 
^'fallen  Star." 

Office  seekers  for  Office  sake.  Parasitic  plants,  Creepers  into  party, 
Climbers  into  popularity,  and  Twiners  into  power,  a  Tribe,  sometimes  very 
ornamental  to  the  people,  always  useful — to  themselves. 

The  Veterans  of  '76.  A  few  slips  of  the  Elder,  grafted  on  the  tree  of  Lib- 
erty. Their  upright  shoots  did  not  need  much  training,  to  produce  a  col- 
lection of  Scarlet  hunners. 

Ireland,  the  land  of  the  Potato.  The  Root  is  finely  formed  by  Nature,  but 
does  not  thrive  by  being  forced.  If  an  Irishman  is  not  allowed  to  eat  his 
Potatoes  in  peace  at  home,  is  it  a  wonder  if  he  is  not  mealy-mouthed  abroad  .'' 

The  Promotion  of  Patriotism.  If  we  wish  our  citizens  to  love  their  coun- 
try, we  must  make  our  country  lovely  by  manual,  mental,  and  moral  culti- 
vation. 

Tlie  Michael  and  Imperial  Pear  of  Portugal.  Both  called  Royal,  but,  as 
Good  Christians,  we  declare  that  they  are  neither  of  them  worth  half  a 
crown. 

The  Gardener.  His  wealth  will  be  found  to  lie  in  his  bed,  provided  he 
does  not  lie  there  too  long  himself. 

Gold  Mines.  With  a  spade,  a  hoe,  and  active  industry,  every  cultiva- 
tor will  find  one  in  his  kitchen  garden. 

The  Tree  of  Jlmerican  Liberty.  An  union  of  twenty-four  branches,  sup- 
ported by  one  trunk.  It  is  more  than  half  a  century  old — and  each  suc- 
ceeding year  extends  its  foliage  and  deepens  its  roots. 

Public  Education.  A  tree  of  knowledge;  its  opening  and  expanding 
hlossoms  are  budding  beneath  the  genial  sunshine  of  popular  patronage. 
Its  supporters  will  reap  the  Fruits,of  an  approving  conscience,  that  ■'  blesses 
the  giver  more  than  the  receiver." 

Women,  sweet  herbs.  In  the  summer  of  our  existence,  aromatic  as  the 
Rosemary  ;  in  the  autumn,  grateful  as  the  Lavender;  in  the  winter,  balsamic 
as  the  Sage — May  the  seasoning  of  domestic  life  never  be  mixed  with  the 
sauce. 


31 

VOLUNTEERS. 

By  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Pres.  of  the  Mass.  Hor.  Society.  The  Orator  of  the 
Day — May  we  cultivate  the  fruits  and  flowers  of  our  gardens  with  as  much 
zeal  and  success,  as  he  has  those  of  literature  and  eloquence. 

By  the  Hon.  A.  H.  Everett,  Orator  of  the  Day.  The  Horticultural  Societies 
of  Massachusetts  and  her  sister  states.  We  cannot  wish  them  belter  fortune, 
than  that  their  success  should  be  equal  to  the  excellencies  oi"  their  desserts. 

By  Judge  Story.  The  Massaclius/tts  Horticultural  Society.  Its  native 
stock  excellent,  its  foreign  grafts  lull  of  rich  fruits,  and  its  set-ofl!'  of  flowers 
beautiful. 

By  the  Hon.  Ebenezer  Mosely,  President  of  the  Newburyport  Horticultural 
Society  ;  present  by  invitation  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 
Education.  That  moral  culture  which  eradicates  the  weeds  of  bad  princi- 
ples, swells  the  bud,  unfolds  the  blossom,  and  ripens  the  fruit  of  science  and 
good  morals. 

,  Sent  by  the  Hon.  T.  H.  Perkins,  with  a  contribution  of  beautiful  fruit. 
May  our  Domestic,  as  well  as  our  Horticultural  Nurseries,  produce  fruit 
which  well  deserves  cultivation. 

By  E.  Bailey.  "  Office-seekers  for  the  sake  of  office," — borers  who  would 
destroy  the  tree  of  Liberty. 

By  Grant  Thorburn  of  JVew  York.  Bachelors.  Those  sleepy  Adams  in 
the  American  gardens — May  they  awake  like  their  grandfather — see  Gene- 
sis 2d  chap,  from  the  21st  to  the  25th  verse. 

The  Original  Laurie  Todd.  The  Veteran  Horticulturist  and  Seedsman, 
that  commenced  his  career,  with  tv.'o  Geraniums,  in  green  painted  pots. 

By  Charles  Oakley,  Esq.  of  Xew  York,  sent  with  a  box  of  valuable  Fruits. 
The  Friends  of  Horticulture  and  the  Practical  Gardeners  of  the  East.  May 
they  ever  be  prospered,  not  forgetting  their  associates  in  other  climes. 

By  Elisha  Edicards,  Esq.  of  Springfield,  sent  with  a  large  contribution  of 
valuable  Fruits.  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  and  Floriculture,  subject  to  the  im- 
proving taste  and  industry  of  man — May  their  march  be  onward  till  the 
whole  earth  shall  become  fruitful  fields  and  gardens,  and  man  shall  return 
to  his  native  innocence. 

By  H  J.  Finn.  Miss  Fanny  Kemble—A  rare  and  splendid  specimen  of 
the  Star  Apple.  Can  we  wonder  at  the  splendid  success  of  such  a  scion, 
springing  from  such  a  talented  Stock. 

By  the  Hon.  Mr.  Gouldsborough,  of  Maryland.  The  refined  and  hospitable 
inhabitants  of  Boston — May  they  long,  very  long,  enjoy  their  beautiful  and 
various  flowers,  and  their  repast  of  delicious  fruits  in  the  lap  of  peace,  and 
under  the  protection  of  the  Federal  Union. 

By  Mr.  G.  H.  Andrews.  Fruits  and  Floivers.  Grateful  to  the  taste  and 
to  the  sight — May  their  buds  and  blossoms  never  be  blighted  by  the  chill  of 
ingratitude  towards  the  Giver  of  them. 

By  B.  V.  French.  The  New-England  Farmer  and  Horticultural  Journal. 
May  its  influence  continue  with  the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  com- 
munity of  New-England,  till  we  can  boast  of  a  Sinclair,  a  Davy,  a  Knight, 
and  a  Loudon  of  our  own. 

By  T.  G.  Fessenden.  The  best  Antidotes  to  Intemperance :  Domestic  en- 
dearments, a  taste  for  good  Fruit,  and  a  fondness  for  fine  Flowers. 

By  David  Haggcrston.  America  and  Great- Britain.  In  the  interchange 
of  productions  between  the  two  countries,  may  the  Olive  Branch  ever  be 
the  article  most  highly  estimated. 

By  George  C.  Barrett.  The  Fruits  of  this  dafs  Exhibition.  If  the  for- 
bidden Fruit  was  equal  to  this,  Madam  Eve  would  scarcely  need  an  apology 
for  yielding  to  the  temptation  which  it  presented. 

By  a  Guest  from  Kantucket.  The  Sea  and  the  Land.  Their  products 
equally  benefited  by  emulation,  and  alike  augmented  by  encouragement : 
May  those,  who  plough  either,  reap  a  rich  harvest,  and  their  stores  abound 
in  "  Corn,  wine,  and  oil." 


32 

By  E.  M.  Richards.  The  9th  Congressional  District.  May  it  be  repre- 
sented with  as  much  integrity,  abilit)',  and  eloquence  in  the  next  Congress 
as  in  tlie  last. 

Bij  a  Guest.  Good  Taste,  the  result  of  cultivation  both  in  mind  and  mat- 
ter.     We  here  taste  the  <inud  fruits  produced  by  good  taste. 

By  B.  V.  French.  Judge  Buel,  of  Albany.  Tlie  Patron  and  Pattern  of 
Agriculture  and  Horticulture.  His  Practice  is  Scientific,  and  tiis  Science  is 
Practical. 

By  G.  C.  Barrett.  Hon.  J.  Loicell.  The  Promoter  and  Benefactor  of  the 
great  interests  oT .Agriculture  and  Horticulture. 

The  President  having  retired,  Zehedee  Cook,  Jr.  Esq.  the  1st  Vice-Presi- 
dent, after  remarking  <>n  the  services  rendered  to  the  Society  by  Gen.  Dear- 
born, concluded  will)  a  sentiment,  e.xpressive  of  the  high  and  grateful  sense 
he  entertained  of  the  President's  talents,  untiring  zeal  and  devotion  to  the 
interests  of  the  association,  which  met  with  a  cordial  response  from  all 
present. 


LOVES  OF  BETSEY  BUCKWHEAT  AND  SIMON  SPARROW- 
GRASS. 

Written  for  the  occasion  by  H.  J.  Finn,  Esq.  and  sung  by  him. 
When  Dr.  Darwin  ruled  the  taste  of  folks  with  rod  despotic, 
He  sung  the  loves  of  all  the  plants,  both  native  and  exotic  ; 
I  mean  to  say  he  thought  he  did,  but  he  forgot,  alas  ! 
The  loves  of  Betsey  Buckwheat,  and  one  Simon  Sparrowgrass. 

A  culinary  maid  was  she,  and  he  a  man  herbaceous. 
"  O,  lauk  a  daisy,"  he  exclaimed,  and  she  "my  goody  gracious." 
He  took  his  bread  and  cheese  with  her,  also  a  little  shrub, 
And  after  killing  Caterpillars,  swallowed  down  his  Grub. 

This  Simon  he  was  very  thin,  though  thick  with  Bet,  by  gosh, 
For  he  was  like  a  Parsnip  long,  and  she  a  Summer  Squash ; 
He  called  her  his  sweet  sugar  Pea — dwarf  marrowfat  I  ween — 
For  love  had  in  his  head  and  heart — his  poll  and  kidney-been. 

His  jacket  soined  in  patches,  was  n't  worth  a  single  shilling. 
His  pantaloons  were  full  of  holes — of  course  were  made  o?  drilling ; 
She  thought  he  looked  like  scurvy-grass,  and  it  was  most  distressing, 
Said  she  "  you  know  I  think  a  Goose,  is  nothing  without  dressing." 

His  love  was  deeply  rooted — so  he  thought  he'd  stir  his  stumps, 
And  as  his  mouth  did  water,  why,  he  bought  a  pair  of  pumps; 
A  reddish  coat  he  got  cut  out,  with  turn-up  collar  juttings, 
And  so  love  apples  he  did  mean  to  propagate  by  cuttings. 

Her  peepers  were  Black  Hamburghs,  and  she  sharpened  all  his  sighs ; 
When  Cupid  plants  his  round  and  grape,  they're  shoots  from  female  eyes. 
While  Simon  was  a  raking,  little  Cupid  often  laughed, 
To  think  how  Betty  Buckwheat  soon,  would  rake  him  fore  and  aft. 


33 

He  vowed  to  pop  the  question,  and  one  Sunday  night  they  met, 
And  there  they  shared  the  loaves  and  fish — a  kitclun  cabinet. 
He  lliought  he'd  like  a  stock  of  Simons,  from  a  little  tallow  tree, 
And  raise  some  little  suckers,  from  a  little  nursery. 

"  O,  Betty  Buckwheat,"  then  said  he,  "if  ynu  and  I  don't  wed, 
"  I  shall  return  from  whence  I  came — tiiat  's  to  a.  parsley  bed; 
"  Them  'ere  horse  pistols  what  you  see,  shall  visit  these  'ere  lugs ;" 
Then  slow  as  any  snail  he  went,  to  choose  a  brace  cif  slugs. 

"  O  Sparrowgrass  !  O  Sparrowgrass  ! !  O  Sparrowgrass  !  !  !"  said  she, 

"  I  can't  resist — I'm  all  your  own — it  's  my/ai-ality." 

But  Simon  thought,  the  fingers  of  her  fist  were  so  immense, 

'T  would  take  ten  dollars  to  enclose  one,  in  a  gold-ring  fence. 

As  calms  succeed  a  storm  sometimes,  so  storms  succeed  a  calm  ; 
And  weeks  of  loormwood  followed  Simon's  honey-moon  of  balm  ; 
For  brandy  blossoms  soon  were  seen  upon  her  bottle-nose ; 
And  bulbs  they  budded  on  his  head,  for  there  she  planted  blows. 

The  forcing  system  she  pursued,  was,  from  the  house  to  scold  him  ; 
It  proved  a  hot  house,  for  she  made  his  house  too  hot  to  hold  him  : 
For  Betsey  planted  lots  of  Box  around  his  cranium's  ledge, 
And  though  he  did  dislike  the  Bet,  it  was  too  late  to  hedge. 

His  Waspish  Bee  he  then  found  out,  was  but  a  mere  humbug, 
For  daily  to  her  jugular,  she  joined  another  jug. 
Her  hands  would  gather  in  his  crop — for  she  would  tear  his  hair; 
And  the  nature  of  the  Crab  was  grafted  on  this  kitchen  jjoir. 

To  make  an  end  of  Sparrov/grass,  she  swore,  from  the  beginning  ; 
She  starved  him,  though  his  long  lean  limbs  did  neverneed  mach  thinning ; 
One  day  she  knocked  him  down,  and  ran,  in  spite  of  all  his  prayer ; 
She  was  an  Offset  out  of  doors — he  on  the  ground  a  layer. 

So  he  fell  sick,  to  think  no  junior  Sparrowgrass  should  be; 
A  little  heir  he  thought  to  feel — a  Son-flower  to  see. 
The  Faculty  could  not  restore  his  faculties  to  try  'em ; 
It  is  not  strange  that  soon  he  died — he  physic  took  per  diem. 

His  plaguy  Toad  in  our  Frog  pond,  then  drowned  herself  one  night ; 
But  as  all  liquors  from  the  Common,  now  are  banished  quite — 
Each  'lection  day  her  ghost  appears,  and  laughs  to  think — od  rot  her — 
That  she  's  the  only  Spirit  there,  allowed  to  mix  with  Water. 


PROCEEDINGS 


MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY, 

AT  A  MEETING  HELD  AT  THE  HALL  OF  THE  INSTITUTION, 
ON  SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  8,  1832. 


Tlie  following  Report  was  made  by  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Society  : — 

Last  autumn  orders  were  sent  to  Paris  and  London  for  such 
works  as  could  be  procured,  in  relation  to  cemeteries  and  funeral 
monuments.  Recently  the  following  publications  have  been  re- 
ceived from  France  : — 

1st.  Les  Mausolecs  Francois,  par  F.  C.  T.  Jolimont,  1  vol.  4to. 
It  contains  an  account  of  some  of  the  most  remarkable  monu- 
ments in  the  Cemetery  of  Pere  La  Chaise,  illustrated  with  fifty 
beautiful  engravings. 

2d.  Rcaicil  de  Tomheaux  dcs  Quatrc  Cimetiei'es  de  Paris,  par 
C.  P.  Arnaud,  2  vols.  8vo.  It  gives  a  description  of  the  Ceme- 
teries of  Pera  La  Chaise,  Sous  Montmartre,  Vougirard  and  Sainte 
Catherine,  embellished  with  eighty-tw-o  plates. 

3d.  Mnnurl  ct  Itincraiue  du  Curioiix  Dans  la  Cimetierc  du 
Pcre.  La  Chaise,  par  F.  M.  Marchant  de  Beaumont,  1  vol.  12mo. 

This  little  volume  contains  a  description  of  Pere  La  Chaise 
and  of  three  hundred  and  forty-two  sepulchres.  It  is  ornamented 
with  a  plan  of  the  cemetery  and  engravings  of  several  of  the 
monuments. 

I  have  translated  portions  of  the  historical  and  descriptive 
accounts  of  that  celebrated  burial-place,  from  a  belief  it  would 
be  interesting  to  the  members  of  the  Society,  and  to  all  persons 
who  have  visited  or  patronized  a  similar  establishment  which  has 
been  commenced  at  Mount  Auburn. 

In  a  former  report  I  alluded  to  the  progress  which  had  been 
made  in  the  work,  that  was  begun  the  last  season,  for  preparing 
that  beautiful  site  as  the  garden  of  the  dead;  and  I  am  now  happy 
to  announce,  that  the  whole  of  the  land  will  soon  be  inclosed  by 
a  neat  and  substantial  picket  fence,  seven  feet  in  height,  and  that 


35 

a  magnificent  Egyptian  gate-way  will  be  commenced  immediately, 
as  well  as  the  construction  of  a  Receiving  Tomb. 

It  is  very  important  that  measures  should  be  taken  without  de- 
lay, for  laying  out  and  forming  the  Garden  of  Experiment,  and 
furnishing  accommodations  for  a  gardener.  There  is  a  building 
on  the  ground  which  could  be  converted  into  a  neat  cottage,  at  a 
small  expense,  and  the  garden  could  be  considerably  advanced 
during  the  autumn  by  making  the  avenues  and  paths,  planting 
out  forest  trees  and  ornamental  shrubs  on  the  external  borders, 
preparing  compartments  for  fruit  trees,  nurseries,  esculent  vegeta- 
bles, flowers,  and  other  useful  plants.  To  accomplish  this,  some 
two  or  three  thousand  dollars  are  required,  as  the  funds  which 
have  been  derived  from  the  sale  of  cemetery  lots  have  been  ap- 
propriated to  the  purchase  of  land,  the  constuction  of  avenues 
and  fiences,  and  for  other  indispensable  expenses.  The  funds, 
which  will  accrue  in  future,  will  be  ample  for  all  the  purposes 
connected  with  the  Garden  and  Cemetery  ;  but  the  interests  of 
the  former  would  be  much  advanced  by  an  immediate  erection 
of  the  requisite  edifices,  and  in  the  preparation  of  the  grounds  for 
commencing  their  extensive  cultivation  next  spring. 

Believing  that  there  are  numerous  gentlemen  in  Boston  and  its 
environs,  who  feel  a  deep  solicitude  for  the  advancement  of  Horti- 
culture, and  who  would  be  disposed  to  aid  the  efforts  of  our  Soci- 
ety in  the  establishment  of  an  experimental  garden,  it  has  been 
suggested,  by  many  of  our  most  zealous  colaborators,  whether  it 
would  not  be  expedient  to  raise  a  committee,  authorized  to  obtain 
funds  by  subscription,  to  enable  us  to  precipitate  our  contempla- 
ted improvements,  instead  of  delaying  them,  for  some  few  years, 
until  the  proceeds  of  the  Cemetery  lots  shall  have  supplied  the 
means.  A  comparatively  small  sum  being  now  placed  at  our  dis- 
posal, would  enable  the  Society  to  present  an  advanced  and  inter- 
esting garden,  even  during  the  next  year,  and  to  lay  such  a  foun- 
dation for  its  gradual  extension,  as  would  warrant  the  speedy 
realization  of  all  our  expectations,  and  give  great  public  satisfac- 
tion. As  the  monuments  are  erected  in  the  cemetery,  and  the 
lots  require  to  be  embellished  with  trees,  shrubs,  and  flowers,  the 
latter  will  be  in  great  demand,  and  the  garden  may  ultimately 
furnish  many  of  them  ;  the  sooner  therefore  it  is  begun,  the  better 
for  both  departments  of  the  establishment.  The  improvement  of 
each  will  act  as  alternate  cause  and  effect ;  and  we  may  confidently 
anticipate  the  most  successful  results,  from  a  simultaneous  culti- 
vation and  embellishment  of  all  the   ground  within  the  inclosure. 

It  will  be  perceived,  from  the  accompanying  account  of  Pere 
La  Chaise,  that  many  years  had  passed  by  before  that  magnificent 
cemetery  claimed  public  attention,  and  became  a  resort  of  the 
admirers  of  the  arts,  the  opulent  and  enlightened,  as  well  as  the 
common  place  of  sepulchre  for  the  most  illustrious  in  letters, 
science,  and  arms,  and  of  the  humblest  citizen  of  Paris.     A  year 


has  not  yet  elapsed  since  the  consecration  of  Mount  Auburn,  and 
over  one  hundred  and  seventy  lots  have  been  purchased,  which  is 
more  than  were  sold  at  Pere  La  Chaise  in  eight  years  from  its 
foundaiion.  As  lo  tlie  result  of  the  undertakuig  there  is  there- 
fore no  lono-er  any  doubt,  and  we  should  be  encouraged  in  the 
most  active'and  liberal  exertions  for  completely  developing  the 
entire  plan,  in  all  its  interesting  and  important  departments.  The 
citizens  of'our  capital  and  country  are  nev(!r  wanting  in  ardor 
and  munificence,  when  objects  of  moment  are  presented,  worthy 
of  their  consideration  and  patronage  ;  and,  indulging  a  sanguine 
belief  that  the  Garden  and  Cemetery  of  Mount  Auburn  are 
deemed  among  the  most  valuable  undertakings  which  have  been 
projected  for  the  benefit  and  gratification  of  the  whole  commu- 
nity, tiiere  can  be  no  hesitation  in  appealing  with  confidence  to 
public  liberality.  The  affluent,  the  enlightened,  the  virtuous,  the 
patriotic,  and  the  industrious  and  enterprising  among  all  classes 
of  society,  will  cheerfully  aid  in  the  achievement  of  objects,  which 
are  sanctioned  by  the  beneficent  precepts  of  our  religion,  the  dic- 
tates of  an  exalted  morality,  a  holy  respect  lor  the  ashes  of  the 
dead,  the  kindest  sympathies  of  the  heart,  and  that  active  spirit 
of  improvement,  which  pervades  every  section  of  our  country. 
Respectfully  submitted  by 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  President. 
Brinley  Place,  > 

Roxburij,  Sept.  7,  1832.      S 


THE    CEMETERY    OF    PERE    LA    CHAISE. 

The  celebrated  Cemetery  of  Pere  La  Chaise  is  situated  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  range  of  hills  which  extend  north-east  of 
Paris,  from  Belleville  to  Charonne,  and  commands  a  view  of  the 
Faubourg  of  Saint  Antoine.  This  inclosure  has  been  renowned 
since  the  fourteenth  century,  for  the  beauty  of  its  position. 

During  the  early  period  of  the  monarchy,  the  place  was  called 
La  Champ  V  Eveque,  and  belonged  to  the  Bishop  of  Paris.  In 
the  fourteenth  century,  a  rich  grocer,  by  the  name  of  Regnault, 
being  pleased  with  the  site,  built  there  a  magnificent  country 
seat,°for  the  Bishop,  to  which  the  people  gave  the  name  of  La 
FuUe  Rco-)iauU.  There  could  not  be  found  a  more  pleasant  and 
picturesque  position,  affording  a  more  varied  and  fertile  soil,  a 
purer  air,  more  extended  and  beautiful  prospects,  a  view  of  a 
richer  country,  or  from  whence  Paris  could  be  so  perfectly  seen, 
in  its  universality  and  in  its  least  details.  This  delightful  retreat 
commanded  the  admiration  of  every  age. 

But  everything  changes  in  this  world  ;  no  happiness  is  perma- 
nent ;  Regnault  died,  and  his  heirs  sold  his  estate.  A  pious 
female  believed  she  should  do  a  meritorious  act  in  purchasing 
La  Folic  Regnault,  as  a  country  residence  for  the  holy  fathers  of 


37 

an  establishment  of  Jesuits,  situated  in  tlie  street  of  Saint  An- 
toine,  and  it  became  the  scene  of  their  ambitious  intrigues,  at 
the  time  that  powerful  religious  and  political  association  controll- 
ed the  sovereigns  of  Europe. 

During  the  battle  between  the  illustrious  Turenne  and  the 
Great  Conde,  in  tiie  Faubourg  of  Saint  Antoine,  on  the  second  of 
July,  lt)o'2,  the  Jesuits  opened  their  establishment  to  Cardinal 
Mazarin,  to  enable  Louis  XIV.  then  a  child  ten  years  old,  wiih 
the  court,  to  behold  the  conflict,  in  which  his  loyal  legions 
reduced  to  obedience  the  battalions  of  his  revolted  subjects. 
Anxious  to  change  the  burlesque  name  of  their  mansion,  the 
Jesuits  requested,  as  a  favor,  that  it  might  be  called  Alont  Louis, 
which  was  granted  by  the  King,  and  who,  towards  the  close  of 
his  reign,  obtained  the  consent  of  the  order  to  convert  it  into  a 
residence  for  his  venerated  confessor,  the  Pcrc  LaCluiise;  but 
an  inclosure  of  only  six  acres  was  considered  too  small  for  the 
keeper  of  the  king's  conscience,  and  it  was  increased  to  fifty-two. 
The  grounds  were  highly  embellished  by  various  splendid  addi- 
tions to  the  edifice,  a  chapel,  offices  of  various  kinds,  extensive 
groves,  shaded  avenues,  orchards,  beautiful  gardens,  fish  ponds, 
and  fountains.  Here  were  held  the  secret  conclaves  of  that  asso- 
ciation which  decided  the  destinies  of  princes  and  empires.  The 
Pere  La  Chaise  was  not  only  the  confessor  of  the  king,  but  a 
General  of  the  Jesuits.  He  was  of  the  noble  family  ofForets, 
grand  nephew  of  Pere  Cotton  ;  and  after  controlling  the  domestic 
establishment  of  his  sovereign  for  thirty-four  years,  he  died  on 
the  20th  of  January,  1709,  aged  85  years. 

During  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  the  Jesuits  having  been  expell- 
ed from  France,  the  magnificent  seat  of  Pere  La  Chaise  was 
directed  to  be  sold,  to  pay  the  debts  of  that  society,  and  was 
purchased  by  the  guardian  of  the  Barons  des  Fontaines.  These 
noblemen  held  the  estate  for  forty-seven  years,  but  having  been 
reduced  in  fortune  by  the  disasters  of  the  revolution,  they  found 
the  establishment  too  expensive  ;  and  being  neglected,  it  fell  into 
ruin  and  became  the  retreat  of  owls.  Its  ornamental  plantations 
were  gradually  destroyed,  and  the  land  was  then  cultivated  as  a 
common  farm.  Divided  into  numerous  lots,  it  no  longer  resem- 
bled a  park,  and  nothing  remained  in  IS04,  to  indicate  its  former 
magnificence.  But  the  beauty  of  the  position,  and  its  innumera- 
ble natural  advantages,  saved  it  from  imminent  destruction.  At 
that  time  M.  Frochet,  Prefect  of  the  Department  of  the  Seine, 
was  desirous  of  finding  an  eligible  site  for  a  large  public  ceme- 
tery. He  considered  it  important  that  the  location  should  be 
beautiful,  which  was  the  reverse  of  the  existing  burial-ground  of 
the  French  capitol.  M.  Broguiart,  a  celebrated  artist,  was 
instructed  to  discover  an  appropriate  location,  and  he  readily  per- 
ceived that  the  ancient  park  of  Pere  La  Chaise  presented  .all  the 
requisites ;  and  it  soon  became  celebrated  as  a  cemetery  throughout 


38 

Europe.  It  was  immediately  purchased  for  the  sum  of  160,000 
francs,  under  the  authority  of  the  administration  of  Paris.  It  then 
contained  but  lifty-two  acres,  but  has  since  been  extended  to 
seventy-two. 

The  pompous  denomination  of  Mont  Louis  was  abolished,  and 
it  was  called,  by  the  administration  of  the  department,  Cimetiere 
de  L' Est ;  but  the  public,  unchangeable  in  its  old  customs, 
imposed  upon  it  the  name  of  the  Cimetiere  du  Pcre  La  Chaise, 
to  perpetuate  the  astonishing  metamorphosis  of  the  garden  of  a 
Jesuit,  and  the  confessor  of  Louis  XIV.  being  converted  into  a 
burial-place. 

Heretofore  all  was  confusion,  disorder,  and  irreverence  towards 
the  ashes  of  the  dead,  in  the  burial-places  of  Paris.  Causes,  ad- 
verse to  the  indulgence  of  a  recollection  of  our  predecessors, 
seemed  to  have  combined  in  the  accumulation  of  every  thing 
which  was  capable  of  exciting  terror  and  disgust  ;  confined, 
fcBtid,  and  horrible  situations,  where  the  rays  of  the  sun  scarcely 
appeared — broad  and  deep  pits  into  which  the  dead  bodies  of  the 
poor  were  thrown  by  hundreds,  and  generally  without  being  even 
inclosed  in  the  meanest  coffin ; — surrounded  by  high  walls, 
against  which  were  piled  up  thousands  of  bones  that  had  been 
removed  from  the  earth  before  decomposition,  to  make  room  for 
the  remains  of  other  unfortunate  beings ;  no  monuments,  or 
scarcely  any  other  indication  of  friendly  recollection  :  such  were 
the  revolting  places  to  which  Paris  gave  the  name  of  cemeteries. 
The  terror  of  the  poor,  who  scarcely  dare  to  enter  them,  even  at 
the  interment  of  a  dear  relative  ;  hideous  to  the  rich,  who  could 
not  even  look  at  them  without  a  shudder.  But  order,  decency, 
and  respect  for  the  ashes  of  the  dead  were  induced  by  the  perfect 
regulation,  order,  and  manairement  of  the  new  cemetery,  under 
the  judicious  and  constant  superintendence  of  Count  Chabral  de 
Volvic,  the  present  prefect  of  the  Department  of  the  Seine. 

Having  selected  for  the  principal  funeral  asylum  of  the  inhab- 
itants, an  incomparable  site,  M.  Broguiart  considered  it  incum- 
bent upon  him,  to  avail  of  those  natural  advantages  which  it  pre- 
sented, to  produce  tlie  most  imposing  effect,  without  giving  to  the 
whole  a  too  sombre  and  lonely  appearance.  This  he  successfully 
accomplished,  by  an  appropriate  distribution  of  the  grounds,  to 
the  various  objects  for  which  they  were  destined  ;  and  in  the 
judicious  and  tasteful  arrangement  of  the  public  edifices,  ave- 
nues, paths,  and  the  infinitely  various  and  superb  monuments. 

The  grounds  are  inclosed  by  a  vast  and  elegant  wall,  2,400 
toises  in  circuit.  The  principal  entrance  is  from  the  Boulevard 
d'Arlnay.  On  each  side  of  the  great  gate  are  lodges  for  the 
officers  of  the  cemetery.  On  the  left  pilaster  is  the  following 
sentence  from  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  xi.  35. 

"  He  that  hclicvcth  in  me,  though  he  were  dead,  yet  shall  he 
live." 


39 

On  the  front  of  tlie  gate-way  is  this  sublime  profession  of  faith 
from  Job,  xix. 

"  /  knotv  that  my  Redeemer  liveth,  and  that  he  shall  stand  at 
the  latter  day  upon  the  earth  ;  and  though  worms  destroy  this 
hody,  yet  in  my  jiesh  shall  I  see  God." 

CJn  the  right  pilaster  is  the  following  sentence  from  the  Wisdom 
of  Solomon,  iii.  iv. 

"  Yet  is  their  hope  full  of  immortality ." 

On  the  highest  part  of  the  inclosure,  where  there  is  now  a 
small  chapel,  is  to  be  reared  a  pyramid  two  hundred  feet  high,  in 
the  centre  of  which  will  be  a  temple  for  religious  ceremonies.  An 
extensive  square,  on  the  left  of  the  main  avenue,  is  appropriated 
as  a  common  burial-place  for  the  poor;  and  on  the  right,  the  Jews 
have  a  large  grave-yard;  the  remainder  of  the  land  has  been 
divided  into  fifty-seven  compartments,  by  the  intersection  of  the 
numerous  avenues,  which  have  been  formed  in  the  style  of  modern 
landscape  and  picturesque  planting. 

The  poor  are  buried  at  the  public  expense;  but  that  numerous 
class  of  persons  who  live  comfortably,  by  their  own  continual  in- 
dustry, yet,  not  having  acquired  an  independency,  were  consider- 
ed worthy  of  the  kind  attention  of  the  government;  nevertheless 
it  was  not  considered  that  they  were  entitled  to  a  gratuitous  in- 
terment, because  the  procurement  of  a  sepulchre  was  a  debt  of 
consanguinity,  of  relationship,  of  gratitude  or  friendship,  which 
those  should  discharge  who  inherit  the  property  of  the  deceased. 
Still  their  humble  situation  prohibited  an  extravagant  expendi- 
ture ;  but  their  virtues,  the  usual  companions  of  the  middling  and 
laborious  portion  of  society,  and  their  sentiments  of  affection  im- 
periously prescribed  that  they  should  not  forget,  in  the  night  of 
the  tomb,  those  whom  they  had  always  loved  ;  it  was,  therefore, 
necessary  to  enable  them  to  discharge  this  debt  of  the  heart. 
The  administration,  attentive  to  its  duties,  prepared  for  them  iso- 
lated places  of  burial,  where  they  could  be  assured  of  an  undis- 
turbed sepulchre  on  the  payment  of  fifty  francs  for  each  succes- 
sive term  of  five  years.  The  third  class  of  persons  who  are 
interred  in  the  cemetery,  are  those  who  purchase  a  perpetual 
possession  in  a  site  for  a  sepulchre  ;  but  not  less  than  two  square 
metres  are  conveyed  for  an  adult's  grave,  and  one  for  that  of  a 
child  under  seven  years  of  age.  The  price  is  125  francs  per 
square  metre  ;  the  cost,  therefore,  of  a  grave  of  two  metres,  is 
250  francs,  to  which  are  to  be  added  the  fees,  amounting  to  ISy^^^^ 
francs,  making  the  whole  sum  268^^^(5-  francs. 

The  special  management  of  the  establishment  is  committed  to 
a  superintendent,  who  is  charged  with  the  duty  of  causing  the 
laws  and  regulations  to  be  carried  into  effect,  under  the  immedi- 
ate direction  of  the  Inspector  General  of  Cemeteries,  and  to  keep 
a  register  of  the  interments. 

The  superintendent  has  under   him  a  principal  grave-digger 


40 

u'itli  assistants,  an  officer  with  assistants,  who  has  the  charge  of 
keeping  the  avenues,  paths,  gardens,  and  plantations  around  the 
moniinients  in  perfect  order,  and  tlie  direction  of  all  excavations 
for  the  construction  of  perpetual  sepulchies,  and  a  guaid  of  seven 
men  under  the  coniniaiid  of  a  chief,  which  keeps  watch,  night 
and  day,  for  the  security  of  the  monuments,  the  maintenance  of 
the  police,  and  the  enforcement  and  observance  of  the  regulations, 
which  are  posted  up  in  various  parts  of  the  establishment. 

All  inscriptions  must  be  left  at  the  office  of  the  superintendent 
for  examination,  before  they  can  be  engraved  on  the  monuments  ; 
and  none  are  allowed,  which  are  in  violation  of  the  principles  of 
religion,  morality,  the  government,  language,  or  orthography. 

At  the  time  this  establishment  was  commenced,  no  one  had 
conceived  of  the  high  public  favor  which  it  was  destined  to  ac- 
quire. It  presented  nothing  peculiar  for  a  burying-place.  A 
disposition  for  its  embellishment  was  evinced  with  a  tardiness, 
then  not  common  in  the  erection  of  public  monuments.  The  in- 
humations cofumenced  in  the  deepest  and  most  remote  part  of 
the  vale,  which  was  overlooked  by  the  old  habitation  of  Pere  La 
Chaise,  then  ftiUing  in  ruins.  The  entrance  was  from  a  narrow 
street,  bordered  with  houses — the  interior  edifices  presented  a 
hideous  aspect,  in  consequence  of  their  antiquity,  irregularity,  and 
dilapidated  state.  On  arriving  at  the  place  of  interment,  it  was 
found  to  be  without  any  point  of  view.  The  fir  trees,  which  grew 
along  the  walls,  shaded  a  few  grave-stones,  or  merely  wooden 
crosses.  A  deep  pit,  always  open,  was  to  be  seen,  in  which  the 
remains  of  the  poor  were  thrown.  All  was  sad  and  cheerless  in 
this  confined  spot ;  still  it  was  visited  by  a  few  persons,  who  cher- 
ished the  memories  of  their  friends  ;  filial  piety  traced  upon  a 
humble  monument  the  name  of  a  virtuous  father  ;  a  few  widows 
came  to  shed  tears  over  the  graves  of  their  husbands  ;  mothers 
formed  wreaths  and  crowns  of  myrtles  and  roses,  which  they 
placed  upon  the  tombs  of  their  children  :  such  tributes  of  the 
heart  were  then  not  uncommon. 

During  eight  years  the  temporary  sepulchres  were  formed  al- 
most exclusively  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  grounds,  and  there 
were  but  a  few  perpetual  monuments  scattered  over  the  top  of  the 
eminence.  When  returning  from  an  interment,  no  one  was 
tempted  to  ascend  the  steep  acclivity  of  the  hill,  to  behold  more 
near  a  ruined  mansion  and  a  few  dispersed  monuments,  some 
small  clumps  of  trees,  an  isolated  gothic  chapel,  and  grounds 
without  embellishment  or  cultivation.  The  perspective  of  Paris 
was  very  magnificent  from  this  point ;  but  any  other  place  thi-n  a 
cemet(!ry,  seemed  preferable  for  its  contemplation. 

Public  opinion,  which  subjects  every  thing  to  its  laws,  had  not 
yet  included,  in  the  number  of  essential  domestic  virtues,  a  re- 
spect for  the  ashes  and  memory  of  relations.  A  people  intoxica- 
ted with  glory,  satiated  with  victories,  and  proud  of  their  power, 


41 

repulsed  far  from  them  all  melancholy  reflections  ;  every  thing 
which  might  induce  them  to  tiiink  of  the  fragility  of  human  hap- 
piness;. The  dead  are  immediately  forgotten,  when  our  days  glide 
on  in  the  midst  of  prosperity  ;  consequently  there  were  erected 
but  three  moiuimenls  in  this  cemetery  during  the  year  1804 — 
their  number,  in  18Uo,  was  but  fourteen,  in  180G,  nineteen,  in  18U7, 
twenty-six,  in  181)"?,  fifty-one,  in  1809,  seventy,  in  1810,  seventy- 
six,  iu  1811,  ninety-six,  and  in  1812,  one  hundred  and  six.  Pri- 
vate sepulchres  were  but  little  frequented,  and  purchases  of  per- 
petual sites  for  tombs  very  rare.  Still  there  was  nothing  wanting 
in  this  establishment  which  could  materially  encourage  a  pious 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  affection  towards  deceased^  friends. 
The  location  possessed  the  most  important  advantages — an  able 
manufacturer  of  all  kinds  of  funereal  monuments,  had  an  exten- 
sive establishment  within  the  inclosure,  which  |Was  supplied  with 
marble,  granite,  freestone,  and  other  appropriate  materials — the 
most  perfect  models,  and  workmen  of  the  first  talents,  to  execute 
with  promptness  all  orders  in  the  best  manner ;  the  superintend- 
ent kept  for  sale  iron  palings,  of  various  patterns,  for  protecting 
the  tombs  from  outrage  ;  the  porter  prepared  wreaths  and  crowns, 
for  relatives  to  embellish  the  sepulchres  of  their  deceased  friends, 
and  undertook  to  decorate  them  with  fresh  flowers  daily  ;  never- 
theless, every  thing  languished  in  an  inclosure  destined  to  receive 
the  ashes  of  mortals  in  their  last  asylum  ;  a  few  families  only  hon- 
ored them  in  secret — a  generous  public  spirit  had  not  yet  inspired 
the  whole  people  with  the  fire  of  an  ardent  zeal  to  venerate  their 
relatives,  in  the  night  of  the  tomb.  Its  influence^ began  to  be 
perceived  in  1818,  when  the  monuments  amounted  to  two  hun- 
dred and  forty  ;  it  augmented  in  18 J  4,  when  five  hundred  and 
nine  were  to  be  seen,  and  it  increased  in  1815,  when  six  hundred 
and  thirty-five  appeared.  During  these  last  two  years,  aflluence 
had  introduced  marble  for  the  construction  of  the  monuments  of 
Madame  Guyot,  M.  Lenoir,  Dufresne,  and  M.  Lefebvre;  the  pyr- 
amid of  Clary  was  erected  ;  excavated  in  the  side  of  the  hill  was 
the  tomb  of  the  family  of  Delespine;  the  mortuary  edifice  of  the 
family  of  Poreet  was  constructed,  and  the  tomb  of  the  Abbe  De- 
lille  consecrated  his  grave.  Still,  on  the  31st  of  December,  there 
were  only  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-seven  tombs 
or  sepulchral  monuments  in  the  cemetery  of  Pere  La  Chaise  ;  but 
in  1827,  there  was  three  thousand,  whose  erection  cost  between 
three  and  four  millions  of  francs  ;  and  the  whole  number  of  bodies 
interred  was  160,800,  not  including  those  buried  in  the  compart- 
ment of  the  Jews.  The  average  number  of  inhumations,  annu- 
ally, from  1820  to  1824,  was  74-5  in  perpetual  sepulchres,  1546  in 
temporary  graves,  and  7,885  in  the  compartment  for  the  poor. 
The  receipts  during  the  year  1828,  for  the  sale  of  sites,  for  tempo- 
rary and  perpetual  sepulchres,  amounted  to  247,951  francs,  and 
they  have  annually  increased  since. 

6 


42 

It  is  interesting  to  examine  the  causes  of  this  great  change  in 
public  sentiment  and  manners  ; — they  are  worthy  the  consid- 
eration of  the  enlightened. 

The  first  reverses  of  France,  whose  armies  had  always  been 
victorious  for  a  period  of  twenty-six  years,  produced,  in  1815,  a 
universal  gloom.  During  the  same  year,  the  death  of  the  Abbe 
Delille,  overwhelmed  the  friends  of  literature  with  grief,  and  the 
death  of  Gretry  was  a  subject  of  mourning  among  the  amateurs 
of  music ;  an  inmiense  concourse  attended  their  obsequies. 
During  periods  of  calamity  we  give  ourselves  up  to  serious  reflec- 
tions, and  this  multitude,  which  had  thronged  the  Cemetery  of 
Pere  La  Chaise,  appreciated  the  beauty  of  the  position,  the  diver- 
sity of  the  grounds,  and  were  astonished  at  the  pleasant  sensa- 
tions vvliich  were  produced,  even  in  the  midst  of  tombs.  At  this 
time  all  sepulchres  were  prohibited  in  churches;  the  doors  of  the 
Pantheon,  which  had  been  long  closed  to  illustrious  men,  were 
then  immediately  shut  against  the  grand  dignitaries  of  a  govern- 
ment which  no  longer  existed,  and  it  became  necessary  to  con- 
found their  remains  with  those  of  the  people  in  the  dust  of  Pere 
La  Chaise.  Military  chieftains,  who  were  known  to  all  Europe, 
from  having  commanded  her  armies,  there  found  the  term  of  their 
glory,  but  not  of  their  renown  ;  the  companions  of  their  victories 
feared  not  to  continue  their  homage  in  the  night  of  death  ;  those, 
who  were  emulous  of  their  fame,  were  deposited  by  their  side, 
and  there  found  there  last  place  of  rest;  foreigners,  looking  upon 
their  tombs,  considered  the  characters  of  those  distinguished 
warriors,  whose  valor  had  so  often  disturbed  their  repose  ;  French- 
men recollected  those  victories,  the  evanescent  dream  of  which, 
still  flattered  their  pride.  At  this  period  all  perpetual  sepulchres 
were  forbidden  in  the  other  burial-places  of  Paris,  and  the  Ceme- 
tery of  Pere  La  Chaise,  consequently  became  the  place  of  rendez- 
vous for  all  the  great  and  opulent  in  Paris  ;  for  the  illustrious  in 
letters,  the  sciences  and  the  arts ;  for  those  who  were  successful 
in  commerce,  and  the  numerous  branches  of  national  industry  ; 
for  persons  eminent  from  their  public  stations,  and  for  men  dis- 
tinguished in  political  events.  The  spoils  of  the  dead  were  here 
collected,  families  were  re-united,  all  opinions  were  confounded, 
and  strangers  mingled  their  ashes  with  those  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Paris.  Each  signalized  his  piety,  by  monuments  proportioned 
to  his  pecuniary  means,  rather  than  the  merit  of  the  deceased 
relative.  No  one  was  willing  to  be  considered  wanting  in  grati- 
tude, but  rather  that  he  possessed  an  elevated  soul.  Universal 
admiration  was  the  appendage  of  good  hearts,  whose  sensibility 
ceased  not  to  offer  in  secret  a  sincere  homage  to  their  friends,  in 
shedding  tears  upon  their  dearly-cherished  remains,  by  embellish- 
ing their  tombs,  and  in  crowning  them  with  wreaths  of  flowers  : 
the  multitude  attempted  to  imitate  them,  by  cultivating  plants  on 
the  graves  of  their  relatives,  and  by  bringing  garlands  from  a  dis- 


43 

tance  to  ornament  them.  To  devote  a  connexion  to  oblivion  was 
deemed  a  disgrace.  Strangers,  who  behehl  this  revolution  in  the 
customs  and  manners  of  the  Parisians,  were  anxious  to  verify  it 
by  visitmg  the  Cemetery  of  Pere  La  Chaise.  They  were  filled 
with  admiration  to  find  in  a  burial-place,  whatever  there  was  in 
nature  which  could  give  satisfaction  to  the  mind,  and  everything 
in  tlie  arts  which  could  gratify  a  refined  taste,  as  well  as  lessons 
of  the  most  exalted  philosophy,  and  of  the  soundest  morals.  All 
extolled  it  as  a  phenomenon  :  it  acquired,  in  a  few  years,  an  Eu- 
ropean celebrity,  which  would  have  been  still  farther  extended,  if 
It  had  been  known  what  a  picture  of  national  manners  was  there 
presented,  and  what  impressive  admonitions  for  the  human  heart 
were  there  inculcated. 

The  magnificent  sites  of  this  inclosure  have  induced  the  opu- 
lent to  recall  the  arts  for  the  embellishment  of  the  final  recepta- 
cles of  their  relatives.  Geriiis  was  no  longer  restrained  to  con- 
tract his  thoughts  within  the  narrow  limits  of  a  church,  where  he 
was  only  permitted  to  ornament  one  of  its  sides  with  a  m'ausoleum. 
Here  he  could  give  perfection  to  a  monument,  in  which  all  the 
parts  were  admirable  in  style,  proportion,  ornament,  and  beauty. 
Each  artist  could  choose  the  most  favorable  position  for  the  execu- 
tion of  his  design  ;  and  happy  is  the  architect  or  sculptor  who  is 
enabled  to  study  well  his  plan  before  putting  it  in  execution  ;  and 
not  less  fortunate  is  he,  if  not  opposed  by  false  taste  or  the  parsi^ 
mony  of  those  who  require  his  services. 

In  passing  over  these  grounds,  where  repose  so  many  French- 
men in  the  long  sleep  of  death,  it  is  surprising  to  beliold  every 
form  of  tomb,  used  among  all  the  nations  of  the  earth,  from  the 
pyramid  reared  by  Egyptian  pride,  to  announce  in  reality  the 
profound  humility  of  the  princes  who  caused  them  to  be  con- 
structed, because  they  could  not  occupy,  in  the  immense  pile  bm 
a  small  and  gloomy  cell,  to  the  basket  of  flowers  under  which  the 
Turk  and  the  Persian  await  the  moment  of  beino-  awakened  to 
everlasting  life.  There  are  to  be  seen,  near  each  other  the 
Egyptian  sarcophagus,  decorated  with  onllons,  the  stele  of  the 
Greeks^  their  cenotaphs  and  their  monuments,— the  antique  bourn 
ot  the  Romans,  and  their  mausoleums  re-produced  upon  the  soil  of 
France,— the  columbariums  of  the  ancients,  in  the  mortuary 
chapels  and  tombs,— the  Greek  orders  near  the  architecture  of  the 
Arabs,— the  leaves  of  the  Acanthus  and  the  Doric  triglyphs  not 
far  from  wreaths  of  natural  foliage,— the  cinerary  urn,°the  hide- 
ous form  of  the  coffin,  the  sable  wing  of  the  Egyptians  reversed 
flambeaux,  the  bird  of  death,  heads  of  contrhion,  crosses  of  every 
form,  crowns  of  oak  and  myrtle,  rose-buds,  the  pelican  nourish- 
ing her  young  with  her  own  blood,  the  humble  grave-stone  at  the 
base  of  the  superb  mausoleum,  roughly  hammered  granite  near 
the  best  polished  marble,  the  image  of  an  illustrious  man  near  the 
figure  of  an  unknown  person,  marble  sparkling  upon  more  than  a 


thousand  sepulchres,  bronze  formed  into  funereal  monuments, 
and  a  thatched  hut,  furnishes  a  fond  mother  a  protection  for  the 
ashes  of  her  sons ;  finally,  there  exists  such  a  variety  in  the  forms 
and  arrangement  of  the  three  thousand  stone  monuments,  that 
there  cannot  be  discovered,  among  one  hundred  and  fifty-nine 
small  tombs,  and  more  than  six  hundred  mausoleums,  or  mortuary 
structures,  any  which  are  exactly  alike;  nevertheless,'  all  the 
productions  of  art,  collected  in  this  place,  are  not  worthy  of  ad- 
mitation;  the  fantastical,  the  ugly,  and  the  deformed,  are  exhib- 
ited near  the  beautiful  and  elegant ;  but  even  their  defects  cause 
those  to  be  more  fully  appreciated,  which  are  truly  splendid,  per- 
fect, and  admirable  :  thus  disorder  sometimes  produces  the  sub- 
lime ;  art  employs  shadows  to  produce  more  splendor,  by  their 
magical  effects;  and  the  great  Artificer  of  the  universe  often  ap- 
proximates the  most  tremendous  of  the  works,  which  are  ioi  med 
by  his  almighty  hands. 

Persons  learned  in  the  arts  are  much  interested  in  the  examina- 
tion of  the  monuments  of  Abelard  and  Eloise,  Count  JMonge  and 
the  family  of  Ilennecart ;  the  sepulchral  chapels  of  Madame  de 
Bassano,  the  family  of  Marshal  McDonald,  M.  Bazouin,  and  of 
the  families  of  Vigier,  Houdaille  and  Morainville  ;  the  monuments 
of  Duke  de  Decres,  Count  de  Bourcke,  Marshals  Lefebvre,  Mas- 
sena,  and  Perignon  ;  of  General  Foy  ;  the  imposing  mausoleums 
of  Countess  Demidoff;  the  marble  cross  which  surmounts  the 
sepulchre  of  Messrs  De  Saulx-Tavannes  ;  the  bronze  monument 
placed  over  the  grave  of  M.  Chagot,  the  proprietor  of  the  foundry 
of  Creusot.  Their  refined  taste  will  discover  many  beauties  of 
detail  in  the  ornamental  sculptures ;  they  will  examine  the  effects 
of  similar  monuments  placed  in  different  positions  ;  under  trees, 
upon  inclined  planes,  on  level  surfaces,  against  steep  declivities, 
or  in  receiving  peculiar  beauties  from  the  neighboring  foliage. 
They  will  be  often  surprised  in  discovering  a  chef  d'ceuvre  on  the 
most  simple  grave-stone,  and  they  cannot  fail  to  admire  the  exquis- 
ite bas-reliefs,  which  decorate  the  sepulchre  of  Madame  Heim, 
situated  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  near  the  chapel.  They  will  be 
pleased  to  discover  a  new  career  opened  to  artists  by  this  estab- 
lishment— a  new  route  to  mechanical  industry,  and  a  new  aliment 
to  commerce.  They  will  be  persuaded  that  an  opulent  city  can 
alone  give  this  illustrious  example,  and  that  its  influence  should 
extend  over  the  whole  of  France. 

The  establishment  of  this  funereal  asylum — the  last  refuge  of 
the  most  exalted  in  reputation,  of  great  renown,  and  of  vast  opu- 
lence ;  the  final  bourn  of  all  classes  of  society  ;  the  place  of  re- 
pose of  the  most  miserable,  after  long  but  unfruitful  labor,  has 
produced  an  astonishing  revolution  in  public  opinion,  and  has 
directed  the  attention  of  all  Paris  towards  those  persons,  who,  in 
their  presence,  disappear  from  the  world.  Funerals  are  no  longer 
a  mystery,  of  which  the  mourning  families  alone  know  tlie  secrets 


45 

— a  mere  ceremony  of  parade,  disguised  under  a  pious  veil  :  grief 
is  no  longer  obliged  to  conceal  under  the  shadow  of  the  domestic 
root  a  ioiig-cherished  remembrance,  equally  honorable  to  the 
memory  of  the  virtuous  nian,  who  is  no  more,  and  to  the  hearts  of 
tiiose  who  survive  him.  Forgetfulness,  ingratitude,  and  irreve- 
rence towards  the  dead,  denote  frigid,  seltish,  and  inconstant 
friends,  who  are  governed  sol-  ly  by  personal  interests.  The  hon- 
ors of  which  the  departed  are  the  object,  are  not  limited  to  the 
gloomy  moments  of  the  silent  funeral  ;  they  are  perpetuated  by 
the  erection  of  tombs,  by  the  epitaphs  engraved  upon  them,  by 
the  cares  of  which  they  become  the  objects,  and  by  those  pious 
duties,  of  which  they  are  the  never-failing  termination. 

The  peculiar  manners  of  each  class  of  society,  the  inclinations, 
the  propensities,  and  the  degree  of  sensibility  of  each  person,  is 
revealed  in  spite  of  himself,  by  his  countenance,  his  looks,  and 
his  conversation,  at  the  time  he  witnesses  the  obsequies  ;  and  the 
measure  of  the  real  worth  of  every  individual,  is  easily  apprecia- 
ted by  the  sentiments  which  are  excited  in  those  who  accompany 
him,  when  his  remains  are  transported  to  the  sepulchre.  Nothing 
is  more  varied  than  the  melancholy  scenes  which  this  place  con- 
stantly presents  ;  ail  the  virtues  of  the  heart  are  displayed,  and 
all  the  vices  are  perceived.  The  rude  multitude  disclose  their 
feelings  without  restraint;  they  bitterly  weep  for  those  whose  loss 
they  regret,  and  remain  cold  and  unmoved  near  the  tomb  of  such 
as  died  without  virtue  and  without  vice,  or  were  but  little  known 
to  them  ;  they  are  severe  in  their  remarks  upon  those  who  did  not 
know  how  to  estimate  life  ;  their  opinions,  always  strongly  pro- 
nounced, truly  express  the  convictions  of  their  minds. 

The  observer  of  manners  and  customs  is  not  astonished  at  be- 
holding the  spendthrift,  the  gamester,  the  debauchee,  and  the 
idler,  interred  in  the  common  pit  of  the  poor  :  during  their  whole 
lives  they  had  been  rushing  towards  that  abyss ;  but  he  is  in- 
structed in  human  calamities  when  he  witnesses  the  obsequies  of 
the  honest  man,  who  had  struggled  in  vain,  during  a  long  life, 
against  misfortune ;  his  heart  is  deeply  affected  when  he  sees  the 
orphan,  left  without  support,  without  resources,  and  without 
friends,  shedding  tears  on  the  grave  of  a  kind  father  ;  in  hearing 
the  lamentations  of  a  mother,  calling  in  vain  upon  her  departed 
child  ;  in  beholding  the  desolation  of  the  widow,  and  is  a  spectator 
of  that  agony  of  grief,  which  friends  evince,  and  in  which  the 
poor  participate,  at  the  decease  of  a  truly  charitable  man  :  but 
how  deep  is  his  commiseration,  on  perceiving  the  most  miserable 
of  men  conducted  to  his  grave,  by  only  a  few  funeral  assistants  ; 
he  had  neither  relatives  nor  friends, — no  one  pities  his  sad  desti- 
ny,— isolated  in  the  world,  his  dreary  days  were  passed  without 
consolation,  without  the  kind  proffer  of  any  kind  offices, — ever 
suffering  from  some  new  cause  of  sorrow,  some  new  calamity, 
some  new  distress, — always  unhappy.     How  many  shades  of  sen- 


46 

timent  are  here  manifested.  The  heart  always  proportions  its 
homage  or  its  disapprobation,  according  to  the  merits  of  the  per- 
son whose  ashes  are  consigned  lo  the  tomb  :  his  deeds  alone  de- 
termine the  honor  or  disiionor  wliich  will  be  evinced  at  his  fu- 
neral. 


REPORT  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  CEMETERY  COMMITTEE. 

The  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee  made  the  following  re- 
port, which  was  read  and  accepted  : — 

The  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee  of  tlie  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society  have  the  satisfaction  of  reporting,  that  in 
pursuance  of  the  authority  granted  them  by  the  Society,  at  their 
former  meeting,  they  have  made  several  purchases  of  land  adjoin- 
ing Mount  Auburn,  and  making  the  whole  quantity  in  the  Gar- 
den and  Cemetery  one  hundred  and  ten  acres. 

The  Committee  have  designated,  as  and  fur  the  Cemetery,  all 
the  land  lying  south  of  the  northern  junction  of  Maple  and  i.lm 
Avenues,  of  Garden  Ponds,  and  of  the  junction  of  Primrose  Path 
with  Central  Avenue,  lying  west  of  Central  Avenue,  which  they 
hope  will  meet  the  approbation  of  the  Society  ;  the  residue  of  the 
land  is  appropriated  to  an  experimental  Garden. 

They  liave  laid  out  about  four  hundred  cemetery  lots,  and  have 
sold  two  hundred  and  fifty-nine  lots  of  different  dimensions, 
which,  with  the  premiums  paid  for  choice,  amount  to 

the  sum  of $17,291  72 

most  of  which  has  been  paid  in. 

The  loan  that  the  Committee  were  authorized  to  make, 
was  subscribed  by  individuals  who  are  Proprietors 
of  lots,  and  amounts  to        -  -  -  4,400  00 

Rent  of  a  meadow,      -  -  -  -  3  00 


Total  funds,  available,  $21,694  72 

The  Committee  have  paid  for  the  land,  in  cash,  7,413  14 

For  house  for  the  Gardener,  and  for  implements  and 

expenses  relative  to  the  garden,  -  -  2,420  09 

For  fence,  gate,  avenues,  tombs,  and  other  expenses 

of  various  kinds,  -  -  _  .  8,418  12 


118,251  65 
For  Gardener's  salary,  3  months,  -  -  150  00 

Horse  and  cart  for  garden,  -  -  _  120  00 

There   is   due  to   Mr,  Cutter,  David  Stone,  and  the 
heirs  of  C.  Stone,  for  land  purchased  of  them,  pay- 
able at  future  periods,  -  -  -  2,600  00 
And  sundry  bills  outstanding,  for  work,  for  the  payment  of  which, 
however,  funds  are   provided,  as  appears   by  the   Treasurer's 
statement  herewith  submitted. 


47 

The  Committee  have  caused  the  whole  estate  to  be  surrounded 
by  a  fence,  as  substantial  as  the  present  means  at  their  disposal 
would  permit  ;  but  they  hope  it  may  be  replaced  hereafter  with 
one  of  more  permanent  materials — and  have  erected  a  gate  of 
classical  form,  with  lodges  for  a  Porter  and  other  purposes.  They 
have  erected  a  cottage  for  the  Gardener,  have  made  about  four 
miles  of  avenues  and  paths,  and  have  constructed  a  receiving 
tomb  at  Mount  Auburn,  and  purchased  another  under  Park-street 
Church,  and  have  done  considerable  work  in  and  about  the  gar- 
den and  ponds. 

The  present  situation  and  prospects  of  this  interesting  institu- 
tion are  highly  flattering. 

For  eighteen  months  and  upwards,  free  access  was  given  to  all 
who  wished  to  visit  tlie  Garden  and  Cemetery,  either  on  foot,  or 
horseback,  or  in  carriages — but  it  was  found  that  great  abuses 
were  practised  there,  and  the  Committee  deemed  it  essential  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  institution  th.it  some  check  should  be  put  to 
them;  for  many  persons  who  had  purchased  lots,  complained  that 
the  Cemetery  was  used  in  a  nianner  very  different  from  what 
they  had  expected,  destroying  the  solemnity  and  quiet  which 
ought  to  prevail  in  a  place  of  repose  for  tiie  dead  ;  and  others 
stated  that  they  had  intended  to  purchase  lots,  but  should  not  do 
so,  if  such  indiscriminate  admission  were  given  to  visiters, — by 
some  of  whom  trees  were  mutilated,  fences  round  the  lots  broken, 
and  the  lots  theniselves  trampled  on.  The  Committee  then 
adopted  the  regulation  of  denying  admission  to  persons  on  horse- 
back altogether, — of  admitting  the  proprietors  of  lots  in  carriages, 
and  of  opening  the  gate  to  persons  on  foot  freely,  as  before. 
With  but  few  exceptions,  this  regulation  has  met  with  approba- 
tion, and  the  effects  have  been  very  salutary  ;  in  a  pecuniary 
view  it  has  been  useful  also,  (though  this  was  no  part  of  the  de- 
sign of  the  Committee  in  establishing  it,)  for  many  persons  have 
become  purchasers  of  lots,  and  others  are  known  to  be  ready  to 
purchase,  for  the  sake  of  enjoying  the  privilege  of  entering  the 
grounds  with  a  vehicle  ;  the  Committee  are  of  opinion  that  from 
$I"200  to  $1500  worth  of  lots  have  been  disposed  of  in  this  way  ; 
and  as  the  Committee  have  no  interest  other  than  (in  common 
with  all  other  members  of  the  Society)  the  desire  of  beautifying 
and  improving  the  Garden  and  Cemetery,  they  hope  that  the  re- 
gulation they  have  adopted  will  meet  the  approbation  of  the 
Society.     The  number  of  interments  isforfy. 

There  are  many  objects  of  improvement  for  which  the  Com- 
mittee hope  that  funds  may  be  obtained — and  among  the  first, 
for  the  erection  of  a  small  edifice,  in  which  religious  services  at 
funerals  may  be  performed.  This  is  very  much  wanted,  and  it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  such  a  building  may  soon  be  erected  there. 
All  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

JOSEPH  STORY,  Chairman. 


48 

The   Treasurer  of  the   Cemetery  made  the  following  report, 

which  was  read  and  acce[)led  : — 

Tile  Treasurer  begs  leave  to  repoit  the  following  statement  to 

the  Committee,  from  his  Books,  to  wit  : 

Amount  of  sales  of  lots,  including  $1314  02  received  for  premium 
for  right  of  selection,  ...  $l'/,-29l  72 

Amount  of  loan  made  1  Jan.  and  subject  to  interest,       4,400  00 

Rent  of  meadow,  ....  3  00 

Notes  payable,  signed  by  the  President  of  the  Ilor.  Soc. 
and  payable  to  Stone  and  others,  for  land,  and  sub- 
ject to  interest,  ....  2,600  00 

Balance  due  to  D.  Stone,  guardian,  for  land,  103  44 

$24,398  16 
Payments  made  by,  and  debts  due  to  the  Committee. 
For  Land,  in  cash  $7,413  44,  notes  $2,000,  -  $10,013  44 
For  House  for  Gardener,  and  expenses  pertaining  ex- 
clusively to  the  Garden,  -  -  -  2,420  09 
For  Improvements  in  Garden  and  Cemetery,  8,218  12 
For  Tomb  under  Park-street  Church,  "  -  200  00 
For  Horse  and  Cart,  ...  -  120  00 
For  amount  due  from   sundry  persons,  and   payable   in 

labor,  plants,  «Sic.          -          -             -             -                 300  00 

For  amount  due  from  the  Hor.  Soc.  paid,  -  21,271  05 

D.  Haggerston's  salary  to  1  June,           -  -  150  00 

For  amount  due  from  sundry  persons  for  lots,  1,330  00 

For  cash  on  hand.           .              -              -  -  1,646  51 


$24,398  16 

There  are  some  bills  for  labor  on  the  grounds  not  yet  present- 
ed, which  are  payable  in  part  in  lots,  by  agreement. 

Errors  excepted.  GEO.  BOND. 

Boston,  12th  Sept.  1833. 


On  motion  of  Z.  Cook,  Jr.  Esq.  resolved.  That  the  thanks  of 
the  Society  be  given  to  Alexander  H.  Everett,  Esq.  for  his 
valuable  and  instructive  Discourse,  and  that  he  be  requested  to 
furnish  a  copy  for  publication,  and  that  the  Committee  who 
waited  on  him  be  requested  to  carry  the  same  into  effect. 

Voted,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be  presented  to  Cheever 
Newhall,  and  R.  L.  Emmons,  for  their  past  services  as  Treasurer 
and  Secretary  of  this  Society. 


PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY, 

AT  A  MEETING  HELD  AT  THE  HALL  OF  THE  INSTITDTION^ 
ON  SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  21,  1833. 


THE    FOLLOWING    OFFICERS    WERE    ELECTED    FOR   THE    ENSUING    YEAK : 
PRESIDENT. 

HENRY  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Roxhury. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr.  Boston.. 
ELIJAH  VOSE,  Dorchester. 
ENOCH  BARTLETT,  Roxhury. 
S.  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Boston. 

TREASURER. 

WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester. 

CORRESPONDING    SECRETARY. 

JACOB  BIGELOVV,  M.  D.  Boston, 

RECORDING    SECRETARY. 

ROBERT  TREAT  PAINE,  Boston. 

COUNSELLORS. 

AUGUSTUS  ASPINWALL,  Brooklyn. 

THOMAS  BREWER,  Roxbury. 

HENRY  A.  BREED,  Lynn. 

BENJAMIN  W.  CROWNINSHIELD,  Boston. 
,J.  G.  COGSWELL,  Northampton. 
'nATHANIEL  davenport,  Milton. 

7 


50 


E.  IIERSEY  DERBY,  Salem. 
SAMUEL  DOWNER,  Dorchester. 
OLIVER  FISKE,  Worcester. 
B.  V.  FRENCH,  Boston. 
J.  M.  GOURGAS,  Weston. 
T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D.  Cambridge. 
SAMUEL  JAaUES,  Jr.  Charkstuivn. 
JOSEPH  G.  JOY,  Boston. 
WILLIAM  KENRICK,  Newton. 
JOHN  LEMIST,  Roxbury. 
S.  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Boston. 
E.  M.  RICHARDS,  Dcdham. 
BENJAMIN  RODMAN,  New-Bedford. 
JOHN  B.  RUSSELL,  Iloston. 
CHARLES  SENIOR,  Roxbury. 
WILLIAM  H.   SUMNER,  Dorchester. 
CHARLES  TAPPAN,  Boston. 
JACOB  TIDD,  Roxbury. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester. 
AARON  D.  WILLIAMS,  Roxbury. 
J.  W.  WEBSTER,  Cambridge. 
GEORGE  W.  PRATT,  Boston. 
GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER,  Boston. 
DAVID  HAGGERSTON,  Cambridge. 
CHARLES  LAWRENCE,  Salem. 

PROFESSOR    OF    BOTANY    AND    VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

JOHN  L.  RUSSELL. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    HORTICULTURAL    CHEMISTRY. 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,  M.  D. 


51 


STANDING  COMMITTEES  APPOINTED  BY  THE  COUNCIL. 

I. 

ON    FRUIT    TREES,    FRUITS,  &C. 

To  have  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  multiplication  of 
fruit  trees  and  vines,  by  seed,  scions,  buds,  layers,  suckers,  or 
other  modes;  the  introduction  of  new  varieties;  the  various 
methods  of  pruning  and  training  them,  and  whatever  relates  to 
their  culture,  and  that  of  all  other  fruits;  the  recommendation  of 
objects  for  premiums,  and  the  awarding  of  them. 

S.  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Chairman. 

ROBERT  MANNING, 

SAMUEL  DOWNER, 

OLIVER  FISKE, 

CHARLES  SENIOR, 

WILLIAM  KENRICK, 

E.  IVI.  RICHARDS, 

B.  V.  FRENCH, 

SAMUEL  POND, 

E.  VOSE, 

THOMAS  MASON. 

II. 

ON  THE    CULTURE  AND  PRODUCTS  OF    THE    KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

To  have  the  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  location  and  man- 
agement of  Kitchen  Gardens;  the  cultivation  of  all  plants  apper- 
taining thereto  ;  the  introduction  of  new  varieties  of  esculent, 
medicinal,  and  all  such  vegetables  as  are  useful  in  the  arts,  or  are 
subservient  to  other  branches  of  national  industry ;  the  structure 
and  management  of  hot-beds;  the  recommendation  of  objects  for 
premiums,  and  the  awarding  of  them. 

DANIEL  CHANDLER,  Chairman. 

JACOB  TIDD, 

AARON  D.  WILLIAMS, 

JOHN  B.  RUSSELL, 

LEONARD  STONE, 

NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT. 


52 
III. 

ON    ORNAMENTAL    TREES,  SHRUBS,  FLOWERS,  AND    GREEN-HOUSES. 

To  have  charge  of  whatever  relates  to  the  cuUure,  miihiplica- 
tion,  and  preservation  of  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  and  flow- 
ers of  all  kinds;  the  construction  and  management  of  green- 
houses ;  the  recommendation  of  objects  for  premiums,  and  the 
awarding  of  them. 

JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Chairman. 

JOSEPH  G.  JOY, 

DAVID  HAGGERSTON, 

GEORGE  W.  PRATT, 

SAMUEL  WALKER, 

IV. 

ON    TUB    LIBRARY. 

To  have  charge  of  all  books,  drawings,  and  engravings,  and 
to  recommend  from  time  to  time  such  as  it  may  be  deemed  ex- 
pedient to  procure  ;  to  superintend  the  publication  of  such  com- 
munications and  papers  as  may  be  directed  by  the  council  ;  to 
recommend  premiums  for  drawings  of  fruits  and  flowers,  and 
plans  of  country  houses,  and  other  edifices  and  structures  con- 
nected with  horticulture  ;  -and  for  communications  on  any  sub- 
ject in  relation  thereto. 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Chairman. 

JACOB  BIGELOW, 

T.  W.  HARRIS, 

E.  H.  DERBY, 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr. 

G.  W.  PRATT. 

V. 

ON    THE    SYNONYMS    OF    FRUITS. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Society,  June  20,  the  following  gentlemen 
were  chosen  a  Committee  to  facilitate  an  exchange  of  fruits  with 
the  Philadelphia,  New-York,  and  Albany  Horticultural  Societies, 
and  others,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  their  synonyms, 

JOHN  LOWELL,  Chairman. 

ROBERT  MANNING, 

SAMUEL  DOWNER. 


53 
VI. 

ON  THE  GARDEN  AND  CEMETERY. 

JOSEPH  STORY,  Chairman. 
H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN, 
JACOB  BIGELOW, 
GEORGE  BOND, 
ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr. 
B.  A.  GOULD, 
CHARLES  BROWN, 
JOSEPH  P.  BRADLEE, 
CHARLES  P.  CURTIS. 

VII. 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr.  Chairman. 
G.  W.  PRATT, 
CHEEVER  NEWHALL, 
CHARLES  TAPPAN, 
JOSEPH  P.  BRADLEE- 


MEMBERS 


MASSACHUSETTS     HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY. 


Armstrong,  Samuel  T.,  Boston. 
Aspinwall,  Augustus,  Brookline. 
Ames,  John  W .,  Dcdiiam. 
Andrews,  John  H.,  Salem. 
Andrews,  Ebenezer  T.,  Boston. 
Anthony,  James,  Providence. 
Adams,  Samuel,  Milton. 
Andrews,  Ferdinand,  Lancaster. 
Atkinson,  Amos,  Brookline. 
Adams,  Daniel,  Kerchury. 
Adams,  Abel,  Boston. 
Adams,  Beniamin,  Boston. 
Adams,  C.  F^rederic,      " 
Adams,  Z.  B.,  " 

Appleton,  Nathan,  " 
Appleton,  Samuel,  " 
Austin,  James  T.,  " 

Austin,  William,  Lowell. 
Austin,  E.  G.,  Boston. 
Adams,  Charles  F..  Quincy. 
Adams,  G.  W.,  Boston. 
Andrews,  Henry,     " 

Bartlett,  Enoch,  Roxhury. 
Brewer,  Thomas,     " 
Brimmer,  George  W.,  Boston. 
Bradlee,  Joseph  P.,  " 

Breed,  Ebenezer,  " 

Breed,  Henry  A.,  Lynn. 
Bigelow,  Jacob,  Boston. 
Baldwin,  Enoch,  Dorchester. 
Breed,  John,  Charlcstown. 
Breed,  Andrews,  Lynn. 
Bailey,  Kendall,  Cluirlcstown. 
Ballard,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Brewer,  Gardner,     " 
Brown,  James,  West- Cambridge. 
Bartlett,  Edmund,  JVcwlmryport. 
Buckminster,  Lawson,  Framingham 
Buckminster,  Edward  F.,      " 
Breck,  Joseph,  Pcpperell. 
Bedlam,  Stephen,  Boston. 
Bradford,  Samuel  H.,  " 
Bailey,  Ebenezer,  " 


Bangs,  Edward  D.,  Boston. 

Bowdoin,  James,  '•' 

Balch,  Joseph,  Roxhury. 
Bond,  George,  Boston. 
Bacon,  S.  N.,         " 
Billings,  Joseph  H.,  Roxhury. 
Barnard,  Charles,  Boston. 
Brown,  Charles,         " 
Brown,  Jonas  B.,       " 
Bussey,  Benjamin,  Roxhury. 
Baker,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Buckingiiam,  Joseph  T.,  Boston 
Buckingham,  Edwin, 
Boyd,  James, 
Brown,  John, 
Brigham,  Levi, 
Blake,  Joshua, 
Brigham,  Dennis, 
Bird,  Jesse, 
Bryant,  John, 
Bullard,  Silas, 
Burridge,  Martin,  Medford. 
Bond,  George  VV.,  Boston. 
Bartlett,  Levi,  " 

Bailies,  Edmund,         " 
Bigelow,  Abraham,  Camhridge. 
Barrett,  George  C,  Boston. 
Bowen,  Charles,  " 

Bender,  Jacob,  " 

Boyd,  Thomas,  " 

Blanchard,  W.  E.,        " 
Binney,John,  " 

Binney,  Amos,  " 

Bacon,  D.  C,  " 

Cook,  Zebedee,  Jr.,  Boston. 
Codman.  John,  Dorchester. 
Clapp,  Nathaniel,      " 
Coolidge,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Cordis,  Thomas,         " 
Copeland,  B.  F.,  Roxhury. 
Cogswell,  J.  G.,  JVorthampton. 
Champney,  John,  Roxhury. 
Cowing,  Cornelius,     " 


55 


Chandler,  Daniel,  Lexington. 
Callender,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Cliase,  Hezekiah,  Lynn. 
Clapp,  John,  Soutli-Readhig. 
Caiter,  Horatio,  Lancaster. 
Colinan,  Henry,  Stilem. 
Carnes,  Nathaniel  G.,  Kew-York. 
Curtis,  Edward,  Peppercll. 
Chandler,  Samuel,  Lexington. 
Capen,  Aaron,  Dorchester. 
Crowninshield,  Benjamin  W.,  Salem 
Cotting,  William,  West- Cambridge. 
Cabot,  Samuel,  Brookline. 
Coffin,  Hector,  lluck  Farm,JYewhury. 
Curtis,  Nathaniel,  Roxbury. 
Clapp,  Isaac,  Dorchester. 
Crafts,  Ebenezer,  Roxbury. 
Curtis,  Charles  P.,  Boston. 
Curtis,  Thomas  B.,       " 
Coolidge,  Samuel  F.,    " 
Carey,  Alpheus,  " 

Coffin,  George  W  ,       " 
Channing,  George  G.,  " 
Craigie,  Mrs.  E.,  Cambridge. 
Coolidge,  Joshua,  IVatertotcn. 
Cobb,  Elijah,  Boston. 
Cowing,  Holland,  Jr.,  Roxbury. 
Clark,  Edward  D.,  Boston. 
Crockett,  George  W.  " 
Cowing,  N.  H.,  Brookline. 
Crane,  Joshua,  Boston. 
Coolidge,  Thomas  B.,  Boston. 
Child,  Joshua,  " 

Churchill,  P.,  " 

Carnes,  Francis,  " 

(]^arter.  Genrge  D.,  " 

Channing,  W.  E.,  " 

Chase,  C,  " 

Coburn,  Anna,  " 

Dearborn,  H.  A.  S.,  Roxbury. 
Davis,  Isaac  P.,  Boston. 
Downer,  Samuel,  Dorchester. 
Dowse,  Thomas,  Cambridge. 
Dudley,  David,  Roxbury. 
Doggett,  John,  Boston. 
Drew,  Daniel,         " 
Derby,  John.  Salem. 
Davenport,  Nathaniel,  Milton. 
Davis,  Charles,  Roxbury. 
Dorr,  Nathaniel,        " 
Dodge,  Pickering,  Salem. 
Dean,  William,  " 

Derby,  E.  H.,  " 

Dodge,  Pickering,  Jr.,  Salem 
Davis,  John  B.,  Boston. 
Driver,  Stephen,  Jr.,  Salem. 
Davis,  John,  Boston. 
Davis,  Daniel,  " 

Dutton,  Warren,      " 
Denny,  Daniel,        " 


Davis,  James,  Bo.ston. 
Dickson,  James  A.,  Boston. 
Derby,  Richard  C,         " 
Darracott,  George,         " 
Domett,  George,  " 

Doanes,  Johh,  " 

Davis,  N.  Morton,  Plymouth. 
Danforth,  Isaac,  Boston. 

Emmons,  Robert  L.,  Boston. 
Everett,  Edward,  Chartestown. 
Eustis,  James,  South- Reading . 
Ellis,  Charles,  Roxbury. 
Edwards,  Elisha,  Springfield. 
Eager,  William,  Boston. 
Endicott,  William  P.,  Danvers. 
Everett,  Alexander  H.,  Boston. 
Eckiey,  David,  " 

Eastburn,  John  H.,  " 

Edwards,  Henry,  " 

Eldredge,  Edward,  " 

Eldredge,  Oliver,  " 

French,  Benjamin  V.,  Boston. 
Fessenden,  Thomas  G.,      " 
Frothingham,  Samuel,        " 
Forrester,  John,  Salem. 
Fiske,  Oliver,  Worcester. 
Fosdick,  David,  Charlcstoicn. 
Fletcher,  Richard,  Boston. 
Field,  Joseph,  Weston. 
Fitch.  Jeremiah,  lioston. 
Francis,  J.  B.,  Warioick,  R.  I. 
Freeman,  Russell,  New-Bedford. 
Fay,  Samuel  P.  P.,  Cambridge. 
Farrar,  John,  " 

Farley,  Robert,  Boston. 
Folsom,  Charles,  Cambridge. 
Fisk,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Fuller,  H.  H., 
Foster,  E.  B.,  " 

Faxon,  Nathaniel,  " 
Fisher,  Jabez,  " 

Fenno,  J.  W.,  " 

French,  Arthur,  " 
Fearing,  A.  C,  " 
Francis,  Nathaniel,  " 
Foster,  C.  U.,  " 

Gray,  John  C,  Boston. 
Gray,  Francis  C,     " 
Gr^enleaf,  Thomas,  Quincy. 
Gourgas.  J.  M.,  Weston. 
Green,  Charles  W.,  Roxbury. 
Gore,  Watson,  " 

Gannett,  T.  B.,  Cambridge. 
Gould,  Daniel.  Reading. 
Gardner,  W.  F.,  Salem. 
Gardner,  Joshua,  Dorchester. 
Goodale,  Ephraim,  Bucksport,  Me. 
Goodwin,  Thomas  J.,  Charlestown. 


66 


Guild,  Benjamin,  Boston. 

Gibbs,  Benjamin,  " 

Grant,  Benjamin  B.,  " 

Gould,  Benjamin  A.,  " 

Grant,  B.B.,  " 

Gould,  James,  " 

Goodwin,  Ozias,  " 

Grew,  Henry,  " 

Harris,  Samuel  D.,  Boston. 
Huntington,  Joseph,  Roxhury. 
Haskina,  Ral[)h,  " 

Huntington,  llalph,  Boston. 
Heard,  John,  Jr.,  " 

Hill,  Jeremiah,  " 

Hoilingsvvorth,  Ma-rk,  Milton. 
Harris,  William  T.,  Cambridge. 
Holbrook,  Amns,  Milton. 
Howe,  Rufus,  Dorchester. 
Ha^'den,  John,  Brootdine. 
Hyslop,  David,  " 

Howes,  Frederick,  Salem. 
Haggerston,  David,  Cambridge. 
Hunt,  Ebenezer,  JVortliampton. 
Howland,  John,  Jr.,  jXew-Bed/ord^ 
Hayward,  George.  Boston. 
Higginson.  Henry,       " 
Hall,  Dudley,  JVye^//orrf. 
Hartshorn,  Eliphalet  P.,  Boston. 
Houghton,  Abel,  Jr.,  Lynn. 
Hovey,  P.  B.,  Jr.,  Cambridge. 
Hurd,  William,  Ckarleslown. 
Howe,  Hall  J.,  Boston. 
Haskell,  Elisha,       " 
Hicklinff,  Charles,  "■ 
Hicks.  Zachariah,    " 
Howard,  Abraham,  "^ 
Hastings,  Thomas,  " 
Hastings.  Oliver,  Cambridge. 
Hosiner,  Z.,  " 

Henchman,  D.,  Boston. 
Hobart,  Enoch,        " 
Howe,  S.  L.,  Cambridge. 
Hodges,  J.  L.,  Taxmton. 
Hedge,  Isaac  L.,  Plymouth. 
Howard,  Hepsy  C,  Boston. 

Hill,   S.    Vr., 

Hovey,  Charles  M.,  Cambridge. 

Hayward,  Charles.  Boston. 

Hildrith,  Charles  T.,    " 

Howe,  Joseph  N.,  Jr..  E.  Cambridge 

Henshaw,  John,  Boston. 

Hall,  Henry,  " 

Hall,  A.  T.,  " 

Hav,  Joseph,  " 

Hobart,  Nathaniel,  " 

Ives,  John  M.,  Salem. 
Inches,  Henderson,  Boston. 
Ingalls,  William,  " 

Jaques,  Samuel,  Jr.,  Charlcstown. 


Joy,  Joseph  G.,  Boston. 
Joy,  Joseph  B.,         " 
Jones,  Thomas  K.,  Roxbury. 
Johnson,  Samuel  R..,  Clinrlestown. 
Jackson,  Patrick  T.,  Boston. 
Jackson.  James,  " 

Johonnot,  George  S.,  Salem. 
Jarves,  Deming,  Boston. 
Jackson,  C.  T.,  " 

Johnson,  Otis,  Savannah,  Ga~ 
Jones,  L.  D.,  JS'cw- Bedford. 

Kenrick,  William,  Newton. 
Kellie,  William,  Boston. 
King,  John,  Mcdford. 
Kidder,  Samuel,  Charlestoicn. 
Kuhn,  George  H.,  Boston. 
Kendall,  Abel,  Jr., 
Kenrick,  John  A.,  J^'ewton. 
Kuhn,  John,  Boston. 
Kenrick,  Enoch  B.,  Kewton. 

Lincoln,  Levi,  Worcester. 
Lincoln,  William,     " 
Lowell,  John,  Roxbury. 
Lee,  Thomas,  Jr.,  " 
Lemist,  John,  " 

J>yman,  Theodore,  Jr.,  Boston^ 
Lowell,  John  A.,  " 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  " 

Lyman,  George  W.,  " 

Lawrence,  Cliarles,  Salem. 
Little,  Henry,  Bvcksport,  Me. 
Leland,  Daniel,  Sherburne. 
Leland,  J.  P.,  " 

Little,  Samuel,  Bucksport,  Me. 
Leonard,  Thomas,  Salem. 
Lawrence,  William,  Boston. 
Lawrence,  Amos,  " 

Livermore,  Isaac,  Cambridge. 
Loring.  Josiah,  Boston. 
Lowell,  Charles,  " 
Lamson.  John,  " 
Lynde,  SethS.,  " 
Lowell,  Francis  C, " 
Loring, Henry,  " 
Lienow,  Henry,  " 
Loring,  W.  J.,  " 

Lang,  Wm.  B.,        " 
.  Lombard,  N.  K.       " 
Lowell.  John,  Jr.,    " 
Lane,  Josiah,  " 

Lewis,  S.  S.,  " 

Manning,  Robert,  Salem. 
Manners.  George,  Boston. 
Minns.  Thomas,         " 
Morrell.  Ambrose,  Lexington. 
Munroe,  Jonas,  " 

Mussey,  Benjamin,  Boston. 


57 


Mills,  James  K.,  Boston. 
M'Carthy,  Edward,  Brighton. 
Mackay,  John,  Boston. 
Mead,  Isaac  W.,  Cliarlestown. 
Mead,  Samuel  O.,  West- Cambridge. 
Moffatt,  J.  L.,  Boston. 
Melville,  Thomas,  Boston. 
Mc  Lellan,  Isaac,  " 

Merrv,  Robert  D.  C,    " 
Marshall.  William,         '•' 
Mason,  Thomas,  Cliarlestown. 
Motley,  Thomas,  Boston. 
Miller,  Edward,  " 

Mariner,  Joseph,  " 

Meldrum,  Alexander,  " 
Mason,  Jeremiah,  " 
Mears,  James,  " 

Newhall,  Cheever,  Dorchester. 
Nichols,  Otis,  " 

Nuttall,  Thomas,  Cambridge. 
Newell,  Joseph  R.,  Boston. 
Newhall,  Josiah,  Lynnjield. 
Newman,  Henry,  Rotbury. 
Nicholson,  Henry,  Brookline. 
Newell,  Joseph  W.,  Cliarlestown. 

Otis,  Harrison  G.,  Boston. 
Oliver,  Francis  J.,         " 
Oliver,  William,  Dorchester. 
Oxnard,  Henry,  Brookline. 

Pferkins,  Thomas  H.,  Boston. 
Perkins,  Samuel  G.,         " 
Parsons,  Theophilus,         " 
Putnam,  Jesse,  " 

Pratt,  George  W.,  " 

Prescott,  William,  " 

Penniman,  Elisha,  Brookline  . 
Parsons,  Gorham,  Brighton. 
Pettee,  Otis,  A'cioton. 
Prince,  John,  Roxbury. 
Phinney,  Elias,  Lexington. 
Prince,  John,  Jr.,  Salem. 
Peabody,  Francis,      " 
Pickman,  Benjamin  T.,  Boston. 
Penniman,  James,  Dorchester. 
Poor,  Benjamin,  Keto- York. 
Perry,  G.  B.,  East- Bradford. 
Perry,  John,  Sherburne. 
Pond,  Samuel,  Cambridge. 
Payne,  Edward  W.,  Boston. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,       " 
Pond,  Samuel  M.,  Bucksport,  Me. 
Prescott,  C.  H.,  Cornicallis,  JV.  S. 
Parker,  Daniel  P.,  Boston. 
Pratt,  William,  Jr.,      " 
Priest,  John  F.,  " 

Philbrick,  Samuel,  Brookline. 


Parker,  Thomas,  Dorchester. 
Parker,  Isaac,  Boston. 
Parkinson,  John,  Roxbury. 
Phillips,  S.  C,  Siiliiii. 
Pool,  Ward,  Daiircrs. 
Pierpont,  John,  Boston. 
Perkins,  T.  H.  Jr.,  Boston. 
Parkman,  Francis,         " 
Pond,  Samuel,  Jr.,         " 
Payne,  W.  E.,  " 

Preston,  John,  " 

Palfrey,  John  G.,   Cambridge. 
Putnam,  Ebenezer,  Sulem. 
Pomroy,  W.  M.,Jr.,      " 
Paige,  J.  W.,  Boston. 
Phillips,  John,  JS'ew-York. 
Prichard,  Mary,  Boston. 
Power,  Thomas,         " 
Petton,  Oliver,  " 

Phelps,  W.  D.,  " 

Quincy,  Josiah,  Cambridge^ 

Russell,  John  B.,  Boston. 

Robbing,  E.  H.,  " 

Rollins,  William,       " 

Rice,  John  P.,  " 

Rice,  Henry,  " 

Russell,  J.  W.,  Roxbury. 

Read,  James,  " 

Robbins,  P.  G.,         " 

Rollins,  Ebenezer,  Boston. 

Rowe,  Joseph,  Milton. 

Rogers,  R.  S.,  Salem,. 

Rodman,  Benjamin,  JVeic  Bedford. 

Rotcli,  Francis,  " 

Rotch,  William,  " 

Richardson,  Nathan,  South- Reading. 

Rand,  Edward,  S.,  JVewburT/port. 

Richards,  Edward  M.,  Dcdham. 

Randall,  John,  Boston. 

Russell,  J.  L.,  Salem. 

Russell,  James,  Boston. 

Raymond,  E.  A.,     " 

Robinson,  Henry,    " 

Russell,  George,  M.  D.,  Lincoln. 

Rogerson,  Robert,  Boston. 

Rich,  Benjamin,  *' 

Reynolds,  Edward,       " 

ShurtlefF,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Sears,  David,  " 

Stephens,  Isaac,  " 

Silsby,  Enoch,  " 

Storer,  D.  Humphreys,    " 
Sullivan,  Richard,  Brookline. 
Seaver,  Nathaniel,  Roxbury. 
Senior,  Charles,  " 

Sumner,  William  H.,  Dorchester.. 


58 


Swett,  John,  Dorchester. 
Sharp,  Edward,       " 
Smith,  Cyrus,  Sandwich. 
Sutton,  VVilliam,  Jr.,  Danvcrs. 
Story,  F.  H.,  Salem. 
Stedinan,  Josiah,  JVcicton. 
Strong,  Josepli,  Jr..  Suutli-Hadlcy. 
Stearns,  Cliarles,  Sprinujicld. 
Shurtleft",  Samuel  A.,  Baston. 
Springer,  John,  Sterling: 
Saitonstall,  Leverett,  Salem... 
Storrb,  Nathaniel,  Boston. 
Shaw,  Lemuel,  " 

Smith,  J.  M.,  " 

Sisson,  Freehorn,  Warren,  R.  I. 
Swilt,  Henry,  JWi/ituchet. 
Smith,  Stephen  H.,  Providence,  R. 
Swan,  Daniel,  Medford. 
Stone,  Leonard,  Watertown. 
Stone,  WiUiam,  " 

Stone,  Isaac,  " 

Story,  Joseph,   Cambridge. 
Shattuck,  George  C,  Boston. 
Stanwood,  William,  " 

Stanvvood,  David,  " 

Sargent,  L.  M.,  " 

Stone,  Henry  B.,  " 

Simmons,  D.  A.,  RoxhurTj. 
Savage,  James  S.,  Boston. 
Shaw,  Robert  G.,  " 

Sparks,  Jared,  " 

Savage,  James,  " 

Stone,  P.  R.  L.,  " 

Stearns,  Asahel,  Cambridge. 
Stone,  IDavid,  Boston. 
Staples,  Isaac,  " 

Shaw,  C.  B.,  " 

Skinner,  Francis,     " 
Swett,  Samuel,         " 
Stanwood.  Lemuel  " 
Stearns,  Simon,        " 
Sparhawk,  E.  C,     " 
Stetson,  Joseph,  Waltham. 
St.urgis,  William,  Boston. 
Simmons,  William,      " 
Stone,  W.  W.,  " 

Sinallwood,  Thomas,  JVeicton. 
Smith,  M.,  Boston. 
Scudder,  Chnrles,  Boston. 
Scudder,  Horace,        " 

Tappan,  Charles,  Boston. 
Tidd,  Jacob,  Roxlmry. 
Thompson,  George,  Medford. 
Train,  Samuel,  " 

Thorndike.  Israel,  Boston. 
Thwing,  Supply  C,  Roxhury, 
Tucker,  Richard  D.,  Boston. 
Tilden,  Joseph,  " 

Toothey,  Roderick,  Waltham, 


Thomas,  Benjamin,  Hingham. 
Trull,  John  W.,  Boston. 
Taylor,  Charles,  Dorchester. 
Tudor,  F'rederick,  Boston. 
Thayer,  J.  H.,  " 

Thatcher.  Peter  O.,      " 
Tremlelt,  Thon;as  B.,  Dorchester. 
Tuckerman,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Taylor,  J.  W.,  " 

Tappan, John,  " 

Thorndike,  J.  P.,  " 

Vose,  Elijah,  Dorchester. 
Vila,  James,  Boston. 

Williams,  Nehemiah  D.,  Roxbury. 
I.  Williams,  Francis  J.,  Boston. 
Wilder,  M.  P.,  " 

Williams,  Aaron  D.,  Roxbury. 
Williams,  Moses,  " 

Williams,  G.,  " 

Weld,  Benjamin,  " 

Worthington,  William,  Dorchester. 
Welles,  John,  " 

Wales,  William,  " 

Webster,  J.  W.,  Cambridge. 
White,  Abijah,  Watertoion. 
Williams,  Samuel  G.,  Boston. 
Wight,  Ebenezer,  " 

Wyatt,  Robert,  " 

Winship,  Jonathan,  Brighton. 
Wilkinson,  Simon,  Boston. 
Wilder,  S.  V.  S.,  Bolton. 
Waldo,  Daniel,  Worcester. 
Wyeth,  Nathaniel  J.,  Cambridge. 
West,  Thomas,  Haverhill. 
Willard,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Whitmarsh,  Samuel,  Korthnmjiton. 
Whitmarsh,  Thomas,  Brookline. 
Warren,  Jonathan,  Jr.,  Weston. 
Webster,  Nathai,  Haverhill. 
Wilson,  John,  Roxlmry. 
White,  Stephen,  Boston. 
Webster,  Daniel,         " 
Ward,  iiichard,  Roxbury. 
Weld,  Aaron  D.,  Jr.,  Boston. 
Walker,  Samuel,  Roxbury. 
Wells,  Charles,  Boston. 
Whitwell,  Samuel,     " 
White,  Benjamin  F.,  " 
Wiley,  Thomas,  Watertown. 
Wales,  Thomas  B.,  Boston. 
Ware,  Henry,  Cambridge. 
Waterhouse,  Benjamin,  Cambridge. 
Winship,  Francis,  Brighton. 
Weld,  James,  Boston. 
Whittemore,  George,  Boston, 
Willet,  Thomas,  Charlestutcn. 
Wolcott,  Edward,  Pawtucket. 
Williams,  John,  Cambridge. 


59 

Wyman,  Rufus,  Charlestoion.  Whipple,  W.  J.,  Cambridge. 

Watson,  Elizabetli,  Boston.  Winchester,  W.  P.,  Boston. 

Waldo,  Henry  G.,         "  Warren,  J.  L.  L.  F.,     " 

Wilson,  Robert,  "  Ware,  Jolin,  " 

Ward,  Thomas  W.,      "  Wadsvvorth,  Alexander,  Bosfore. 


HONORARY     MEMBERS. 

ADAMS,  Hon.  JOHN  QUINCY.  late  President  of  the  United  States. 

AITON,   WILLIAM  TOWNSEND.  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 

ABBOT,    JOHN.  Esq  ,  Bronsuick,  Me. 

ABBOT,  BLNJAMIN,  LL.  D.,  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter, 
New-Hampsiiire. 

BUEL,    J.   Esq.,  President  of  the  Albany  Horticultural  Society. 

BOULN,  Le  Chkvalikr,  SOULAiNGE,  Secretaire-General  de  la  Societe 
d' Horticulture  de  Paris. 

BANCROFT,  EDWARD  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  President  of  the  Horti- 
cultural and  Agricultural  Society  of  Jamaica. 

BARCLAY,  ROBKR.T,  Esq  ,  Great-Britain. 

BEEKMAN,  JAMES,  New-York. 

BARBOUll,  P.   P..  Virginia. 

BLAl'lER.  LEWIS,  Philadelphia. 

COXE.  VVILLL\M,  Esq.,  Burlington,  New-Jersey. 

COLLLNS,  ZACCHEUS,  Esq.  President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticul- 
tural Society,  Philadelphia. 

COFFLV,  Ad.miral  Sir  ISAAC,  Great-Britain. 

CHAUNCY,  ISAAC,  United  States  Navy,  Brooklyn,  New-York. 

CLAY,  HENRY,  Kentucky. 

DICKSON,  JAMES,  Esq.,  Vice-President  of  the  London  Horticultural 
Societv. 

DE  CANDOLLE,  Mons.  ANGUSTIN  PYRAMUS,  Professor  of  Botany 
in  the  Academy  of  Geneva. 

Df.  La  SAGRA,  Don  RAMON,  Cuba. 

ELLIOTT,  Hon.  STEPHEN,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

EVERETT,  HORACE,  Vermont. 

EVANSON,  CHARLES  ALLAN,  Secretary  of  King's  County  Agricul- 
tural Society,  St.  John's,  New-Brunswick. 

ELLIOT,  JESSE  D.,  United  States  Navy. 

FALDERMANN,  F.,  Curator  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. 

FISCHER,  Dr.,  Professor  of  Botany,  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden  at 
St.  Petersburrr. 

GALES,  JOSEPH,  Jr.,  Vice-President  of  the  Washington  Horticultural 
Society,  Washington. 

GOULDSBOROUGli,  ROBERT  H.,  Maryland. 

GREIG,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Geneva,  President  of  the  Domestic  Horticultural 
Society  of  the  Western  Part  of  the  State  of  New-York. 

GORE.  Mrs.  REBECCA,  Waltham. 

GRIFFITHS,  Mrs.  MARY,  Charlies  Hope,  New-.Ier8ey. 

GIRARD,  STEPHEN,  Philadelphia. 

-GIBBS,  GEORGE,  Sunswick,  New- York. 


60 

IIERICART  DE  THURY,  Le  Vicojite,  President  de  la  Societe  d'Hor- 
ticulture  de  Paris. 

HOSACK,  DAVID,  M.  D.  President  of  the  New-York  Horticultural 
S'iciely. 

HOPKIRK,  THOMAS,  Esq,.  President  of  tiie  Glasgow  Horticultural 
SDciely. 

HUiNT,  LEWIS,  Esq.  Hunf.sbur<T,  Oliio. 

HILDRFJTH.  S.  P.,  Maiietia,  Oiiro. 

INGERSOLL,  JA.MKS  R..  President  of  tiie  Horticultural  Society  of 
Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia. 

JACKSON.  ANDllKVV,  President  of  the  United  States. 

JOHONNOT.  Mrs.  MARTHA,  Salem. 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  ANDREW,  Esq.,  President  of  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

LOUDON.  JOHN  CLAUDIUS,  Great-Britain. 

L.\  FAYETTE,  Genkral,  La  Grange,  France. 

LASTEYRIE,  Le  Comte  de,  Vice-President  de  la  Societe  d'Horticulture 
de  Paris. 

LITCHFIELD,  FRANKLIN,  Consul  of  the  United  States  at  Porto 
Cabello. 

LORRILLARD,  JACOB,  President  of  the  New-York  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. New-York. 

LONGSTRETH,  JOSHUA,  Philadelphia. 

LONGWORTH,  NICHOLAS,  Cincinnati. 

MADISON,   Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,  Virginia. 

MONROE,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,  Virginia. 

MICHAUX,  MoNs.  F.  ANDREW,  Paris. 

MENTENS,  LEWIS  JOHN,  Esq,  Bnixelles. 

MITCHELL,  SAMUEL  L.,  M.  D.,  New-York. 

MOSSELLMANN, .  Esq.  Antwerp. 

MERCER,  PIos.  CHARLES  F.,  Virginia. 

M'  CAULEY,  D.  SMll'H,  Consul  General  United  States,  Tripoli. 

OTTENFELS,  Baron,  Austrian  Minister  to  the  Ottoman  Porte. 

POri'EAU,  Professor  of  the  Institut  Horticule  de  P'romont. 

POWELL,  JOHN   HARE,  Powellton.  Pennsylvania. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM,  Esq.,  Long  island,  Now-York. 

PRATT,  HENRY,  Philadelphia. 

PALMER,  JOHN,  Esq.,  Calcutta. 

ROSEBERRY,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Earl  of,  President  of  the  Cale- 
donian  Horticultural  Society. 

SABINE,  JOSEPH,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

SHEPHERD,  JOHN,  Curator  of  tiie  Botanic  Garden,  Liverpool. 

SCOTT.  SiK  WALTER,  Scotland. 

SKINNER,  JOHN  S.,  Baltimore. 

TURNER,  JOHN,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. 

THACHER.  JAMES,  M.  D.,  Plymouth. 

THORBURN,  GRANT,  Esq.,  New-York. 

TALI.AFERRO,  JOHN,  Virginia. 

THOURS,  M.  Dv  Petit,  Paris,  Professor  Poiteau  of  the  Institut  Horticole 
de  Froniont. 

TOWSON,  xNATHANIEL,  President  of  the  Washington  Horticultural 
Society,   Washington. 

VILMORIN,  MoNs.  PIERRE  PHILLIPPE  ANDRE,  Paris. 

VAUGHAN,  BENJAMIN,  Esq.,  Hallowell,  Me. 

VAN  MONS,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  M.  D.  Brussels. 

VAUGHAN,  PETTY,  Ksq.,  London. 

VAN  RENSF.LLAER,  STEPHEN,  Albany. 

VAN  ZANDT,  JOSEPH  R.,  Albany. 

VANDERBURG,  FEDERAL,  M.  D.,  New-York. 

WELLES,  Hon.  JOHN,  Boston. 


61 

WILLICK,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cal- 
cutta. 
WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  Geneseo,  New-York. 

WARD.  MALTHUS  A., CoUeoe,  Athens,  Georgia, 

WOLCOTT,  FREDERICK,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 
YATES,  ASHTON,  Esij.,  Liverpool. 


CORRESPONDING    MEMBERS. 


ADLUM,  JOHN,  Georgetown.  District  of  Columbia. 

ASPINVVALL.  CoL.  THOMAS,  United  States  Consul,  London. 

APPLETON,  THOMAS,  Es^.,  United  States  Consul,  Leghorn. 

ALPBY,  . 

AQUILAR,  DON  FRANCISCO,  of  Moldonoda,  in  the  Banda  Oriental, 
Consul  of  the  United  States. 

BARiNBT,  ISAAC  COX.  Esc^.,  United  States  Con.'su].  Paris. 

BURTON,  ALEXANDER,  United  States  Consul,  Cadiz. 

BULL,  E.   W.,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

CARR,  ROBERT,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

COLVILLE,  JAMES,  Chelsea,  England. 

CARNES,  FRANCIS  G.,  Paris. 

DEERING,  JAMES,  Portland,  Maine. 

EMMONS,  EHENEZER,  M.  D.,  Williamstown. 

FLOY.  MICHAEL,  New-York. 

FOX.  JOHN,  Washino-ton,  District  of  Columbia. 

FELLOWS,  NATHaTvIEL.  Cuba. 

FOSTER,  WILLIAM  REDDING,  Baltimore. 

G.^RDINER,  ROBERT  H..  Esq.,  Gardiner,  Maine. 

GIBSON,  ABRAHAM   P.,  United  States  Consul,  St.  Petersburg. 

GARDNER,  BENJAMIN,  United  States  Consul,  Palermo. 

HALL,  CHARLES  HENRY,  Esti-,  New-York. 

HAY,  JOHN,  Architect  of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society. 

HALSEY,  ABRAHAM.  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  N«w-York  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  New- York. 

HARRIS,  Rev.  T.  M.,  D.  D.,  Dorchester. 

HUNTER, ,  Baltimore. 

HOGG,  THOMAS,  New-York. 

HENRY,  BERNARD,  Gibraltar. 

HITCHCOCK,  I.  I.  Baltimore. 

LANDRETH,  DAVID,  Jr.,  Escj.,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Horticultural  Society. 

LEONARD,  E.  S.  H.,  M.  D.,  Providence. 

MAURY,  JAMES,  Esq.,  late  United  States  Consul,  Liverpool. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Horticultural  and  Agricultural 
Society,  Jamaica. 

MILLS,  STEPHEN,  Esq.,  Long-Island,  New-York. 

MELVILLE,  ALLAN,  New-York. 

M'LEAY,  WILLIAM  SHARP. 

NEVVHALL,  HORATI,0,  M.  D.,  Galena,  Illinois. 

OFFLEY,  DAVID,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Smyrna. 

OMBROSI,  JAMES,  United  States  Consul,  Florence. 

PARKER,  JOHN,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Amsterdam. 


62 

PAYSON,  JOHN  L.  Esq.,  Messina. 

PORTER,  DAVID,  Washington. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM   ROBERT.  Es^.,  Long-Island,  New-York. 

PRINCE,  ALFRED  STRAITON,  Long-Island. 

PERRY,  M.  C,  United  States  Navj',  Charlestown. 

PALMER,  JOHN  J.,  New-York. 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  S.,  United  States  Navy,  Boston. 

REYNOLDS,  M.  D.,  Schenectady,  New-York. 

ROGERS,  J.  S.,   Hartford.  Connecticut. 

RICHARDS,  JOHN  H.,  Paris. 

ROTCH.  THOMAS,  Philadelphia. 

SHALER,  WILLIAM,  United  States  Consul-General,  Cuba. 

SxMITH,  DANIEL  D.,  Esq..  Burlino-ton,  New-Jersey. 

SMITH,  GIDEON  B.,  Baltimore. 

SHAW.  WILLIAM,  New-York. 

STRONG.  Judge,  Rochester,  New-York. 

STEPHENS,  THOMAS  HOLDUP,  United    States   Navy,   Middtetown, 

Connecticut. 
SMITH.  CALEB  R.,  Esq.,  New-Jersey. 
SPRAGUE,   HORATIO.  United  States  Consul,  Gibraltar. 
SUMMEREST,  FRANCIS. 
STRANGEWAY,  WILLIAM  FOX,   British    Secretary    of    Legation  a.t 

Naples. 
THORBURN.  GEORGE  C,  New-York. 
TILLSON,  JOHN,  Jr.,  Illinois. 

TENORE,  Pkoikssor,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Naples, 
WILSON,   WILLIAM,  New-York. 
WINGATE,  J.   F.,  Bath.  Maine. 
WINGATE.  JOSHUA,  Portland. 
WINTHROP.  JOSEPH  AUGUSTUS,  South-Carolina. 


ADDRESS 


DELIVERED    BEFORE   THE 


MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY, 


AT    THEIR 


SIXTH    ANNIVERSARY, 


SEPTEMBER  17,  1834. 


BY   JOHN    C.    GRAY. 


BOSTON: 

PRINTED    BY    J.    T.    BUCKINGHAM. 

M  DCCC  XXXIV. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Societj-,  September  20th,  1634, 

Voted,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be  presented  to  Hon.  JOHN  C.  GRAY,  for  his 

able,  eloquent,  and  instructive  address  delivered  before  them  on  Wednesday,  the  17th  iust. 

and  that  a  copy  be  respectfully  requested  for  publication. 

Attest,  R.  T.  PAINE,  Recording  Secretary. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Society,  held  Septembei  27th,  1834, 

The  following  letter  was  read  : — 
R.  T.  Paine,  Esq.  Recording  Secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Sir — Incompliance  with  the  request  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  I  have  the  honor  of 
submitting  to  their  disposal  a  copy  of  the  Address  delivered  at  Fanuei!  Hall,  Wednesday, 
September  17th.  Your  most  obedient  servant, 

September,  ^Ith,  1834.  JOHN  C.  GRAY. 

And  therefore 

Voted,  Tliat  the  copy  of  the  address  be  committed  to  Elijah  Vose,  Cheever  Newhall,  and 
B.  V.  French,  Esq's,  with  instructions  to  cause  the  same  to  be  printed,  for  the  use  of  the 
Society,  in  such  a  form  and  manner  as  to  them  may  seem  most  expedient. 

R.  T.  PAINE,  Recording  Secretary. 


ADDRESS 


Ladies  and  Gentlemen : — 

I  HAVE  been  requested  by  the  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety to  offer  you  some  remarks  on  the  present  inter- 
esting occasion.  I  am  sensible  of  my  inability  to  do 
justice  to  the  subject,  or  to  present  to  you  any  thing 
equal  in  merit  to  the  elaborate,  elegant,  and  valuable 
productions  with  which  the  public  have  been  enter- 
tained on  former  anniversaries.  But  the  respect 
which  I  owe  to  the  wishes  of  the  Society,  and  the 
deep  interest  which  I  feel  in  the  great  object  of  their 
efforts,  have  induced  me  to  comply  with  their  request, 
and  I  shall  briefly  notice  some  of  the  inducements 
which  exist  to  the  pursuit  of  Horticulture,  more 
especially  in  our  country. 

This  art  may  be  recommended,  in  the  first  place, 
as  an  innocent  and  salutary  amusement.  In  bestow- 
ing upon  it  these  titles,  I  have  said  very  much  in  its 
favor.  The  topic  of  amusements  has  ever  been  a 
most  perplexing  and  difficult  one  to  the  moral  casuist. 
I  suppose  that  no  one  would  proscribe  all  relaxation. 
All  admit  that  the  most  industrious  individual  must 
have  his  intervals  either  of  recreation,  or  of  idleness. 


But  what  amusements  should  be  recommended,  or 
tolerated,  is  a  question  on  which  there  is  far  less 
unanimity  of  sentiment.  In  this  country,  there  is,  I 
believe,  both  a  small  amount  and  a  smaller  variety  of 
relaxation,  than  in  most  others.  We  are,  at  least  in 
New-England,  emphatically,  a  grave  people.  The 
simple  manners  and  rigid  morals  which  have  de- 
scended to  us  from  our  puritan  ancestors,  our  rigor- 
ous climate  and  stubborn  soil,  the  equal  distribution 
of  property  by  descent  and  its  necessary  consequence, 
the  small  number  of  men  of  wealth  and  leisure, 
have  rendered  us,  though  certainly  not  a  gloomy,  yet 
a  serious  and  practical  community.  Many  amuse- 
ments, which  have  prevailed  in  other  countries,  never 
have,  and  we  trust  never  will  take  root  in  our  land. 
Of  those  which  are  fashionable  among  us,  there  are 
several,  which  are  denounced,  either  as  deleterious,  or 
at  least  perilous  to  our  morals,  by  a  large  and  respect- 
able portion  of  our  population.  This  is  not  the  oc- 
casion to  inquire  how  far  such  sentiments  are  correct. 
It  is  more  to  my  purpose  to  observe,  that  there  is,  I 
will  not  say,  no  ground,  but  no  pretext,  for  such  ob- 
jections against  the  pursuit  of  Horticulture.  He  must 
be  a  stern  and  astute  casuist  indeed,  who  can  detect 
any  thing  in  this  occupation,  tending  to  inflame,  to 
debase,  or  to  enfeeble  the  mind.  You  are  well 
aware,  on  the  contrary,  that  a  garden  has  been 
selected  by  all  poets  of  all  nations,  as  the  abode  of 
the  virtuous  in  a  future  state  ;  that  Horticulture  has 
often  been  recommended  by  the  strictest  moralists, 
not  only  as  a  soothing,  but  as  a  most  refining  occu- 
pation ;  and  that  the  wonders  of  creative  power,  with 


which  it  renders  us  conversant,  have  furnished  the 
natural  theologian  with  some  of  his  most  powerful 
and  impressive  arguments. 

It  is  an  additional  and  a  most  important  recom- 
mendation to  this  art,  that  it  does  not  call  upon  us  to 
cultivate  the  mind,  at  the  expense  of  the  body.  I 
have  already  said  that  we  are  a  grave,  and,  I  think  I 
may  add,  a  sedentary  people.  I  do  not  mean  to  say, 
that  we  are  not  disposed  to  occasional  locomotion, — 
such  an  assertion  is  not  lightly  to  be  made,  almost 
within  hearing  of  our  rail-road  cars.  But  I  speak  of 
the  constant  habits  of  our  community,  compared  with 
those  of  the  people  of  England,  and  of  most  other 
European  countries.  A  large,  and  certainly  not  un- 
important portion  of  our  citizens,  are  occupied  in 
professional  and  literary  pursuits,  and  among  these, 
with  one  important  qualification  to  be  presently 
noticed,  bodily  inactivity  seems  to  be  a  prevailing 
and  an  increasing  habit.  Besides,  many  of  the  rising 
generation,  at  least  in  our  largest  towns,  are  confined 
to  study,  during  by  far  the  greater  part  of  their 
waking;  hours.  It  is  not  for  me  to  determine  how 
far  this  confinement  is  necessary  or  beneficial,  in  the 
decree  to  which  it  is  now  carried.  It  is  for  those 
more  interested  to  decide,  whether,  in  endeavoring 
to  accelerate  the  march  of  mind,  we  have  not  forgot- 
ten, that  the  mind  is  vitally  connected  with  an  asso- 
ciate of  delicate  and  curious  structure  indeed,  but  of 
grosser  elements,  whose  wants  and  whose  welfare 
are,  nevertheless,  not  to  be  overlooked  with  impunity. 

If  there  be  evils  attendant  on  our  present  systems 
of  literary  discipline,  perhaps  the  greatest  is,  that 


6 

they  create  habits  of  bodily  indolence,  and  the 
scholar,  when  emancipated  from  the  dominion  of  his 
instructers,  and  invested  with  the  command  of  his 
own  time,  carries  with  him  a  fondness  for  sedentary 
amusements.  Consequently,  if  his  business  should 
be  also  of  a  sedentary  character,  his  whole  life,  ivhile 
it  lasts,  is  one  of  close  confinement.  At  any  rate, 
the  debilitated  health  of  many  of  our  most  distin- 
guished professional  men,  has  long  been  a  subject  of 
the  deepest  public  concern ;  and  to  no  cause  does  the 
evil  seem  to  be  more  imputed,  than  to  their  neglect 
of  habitual  exercise.  Why  else  is  it  that  our  clergy- 
men are  so  often  driven  from  the  desk,  and  our  law- 
yers interrupted  in  the  midst  of  their  most  intense 
and  important  labors,  while  our  physicians,  the  only 
class  of  professional  men,  who  are  compelled  to  pass 
much  of  their  time  in  bodily  motion,  are  proverbially 
healthy, — and  it  is  no  rare  spectacle  to  see  them  dis- 
pensing, in  their  own  case,  with  the  rules,  which  they 
feel  it  their  duty  to  prescribe  to  others.  That  amuse- 
ment, then,  is  certainly  to  be  highly  valued,  which 
calls  us  forth  into  the  open  air,  during  a  large  portion 
of  the  year,  and  by  its  double  operation  on  the  body 
and  mind,  contributes  at  once  to  our  strength  and 
spirits — two  objects  which  it  needs  no  physician  to 
inform  us  are  most  nearly  connected. 

It  is,  therefore,  a  highly  gratifying  fact,  that  the 
directors  of  several  of  our  literary  and  theological 
institutions,  have  labored  to  inspire  their  students 
with  a  taste  for  gardening,  and  have  furnished  them 
with  every  facility  for  its  cultivation.  For,  however 
incontestible  the  value  of  exercise,  every  one  knows, 


that  it  is  beneficial  to  a  great  degree  in  proportion  as 
it  is  agreeable  ;  that  of  two  descriptions  of  exercise, 
that  is  by  far  the  most  salutary  which  is  taken  with 
the  keenest  relish.  Compare  the  resolute  dyspeptic 
accomplishing  his  measured  walk  or  ride,  with  the 
same  dogged  pertinacity,  with  which  he  would  pre- 
pare himself  for  a  surgical  operation,  with  the  florist, 
culling  his  plants,  in  our  fine  woods,  or  cultivat- 
ing them  in  his  neat  garden,  while  hour  after  hour 
glides  by  unmarked,  and  the  sun  goes  down  upon 
him  in  the  midst  of  his  interesting  labors.  Compare, 
I  say,  these  individuals,  and  then  ask,  if  you  can, 
seriously,  which  is  pursuing  the  shorter  road  to 
health  and  cheerfulness. 

It  is  not,  however,  in  our  brilliant  though  short 
spring,  our  blazing  summer,  or  our  glorious  autumn, 
that  the  charms  of  this  art  are  most  deeply  felt,  but 
amid  the  rigors  of  our  stern  though  splendid  winter. 
It  is  then,  when  the  whole  vegetable  world  is  hushed 
in  dread  repose, — when  the  earth  is  covered  with  a 
sheet  of  ice,  as  with  a  plate  of  burnished  steel,  that 
Horticulture  proves  herself  a  true  friend  to  her  faith- 
ful votaries.  It  is  then  that  she  goes  with  them  to 
their  dwellings,  there  to  diffuse  her  soothing  and 
enlivening  influence,  while  all  without  is  wild  and 
desolate.  Who  would  not  court  the  visits  of  such 
an  inmate  ?  Who  but  would  delight  to  give  her  her 
appropriate  and  honorable  place  at  the  fireside  or  the 
window  ? 

This  art  is,  however,  something  more  than  a  mere 
passing  amusement.  It  well  deserves  to  be  cherished 
in  our  country,  for  the  auspicious  influence  which  it 


must  exert  on  the  manners  and  feelings  of  the  com- 
munity, should  a  taste  for  its  splendid  productions 
l)ecome  a  prevalent  one.  Mankind  have  found  by 
experience,  that  the  contemplation  of  what  is  grace- 
ful or  beautiful,  serves  to  correct  and  refine  the  taste, 
to  expand  and  elevate  the  understanding,  to  soften 
and  purify  the  heart.  How  these  results  are  pro- 
duced, it  is  for  the  metaphysician  to  explain,  if  he 
can ;  the  results  themselves  are  not  the  less  real  nor 
the  less  manifest.  It  is  on  this  principle,  that  the 
fine  arts  have  been  so  carefully  cherished  by  the 
ablest  statesmen  of  older  communities.  No  one, 
acquainted  with  the  history  or  condition  of  those 
communities,  can  doubt,  that  those  arts  have  done 
much  to  counteract  the  evils  of  defective  systems  of 
government,  and  to  supply  the  w^ant  of  general  edu- 
cation. With  us,  their  progress  must  be  for  a  long 
time,  for  obvious  and  cogent  reasons,  extremely  lim- 
ited,— at  least,  this  must  be  said  of  those  two  most 
delicate  arts,  painting  and  sculpture. 

It  is,  therefore,  a  most  fortunate  circumstance,  that 
we  can  supply  their  place  with  other  elegant  pur- 
suits, and,  among  these,  that  of  which  I  am  now 
speaking,  surely  deserves  a  most  conspicuous  rank. 
If  the  assiduous  contemplation  of  choice  specimens 
of  art  is  not  only  a  pleasing  but  a  most  useful  occu- 
pation, it  is  certainly  something  more  than  a  mere 
frivolous  amusement,  to  contemplate  these  lovely 
forms  of  vegetable  life,  with  which  Horticulture 
renders  us  conversant,  which,  to  say  the  least,  are 
neither  less  curious  nor  less  splendid.  If  an  exqui- 
site taste  for   the  beauties  of  fine  pictures  is  to  be 


deemed  an  elegant  accomplishment,  I  know  not  how 
an  equally  exquisite  taste  for  the  beauties  of  fine 
flowers,  should  deserve  any  less  honorable  title. 
"  Some  people,"  says  Cobbett,  in  his  usual  homely 
but  perspicuous  style,  "  may  think  that  flowers  are 
of  no  use,  that  they  are  nonsensical  things.  The 
same  may  be,  perhaps  with  more  reason,  said  of  pic- 
tures. For  my  part,  as  a  thing  to  keep  and  not  to 
sell ;  a  thing,  the  possession  of  which  is  to  give  me 
pleasure,  I  hesitate  not  a  moment  to  prefer  the  plant 
of  a  fine  carnation,  to  a  gold  watch  set  with  dia- 
monds." 

If,  however,  the  productions  of  the  gardener's 
labors  are  not  to  be  placed  in  the  same  rank  with 
the  works  of  the  painter  or  sculptor,  they  possess 
what,  in  our  country,  is  a  most  important  advantage 
over  them,  viz.  that  they  are  within  the  reach  of  the 
great  mass  of  our  community.  Pictures  and  statues 
are,  even  in  older  nations,  confined  to  the  precincts 
of  cities,  or  the  villas  of  the  opulent.  Not  so  with 
fine  flowers.  The  proprietor  of  the  smallest  farm  in 
the  country,  or  the  inhabitant  of  the  humblest  tene- 
ment in  the  city,  may  decorate  his  house  with  orna- 
ments, surpassing  in  richness  and  delicacy,  the  most 
costly  productions  of  the  upholsterer.  The  furnish- 
ing of  a  single  apartment  in  a  style  of  very  moderate 
splendor,  involves  a  greater  expense,  than  many 
florists  incur  at  seed-stores  and  nurseries,  during  the 
whole  course  of  their  lives.  Well,  then,  does  this 
art  deserve  encouragement,  in  our  republican  and 
economical  country. 
2 


10 

To  what  I  have  said  of  its  intellectual  and  moral 
effects,  I  should  add,  that,  were  it  generally  culti- 
vated, very  much  would  be  done  for  the  advancement 
of  its  kindred  art,  the  most  important,  by  far,  of  all 
arts,  Agriculture.  In  our  country,  where  land  is 
cheap  and  labor  high,  our  farmers  are  strongly  in- 
duced to  spread  their  efforts  over  a  large  surface,  to 
cultivate  a  great  extent  of  ground  superficially,  rather 
than  a  smaller  portion  thoroughly.  This  practice,  if 
justified  to  some  degree  by  the  circumstances  of  the 
country,  has  been  carried  quite  too  far  for  good  taste, 
or  even  good  economy.  Nothing  would  tend  more 
to  check  the  evils  consequent  on  such  a  system,  than 
the  general  practice  of  gardening.  It  is  in  a  garden, 
that  we  should  learn  those  principles  of  neatness  and 
order,  that  thoroughness  in  subdividing  and  enrich- 
ing the  soil,  that  war  of  extermination  against  weeds 
and  insects,  and,  above  all,  that  vigilance  in  embrac- 
ing precious  and  fleeting  opportunities,  which  are  the 
prominent  characteristics  of  the  thriving  farmer.  It 
is  by  this  cultivation  in  miniature,  so  to  speak,  that 
we  should  be  kept  from  despising  those  little  things 
which,  in  agriculture  as  in  every  thing  else,  must 
ever  be  duly  regarded  by  all  who  aspire  to  great 
results.  If  every  farmer  among  us  were,  also,  a 
florist, — and  every  farmer  may  be  one  to  a  consider- 
able degree, — the  neatness  and  precision  of  his  gar- 
dening operations,  would  soon  extend  itself, — if  not 
already  existing  there, — to  his  field  cultivation,  and 
our  villages  would  exhibit  much  of  that  exactness 
and  elegance,  so  conspicuous  and  so  pleasing  in  our 
Shaker  settlements. 


11 

I  repeat  it, — every  farmer,  and  I  may  almost  say, 
every  man  in  the  community,  may  be,  if  not  a  distin- 
guished, yet  a  skilful  florist.  One  would  suppose 
that  little  else  would  be  necessary  to  render  us  so, 
than  the  contemplation  of  the  splendid  example 
which  nature  has  set  us,  in  the  profusion  with  which 
she  has  scattered  over  our  land  the  choicest  treasures 
of  the  vegetable  world.  America  may  be  denomin- 
ated the  classic  ground  of  the  botanist ;  and,  as  the 
painter  or  sculptor  visits  Italy,  to  study  the  wondrous 
works  of  Raphael  or  Angelo,  so  to  the  admirer  of 
magnificent  and  beautiful  plants,  no  country  can  pre- 
sent more  interesting  objects  than  ours.  None  is 
endowed  with  a  richer  variety  of  indigenous  produc- 
tions ;  from  the  pine,  whose  summit  seems  lost  in 
the  clouds,  to  the  velvet  carpeting  of  mosses  which 
overspreads  the  margin  of  the  rivulet.  We  possess 
many  wild  flowers,  which  want  no  other  recommen- 
dation than  that  of  rarity,  to  entitle  them  to  rank 
with  the  most  costly  exotics.  Witness  the  stately 
Rhododendrons  of  Medfield,  and  the  spicy  Magnolias 
of  Cape-Ann.  What  spectacle  can  be  more  magnifi- 
cent than  that  presented  by  our  woods  on  the  banks 
of  the  Connecticut,  when  their  shady  recesses  are 
absolutely  illuminated  with  the  brilliant  and  clus- 
tered blossoms  of  the  Mountain  Laurel.  Above  all, 
what  exotic  can  surpass  our  Pond-Lily  ? — a  flower, 
rivaling  in  beauty  the  far-famed  night-blooming 
Cereus, — possessing,  too,  a  most  delicious  fragrance, 
which  is  altogether  denied  to  its  kindred  in  the 
Eastern  world,  and  which  is  so  delicate  and  ethereal, 
that  all   the  power  of  Chemistry  is  insufficient  to 


12. 

arrest  and  retain  it.  The  Rose  has  been  long 
denominated,  by  the  consent  of  the  civilized  world, 
the  queen  of  flowers,  and  far  be  it  from  me  to  dis- 
parage her  pretensions ;  but  if  the  choice  were  now 
to  be  made,  we  might  call  upon  her  to  divide,  at 
least,  her  rojal  honors,  with  this  splendid  nymph  of 
these  western  waters. 

In  these  remarks,  I  have  confined  myself  to  the 
culture  of  flowers,  because  this  is  a  branch  of  horti- 
culture accessible  to  all.  From  the  raising  of  trees, 
most  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  city  are  altogether 
debarred.  Our  few  remaining  gardens  are  rapidly 
vanishing  before  the  spirit  of  improvement.  In  a 
short  period,  their  places  will  be  supplied  by  massive 
structures  of  brick  or  stone,  and  our  magnificent 
Common  may  be  the  only  green  spot  in  our  penin- 
sula. Those  of  you  who  enjoy  facilities  for  the  pro- 
pagation of  fruit-trees,  need  no  admonitions  from  me 
to  improve  them.  Few  of  us  can  hope  to  render 
greater  service  to  the  community,  than  those  who 
are  thus  occupied.  If  he,  who  makes  two  spires  of 
grass  grow,  where  one  grew  before,  is  a  public  bene- 
factor, what  shall  we  say  of  him,  who  introduces,  or 
who  disseminates  a  new  and  delicious  variety  of 
fruit,  and  thus  contributes  to  the  innocent  and  salu- 
tary pleasures,  not  only  of  his  cotemporaries,  but  of 
multitudes  yet  unborn  ?  The  gratification  thus  min- 
istered to  each  individual,  singly,  may  be  deemed 
trifling  ;  but  when  we  consider  the  number  so  grati- 
fied, how  immense  is  the  aggregate  of  human  enjoy- 
ment. 

How  long  and  how  gratefully  must  such  a  gift  be 


13 

remembered.  Of  what  moment  to  us,  are  the  un- 
daunted valor  and  consummate  generalship  displayed 
by  Lucullus,  in  his  victories  over  Mithridates.  They 
served  only  to  bring  one  more  gallant  monarch  into 
subjection,  to  that  haughty  and  gigantic  povs^er, 
whose  iron  sceptre  has  long  since  been  shattered, 
to  add  one  more  jewel  to  the  diadem,  which  has 
been  for  ages  trampled  in  the  dust.  But  the  taste 
and  assiduity  of  the  Roman  general,  in  naturalizing 
the  cherry-tree  to  the  climate  of  Europe,  has  enti- 
tled him  to  the  grateful  commemoration  of  sixty 
generations.  The  empire,  which  France  labored  to 
establish  on  our  continent,  has  long  since  passed 
away.  The  chain  of  fortresses,  which  she  erected 
on  our  northern  and  western  borders,  wdth  so  much 
skill,  and  at  such  a  cost,  is  rapidly  vanishing  from 
our  soil.  Her  very  language  is  fast  departing  from 
those  regions,  before  the  silent  and  peaceful  progress 
of  our  institutions.  But  the  orchards  of  magnificent 
and  venerable  pear-trees,  planted  by  French  colonists 
on  the  banks  of  the  beautiful  Detroit  river,  yet 
remain,  a  noble  monument  to  the  honor  of  the  parent 
country  of  modern  Horticulture. 

How  few  can  hope  for  a  reputation  so  extensive, 
so  enduring,  and  so  enviable,  as  that  which  will  be 
awarded,  both  in  his  country  and  ours,  to  Thomas 
Andrew  Knight.  How  long  and  how  highly  shall 
we  honor  this  high-minded  Englishman,  as  the  disin- 
terested and  unwearied  benefactor  of  our  infant  Hor- 
ticulture ?  How  nobly  has  he  exemplified  the  great 
truths,  that  the  firmest  loyalty  to  our  own  country  is 
compatible  with  the  utmost  liberality  towards  others  ; 


14 

and,  that  when  the  culture  of  the  soil  is  in  question, 
our  views  should  know  no  other  bounds,  than  those 
of  the  great  family  of  man.  A  few  years,  I  trust, 
will  show,  that  there  are  those  among  us  who  emu- 
late his  achievements,  as  I  am  sure  there  are  many 
who  partake  of  his  spirit.  I  speak  from  high  author- 
ity, when  I  say,  that  the  friends  of  Horticulture  in 
Europe  are  turning  their  eyes  anxiously  to  our  coun- 
try. They  are  looking  to  our  bright  skies  and  fresh 
soil,  for  new  varieties  of  delicious  fruits,  to  supply 
the  place  of  those,  which,  after  centuries  of  exist- 
ence, are  at  last  passing  away.  Hopes  so  just  and 
reasonable,  are  surely  not  destined  to  return  void. 

I  have  thus  endeavored  to  state  some  of  the  prin- 
cipal motives  which  should  excite  us  to  the  pursuit 
of  Horticulture.  There  has  been  much  unsaid,  and, 
probably,  much  unthought  of  on  my  part,  which  your 
own  reflections  may  readily  suggest  to  you.  I  have 
detained  you  longer  than  I  intended ;  but  I  should 
be  obliged  to  make  a  large  additional  demand  on  your 
patience,  were  I  to  bestow  even  a  passing  notice  on 
many  important  and  appropriate  topics  which  I  have 
passed  over  in  silence.  I  have  said  nothing,  for  in- 
stance, of  the  raising  of  ornamental  trees,  nothing  of 
that  most  interesting  spot,  the  Cemetery  at  Mount 
Auburn.  These  omissions  are  of  the  less  conse- 
quence, as  so  much  has  been  said  on  these  topics, 
and  so  well  said,  on  former  occasions.  And  now  let 
me  ask  those  of  you  who  are  parents,  one  simple 
question.  Is  there  a  taste  for  any  ornamental  pursuit 
which  you  would  behold  springing  up  in  the  minds  of 
your  children,  with  more  pleasure,  and  with  less  ap- 


15 

prehension,  than  a  taste  for  Horticulture  ?  If  it  be 
thus,  it  is  surely  an  important  subject  of  inquiry  how 
such  a  taste  may  best  be  created,  increased,  or  dis- 
seminated. 

And  here  I  may  be  told,  that,  when  I  speak  of 
creating  a  taste  of  this  description,  I  speak  of  what  is 
impossible  ;  that  it  is  exclusively  the  gift  of  Nature  ; 
that  where  she  has  bestowed  it,  little  culture  is  requi- 
site, and  where  she  has  withheld  it,  all  effort  is  un- 
availing. It  is  not  necessary  to  maintain  that  nature 
has  made  no  difference  between  individuals  in  this 
respect,  but  I  am  warranted  in  saying,  that,  in  this,  as 
in  many  other  instances,  what  we  call  nature  is  noth- 
ing but  early  habit  or  early  association.  This  has 
been  shown  in  much  stronger  cases,  than  that  which 
we  are  now  considering.  Can  any  suppose,  that  if  we 
were  all  conversant  with  fine  flowers  from  our  infancy, 
if  every  porch  could  boast  its  festoons  of  honeysuckle, 
every  fence  its  clusters  of  roses,  and  every  window 
its  ranges  of  bulbs,  nothing  would  be  done  towards 
rendering  Horticulture  a  general  and  a  favorite  pursuit. 
Those  who  think  thus  must  deny  all  that  has  hitherto 
been  believed,  respecting  the  spirit  of  improvement, 
the  power  of  habit,  and  the  force  of  example. 

It  was  the  wish,  then,  to  create  and  diffuse  a  taste 
for  Horticulture,  which  led  to  the  foundation  of  our 
society.  To  the  merit  of  introducing  this  art  among 
us,  the  society  makes  no  pretension.  It  already  ex- 
isted in  a  considerable  degree,  more  especially  in  this 
city  and  its  delightful  environs,  and  in  other  large 
towns.  There  were  men  among  us  conspicuous  for 
their  talents  and  public  spirit,  as  displayed  in  their 


16 

services  to  many  of  our  most  valuable  institutions, 
but  who  had  no  where  labored  more  zealously,  more 
disinterestedly,  or  more  successfully,  both  by  precept 
and  example,  than  in  behalf  of  our  Horticulture. 
There  were  those  of  retired  habits,  who  had  found 
in  this  art  an  exhaustless  and  a  most  dignified  occu- 
pation, for  their  many  intervals  of  leisure ;  and  there 
were  men  deeply  immersed  in  active  business,  pur- 
suing their  respective  callings  amidst  all  the  dust  and 
bustle  of  the  city,  among  scenes  apparently  the  most 
uncongenial  to  every  thing  rural,  whose  gardens  and 
windows  yet  bore  splendid  testimony  to  their  suscep- 
tibility to  the  charms  of  nature,  and  their  skill  in 
calling  forth  her  wonder-working  powers.  These 
facts  spoke  much  for  the  taste  and  refinement  of  our 
community,  and  not  a  little,  certainly,  for  the  charms 
of  Horticulture. 

Of  most  of  those  individuals  to  whom  I  refer,  I 
am  forbidden  to  speak  as  I  could  wish,  by  the  delica- 
cy which  we  owe  to  all  within  the  circle  of  our  per- 
sonal intercourse.  I  must  be  permitted,  however,  to 
allude  particularly  to  one,  who  has  lately  retired  from 
that  circle  ;  I  mean  the  gentleman  who  has  presided 
over  our  society,  ever  since  its  formation,  but  who  for 
many  years  previous,  had  devoted  much  of  his  time 
and  thoughts  to  Agriculture  and  Horticulture.  You 
well  know,  my  friends,  how  he  has  labored  in  our 
cause.  You  are  all  aware  of  the  aid  which  it  has 
derived  from  his  powerful  and  accomplished  mind, 
his  unwearied  industry,  and  his  elevated  character. 
His  services  will  long  be  respectfully  and  gratefully 
remembered,  and  I  am  sure  that  I  speak  in  the  name 


17 

not  only  of  all  who  hear  me,  but  of  all  who  know 
him,  when  I  express  the  best  wishes  for  his  health 
and  happiness.  Wherever  he  may  go,  though  no 
longer  among  us,  he  will  never  cease  to  be  of  us. 

But  whatever  may  have  been  the  progress  of 
Horticulture  in  Massachusetts,  previous  to  the  for- 
mation of  this  Society,  it  was  still  rather  a  solitary 
than  a  social  pursuit.  Every  one  pursued  his  own 
course, — neither  acquainted,  to  any  great  degree, 
with  the  improvements  of  his  neighbor,  nor  assisted 
by  his  advice,  nor  excited  by  his  success.  Horticul- 
ture had  its  own  charms  to  recommend  it,  and  these 
were  many  and  various,  but  its  cause  wanted  all  that 
aid,  which  is  derived  from  the  union  of  numbers, 
deeply  interested,  in  the  pursuit  of  a  common  and 
favorite  object.  Our  society  was  established  to  rem- 
edy this  important  disadvantage,  to  bring  the  friends 
of  Horticulture  into  close  contact,  to  afford  induce- 
ments for  that  social  interchange  of  sentiment,  from 
which  the  mind  gains  new  light,  and  the  feelings 
new  warmth  ;  to  diffuse  knowledge,  to  correct  error, 
and  to  call  into  action  those  master-spirits  of  the 
human  mind,  the  spirit  of  emulation,  and  the  spirit  of 
improvement. 

Of  the  merits  of  the  Society,  we  leave  the  public 
to  judge.  Its  success  has  surpassed  the  expectations 
of  its  most  sanguine  members.  Those  who  wish  to 
know  the  extent  of  that  success,  are  referred  to  our 
nurseries,  our  markets,  and  our  fruit-stores.  In  the 
retrospect  of  our  progress,  we  ought  not  to  forget, 
how  much  our  hands  have  been  strengthened,  and 
our  spirits  cheered,  by  the  friendly  encouragement 
3 


18 

we  have  received  from  other  horticultural  societies. 
More  especially  should  we  acknowledge  the  courte- 
ous and  flattering  attentions  bestowed  on  our  society 
in  its  infancy,  by  those  of  London  and  Paris,  and  of 
New- York,  a  city  which  has  added  to  its  other  high 
claims  to  distinction,  that  of  taking  the  lead  in 
American  Horticulture.  Our  public  authorities  of 
the  state  and  city,  have  not  been  wanting  in  bestow- 
ing upon  us  their  support  and  favor,  within  their 
respective  spheres  of  operation.  We  are  indebted  to 
the  Legislature,  for  the  enactment  of  most  just  and 
wise  provisions  for  the  protection  of  our  gardens  and 
orchards, — laws  which,  we  trust,  will  be  powerfully 
effective,  not  only  as  a  terror  to  evil-doers,  but  in 
creating  a  wholesome  public  sentiment  and  diffusing 
through  the  community  a  proper  respect  for  the  rights 
of  the  industrious  gardener  to  the  fruits  of  his  science 
and  assiduity.  It  is  owing  to  the  courtesy  of  our 
city  government,  that  we  are  now  enabled  to  assem- 
ble in  this  spacious  and  renowned  Hall.  The  specta- 
cle before  you  owes  much  of  its  splendor  to  the  kind- 
ness and  liberality  of  those  individuals,  who  have 
consented  to  expose  on  this  occasion,  I  am  sure  I 
ought  to  say  to  hazard,  the  choicest  productions  of 
their  gardens  and  green-houses.  That  our  fellow- 
citizens  generally  are  not  indifferent  to  our  success, 
is  a  fact  of  which  we  need  no  other  proof  than  the 
audience  who  have  this  day  honored  us  with  their 
presence,  and  I  have  only  to  say,  that  I  can  have  no 
fears  for  the  success  of  Horticulture,  while  I  see  our 
exhibitions  thus  supplied  and  thus  countenanced. 


SIXTH   ANNIVERSARY 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


The  sixth  Anniversary  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  So- 
ciety was  celebrated  on  the  ITth,  18th,  and  19th  September,  by 
a  public  exhibition  of  fruits  and  flowers,  in  Fanueil  Hall.  The 
display  surpassed  the  most  sanguine  anticipations  of  the  friends 
of  the  Society,  and  the  Amateurs  of  that  rural  improvement,  in 
which  nature  and  art  combine  to  produce  the  fairest  objects, 
which  can  decorate  the  splendid  abodes  of  affluence,  or  the  hum- 
ble retreats  of  rural  felicity.  It  was  a  subject  of  delightful  con- 
templation to  behold  the  "Cradle  of  Liberty"  converted,  as  it 
were,  by  enchantment,  into  the  Temple  of  Flora  and  the  Palace 
of  Pomona.  The  Champions  of  American  Independence,  whose 
portraits  adorn  the  walls  of  the  venerated  fabric,  appeared  to  look 
with  complacence  on  the  effbrts  of  the  Society  to  decorate  the 
theatre  of  their  exertions,  which  gave  Independence  and  National 
Liberty  to  our  common  country  ;  and  splendid  realities  combined 
with  pleasing  reminiscences  to  "lend  enchantment  to  the  scene." 

At  12  o'clock  on  the  17th,  an  Address  was  delivered  by  John 
C.  Gray,  Esq.  which  was  all  the  occasion  demanded,  or  which 
could  be  anticipated  by  the  most  ardent  friends  of  Horticulture. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  donations  of  Fruits  and  Flow- 
ers, which  were  contributed  in  aid  of  the  exhibition  : — 

From  Col.  T.  H.  Perkins,  Brookline,  (by  William  H.  Cowing,) 
Black  Hamburg,  White  do.  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  Saint 
Peters,  Black  Prince,  Muscat  of  Lunil,  White  Frontignac,  Grisly 
Frontignac,  Flame  colored  Tokay,  White  Chasselas  or  Sweet 
Water,  White  do.  of  Frontignac,  Frontignac,  Constantia  of  Byz- 
ant,  and  Isabella  Grapes.  A  large  basket  of  superb  Peaches  and 
Nectarines. 

Hon.  John  Lowell,  Roxbury — White  Pitmaston  Cluster  Grape, 
a  new  seedling,  very  hardy  and  early,  just  imported,  White  Ham- 
burg Grape,  and  a  basket  of  ripe  Figs. 

Hon.  Richard  Sullivan,  Brookline — Bartlett  Pears,  Black  Ham- 
burg Grapes,  and  fine  Nutmeg  Melon. 


20 

Z.  Cook,  Jr.  Esq.  Boston — Bartlett  Pears. 

John  Prince,  Esq.  Jamaica  Plains — French  Red,  Ilubbardston 
Nonesuch,  Reinette  du  Canada,  Court  pendu  gris,  Mela  Carla, 
Ribstone  Pippin,  Bucktnan's  Pearmain,  and  Blue  Pearmain  Ap- 
ples ;  Bloodgood's  Yellow  Winter,  Fulton,  Andrews,  Bon  Chre- 
tien, Catillac,  Long  Green,  Beurre  du  Roi,  and  Dr.  Hunt's  Pears. 

Micah  H.  Uuggles,  Fall  River — Wilbur  Pear,  (very  fine.) 

Elijah  Vose,  Dorchester — Capiaumont,  Urbaniste,  Bartlett, 
Passe  Colmar,  Lewis,  Wilkinson,  and  Mouille  Bouche  Pears  ; 
Red  Callville,  and  Spice  Apples;  Rock,  Persian,  Pine  Apple, 
and  Green  flesh  Cantaloup  Melons  ;  Royal  Purple  Chasselas,  and 
White  Chasselas  Grapes  ;  Grosse  Mignonne,  and  Morris  White 
Peaches. 

Samuel  Pond,  Cambridgeport — Red  Siberian  Crab  Apples  ; 
Bartlett,  Capiaumont,  and  Andrews  Pears;  Semiana  and  Yellow 
Egg  Plums;  Green  Catharine  Peaches;  Golden  and  White  Chas- 
selas Grapes;  Citron  Melon,  (for  preserves,)  Nutmeg  Melons; 
three  bottles  of  Wine,  made  from  the  Isabella  Grape. 

E.  M.  Richards,  Dedham — Red  Juneating  and  Benoni  Apples  ; 
Long  Green,  Gris  Bonne,  and  Harvard  Pears. 

Capt.  John  Mackay,  Weston — Hawthorndean  Apples  ;  Seckle 
Pears,  (very  fine  ;)  Yellow  Melacoton  Peaches;  Citron  Melons. 

Joseph  Balch,  Roxbury — Pumpkin  Sweeting  and  Horthorndean 
Apples  ;  Heathcot  Pears. 

James  Read,  Roxbury — Noblesse  Peaches,  (on  branches  ;) 
Black  Hamburg  Grapes ;  Jacques,  Large  Rareripe  or  Melacoton 
Peaches,  (very  beautiful.) 

Marshall  P.  Wilder,  Dorchester — Iron  and  Rousellet  Pears  ; 
Sweet  Water  and  Isabella  Grapes. 

M.  R.  and  E.  Marsh — Porter  Apples;  Gushing,  Fall  Bon 
Chretien,  Seckle,  and  Bartlett  Pears. 

N.  E.  Glines,  Boston — Apples. 

William  E.  Otis  &  Co.  Boston — Apples. 

John  A.  Kenrick,  Newton — Nonesuch,  Hubbardston,  Newton, 
and  P».ibstone  Pippin  Apples  ;  Kenrick's  Heath,  Red  and  Yellow 
Rareripe,  Carolina,  Kennedy  Clingstone  Jacques,  and  White 
Peaches  ;  Nectarines  ;  Capiaumont  Pears. 

George  Pierce,  Charlestown — Porter  Apples,  Philadelphia  Pip- 
pins. 

C.  Cowing,  Roxbury — Bartlett  Pears  ;  Red  Melacoton  Peaches. 

E.  Breed,  Esq. — Brown  Beurre,  Brocas  Burgamotte  Pears, 
(growing  on  dwarf  trees.) 

Cheever  Newhall — Bartlett,  Bleeker's  Meadow,  Bon  Chretien, 
and  Andrews  Pears. 

Dr.  S.  A.  Shurtleff,  Pemberton's  Hill,  Boston— Saint  Michael's 
Pears;  Seckle,  Rousellet  de  Rheims,  Gansels  or  Broca's  Burga- 
motte, White  Chasselas  Grapes,  (open  culture  ;)  Red  Rareripe 
Peaches. 


21 

Samuel  Svveetser,  Cambridgeport — Rushmore  Bon  Chretien 
Pear. 

Thomas  Mason,  Charlestown — Royal  George,  Belegarde,  and 
Royal  Kensington  Peaches  ;  Elruge  and  Brugnon  Nectarines ; 
Black  Hamburg,  Lombardy,  Black  St.  Peters,  Red  Plamburg,  and 
White  Sweetwater  Grapes. 

Benjamin  V.  French,  Esq.  Boston — Nonesuch,  Black  of  Cox, 
and  Double  Flowering  Chinese  Apples  ;  Bartlctt,  TiUington,  and 
Beurre  Von  Marun  Pears  ;  Arabian  Cabbage. 

Jacob  Tidd,  Roxbury — two  clusters  Nice  Grapes,  one  weighing 
6  1-2  lbs.  and  one  5  lbs.;  two  Long  Water  Melons. 

Messrs.  Winships,  Brighton — Jacques,  Cutter's  Yellow  and 
Royal  Peaches. 

E.  Bartlett — Capiaumont,  Bartlett,  Fulton,  Sylvanche  Verte, 
Passe  Colmar,  and  Seckle  Pears  ;  Wax  Peaches  ;  Pine  Apple 
and  Green  Cantaloup  Melons. 

Robert  Manning,  Salem — A  valuable  collection  of  Pears,  con- 
sisting of  forty-four  different  kinds,  and  embracing  many  of  the 
new  varieties,  which  have  been  recently  introduced  into  this 
country. 

Hamilton  Davidson,  Charlestown — Belegarde  Peaches  ;  Seckle 
Pears. 

T.  Bigelow,  Medford — Royal  Charlotte  Peaches,  (superb.) 

Charles  Taylor,  Esq.  Dorchester — a  basket  of  fine  Black  Ham- 
burg Grapes. 

Messrs.  Hovey— Bartlett  and  Johonnet  Pears ;  Noblesse  Peaches; 
Semiana  Plums  ;  White  Chasselas  and  Black  Hamburg  Grapes, 
(cultivated  in  pots.) 

J.  T.  Wheelwright — Solanum  Melongena,  Purple  and  White. 

D.  L.  Jones,  gardener  to  James  Arnold,  Esq.  New-Bedford — 
Black  Hamburg  Grapes,  (a  fine  specimen  ;)  also,  a  Rustic  Chair, 
presented  to  the  Society  ;  Early  Lees  Anglo  and  Queen  Anne 
Plums. 

Benjamin  Gigger,  Waltham — Orange  Clingstone  Peaches,  (ex- 
cellent.) 

R.  Ward,  Roxbury — Bartlett  and  Seckle  Pears:  English  and 
Lima  Beans. 

Jonas  Clarke,  Waltham — Red  Rareripe  Peaches. 

Charles  Smith,  Waltham — large  Water  Melons,  (one  weighed 
forty  pounds.) 

David  Stone,  Waltham — large  Melons. 

Timothy  Corey,  Brookline — two  Cabbages,  (each  weighing 
twenty  pounds.) 

J.  M.  Ives,  Salem — a  new  variety  of  Squash,  from  the  western 
part  of  the  state,  very  early,  and  keeps  remarkably  well  through 
the  winter,  (supposed  a  hybrid.) 

J.  Coolidge,  Boston — Harvard  and  Andrews  Pears. 

H.  Davenport,  Milton — Bon  Chretien  Pears. 


22 

J.  Hill — Bartlett  Pears;  Red  Ripe  Peaches,  (excellent;)  Por- 
ter Apples. 

Thomas  McCarty — Peaches. 

A  D.  Williams — Grapes  (on  vines,)  and  Valparaiso  Squashes. 

Samuel  G.  Perkins,  Esq. — large  basket,  containing  Black  Ham- 
burg, Zinfindal,  Constantia,  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  White 
Muscat,  or  Frontignac,  Portugal,  and  Purple  Oval  Grapes  ;  Yel- 
low, Admirable,  Morris  White,  Melter,  Pine  Apple,  and  Paris 
Peaches. 

G.  W.  Ward,  Shewsbury — Apples  from  a  tree  that  never  blos- 
soms ;  no  seed  nor  core  :  has  been  in  bearing  twenty  years. 

Mr.  Davis — Heathcot  Pears. 

Mr.  Tombs — Clingstone  Peaches. 

Mr.  Balfour,  Charlestown— Isabella  Grapes,  open  culture,  girdled. 

Richard  Dascomb,  Boston — Orange  Gourds. 

A.  T.  Penniman,  Boston — White  Chasselas  Grapes. 

W.  Oliver,  Roxbury — Cornelian  Cherries. 

Mrs.  J.  C.  Jones,  Somerset-place,  Boston — Egg  Plums,  very  fine. 
For  the  Committee, 

S.  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Chairman. 


REPORT 

Of  the  Committee  appointed  to  name  and  label  the  Plants  and  Flowers  ex- 
hibited at  Fanueil  Hall  on  the  17th,  18th,  and  19th  September,  1834. 

The  display  of  the  various  plants  and  flowers  which  decorated 
the  Hall,  was  splendid  beyond  description ;  and  far  exceeded 
the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  the  committee.  Although  the 
proper  season  to  show  hot-house  and  green-house  plants  to 
advantage,  is  during  the  spring  months,  when  they  are  in  full 
bloom  and  beauty,  yet  many  varieties,  especially  those  with  ever- 
green foliage,  are  pleasing  and  interesting  objects  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year.  Many  of  the  species  presented,  were  very  choice 
and  rare.  There  might  be  seen  the  Banana  of  the  West-Indies, 
the  Fig  from  Persia,  the  Coffee  from  Arabia,  the  Lemon, 
Orange,  Pomegranate,  and  Sago-Palm,  with  many  other  inter- 
esting plants,  natives  of  a  tropical  clime.  Among  those  orna- 
mental, as  well  as  useful,  were  the  variegated  Holly,  Myrtle, 
Laurel,  Magnolia,  Acuba,  Box-tree,  Aloes,  and  the  elegant  India- 
rubber  tree.  Some  were  remarkable  for  either  their  curious 
foliage  or  flowers,  as  the  Arum,  Pourretia,  Eucalyptus,  Nandina, 
Cactus,  &LC.  Others  for  their  delightful  and  agreeable  odor,  as 
the  Hedychium  gardnerianum,  Polyanthes  tuberosa.  Pancratium 
Funkia,  Jasminum,  &c.  &c.  Those  conspicuous  for  the  splen- 
dor of  their  rich  and  brilliant  colors,  were  the  Erythrina  picta, 
near  eight  feet  in  height ;  the  Vallota  purpurea  (once  Amaryllis) 


23 

with  six  expanded  flowers  ;  the  Gladiolus  natalensls,  with  three 
tall  spikes,  and  numbering  near  twenty  open  flowers,  which,  for 
magnificence  of  bloom,  can  be  eclipsed  but  by  few  plants  at  this 
season  of  the  year.  Among  the  various  flowers  and  charming 
bouquets  which  adorned  the  tables,  was  a  large  collection  of  the 
superbly  splendid  Georgina,  (Dahlia)  amounting,  from  all  the 
contributors,  to  nearly  five  hundred  flowers.  There  was,  also,  a 
beautiful  variety  of  the  lovely  China  and  German  Asters.  The 
committee  cannot,  however,  among  such  a  numerous  assemblage 
of  Flora's  beauties,  particularize  all  which  deserve  notice  ;  but 
submit  the  following  Report  : — 

From  John  Lowell,  Esq.  Roxbury.  A  fine  specimen  of  the 
Erythrina  picta,  and  Justicia  picta, — rare  plants ; — two  fine 
plants  of  Citrus  decumana,  with  eight  or  ten  ripe  fruit,  some  of 
which  measured  five  inches  in  diameter, — being  three  inches 
more  in  circumference  than  a  specimen  of  the  same  fruit,  exhib- 
ited at  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  and  which  received  its 
premium  last  year.  A  fine  plant  of  the  Banana  tree,  (Musa 
sapientium)  with  other  rare  and  choice  plants. 

From  J.  P.  Gushing,  Esq.  Watertown.  Fine  plants  of  the 
Lemon  and  Orange,  (Citrus  limonum  and  aurantiacea)  Apollo's 
Laurel,  (Laurus  nobilis,)  Myrtus  communis,  Acuba  japonica, 
Buxus  arborescens  var.  aurantiacea,  Hydrangea,  Polyanthus 
tuberosa,  &c.  &c. 

From  John  Lemist,  E.sq.  Roxbury.  Eugenia  myrtifolia.  Fuch- 
sia coccinea,  Acacia  armata.  Ericas,  &c.  &c.  Fine  plants  of 
the  Aloe  (Agave  americana)  Yucca  gloriosa,  Citrus  myrtifolia, 
and  vulgaris,  var.  variegata,  and  a  splendid  specimen  of  the 
Cycas  revoluta,  (Sago  Palm.) 

From  John  Prince,  Esq.  Roxbury.  Large  plants  of  Lemon 
and  Orange  trees,  Cycas  revoluta  (Sago  Palm)  and  Agave  Amer- 
icana, Hoya  carnosa,  Diosma  alba,  Hedycliium  gardnerianum, 
(very  fragrant,)  Acuba  japonica,  &c.  &lc. 

From  J.  T.  Wheelwright,  Esq.  Solanum  melongena,  purpurea 
and  alba  (Egg  plants)  pseudo  capsicum  (Jerusalem  cherry)  Gom- 
phrena  globosa,  Aster  sinensis,  &c.  &c. 

From  Charles  Senior,  Roxbury.  Rhododendron  hybridum, 
Myrtus  communis.  Camellia  japonica.  Citrus  aurantiaum,  Vibur- 
num tinus,  &c.  A  beautiful  plant  of  the  Ficus  elasticus  (India 
rubber  tree)  and  Cactus  melocactus. 

From  William  E.  Payne,  Esq.  Waltham.  Three  fine  large 
Orange  trees,  (Citrus  aurantium)  Citrus  limonum.  Begonia, 
Fuchsia  coccinea,  Daphne  odora,  &/C.  &c. 

From  William  Pratt,  Esq.  Watertown.  Elegant  plants  of  the 
Ilex  variegata,  (variegated  Holly)  Buxus  arborescens  var  auran- 
tiacea, Diosma  alba,  Citrus  vulgaris  var  variegata,  and  Viburnum 
tinus.  Justicia  picta,  Hoya  carnosa,  Cassia  Isevigata,  Aloysia 
citriodora,  &c.  &c. 


24 

From  Mr.  N.  Davenport,  Milton.  Agave  americana,  Ver- 
bena trifolia,  Cassia,  &,c.  &lc. 

From  Joseph  P.  Bradlee,  Esq.  Boston.  Citrus  limonum,  Rho- 
dodendron, Cammellia  japonica  a/ba,  and  variegata,  Myrtus  com- 
munis, Erica  mediterrania,  Gardinia,  Acuba,  Pittosporum,  Citrus, 
Polyanthus  tuberosa,  &c.  &c. 

From  Samuel  Appieten,  Esq.  Boston.  A  magnificent  plant  of 
the  Ficus  elasticus,  (India  rubber  tree)  about  ten  feet  in  height. 

From  Thomas  Dowse,  Esq.  Cambridgcport.  A  fine  plant  of 
Myrtus  communis,  in  full  bloom, — and  Fig-tree,  (Ficus  carica) 
with  fruit. 

From  Mr.  Samuel  Sweetser,  Cambridgeport.  A  fine  plant  of 
the  Ilex  variegata,  Diosma  alba,  Phlomis  fructicosa.  Erica,  Sem- 
pervivium,  Myrtus  communis,  &c.  &c. 

Gladiolus  natalensis,  (called  psittacinus)  presented  by  Mr. 
Sweetser,  was  one  of  the  most  rich  and  gorgeous  plants  which 
ornamented  the  Hall.  It  is  of  late  introduction,  never  flowering 
here  before  this  season.  It  will,  probably,  be  considered  as  one 
of  the  finest  varieties  of  bulbs  vvliich  decorate  the  flower  garden. 

From  Mr.  Isaac  Livermore,  Cambridgeport.  Nerium  oleandar, 
and  a  fine  large  plant  of  Hydrangea  hortensis. 

From  Messrs.  Hovey,  Cambridgeport.  Fine  plants  of  Gom- 
phrena  globosa,  and  Fuchsia  coccinea,  Maurandia  semperflorens 
and  Citrus  limonum.  A  Black  Hamburgh  Grape-vine,  growing 
in  a  pot,  and  bearing  twenty  fine  clusters,  weighing  nearly  half  a 
pound  to  the  bunch, — only  eighteen  months  from  the  cutting, 
and  remarkable  for  producing  such  a  crop  of  fruit  ;  and,  also, 
showing  what  a  quantity  of  fine  fruit  can  be  cultivated  in  a  small 
space  of  earth. 

From  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge,  by  William  Carter. 
The  following  very  rare  plants, — Astrapsea  Wallichii  Hakea 
saligna,  Pourretia  spinosa,  Banksia  serrulata,  Ficus  elasticus, 
Coffea  arabica,  (coffee-tree)  Vallota  purpurea,  (splendid)  Melas- 
toma,  Eugenia,  Nandina,  Eucalyptus,  Lantana,  Ardisia,  Mela- 
leuca, and  Fuchsia  Thompsonia,  Prolea  argentea  (silver-tree) 
Hoya  carnosa,  &c.  (S:,c. 

From  M.  P.  Wilder,  Esq.  Dorchester.  A  splendid  plant  of 
the  Camellia  japonica  fl.  pi.  alba,  Eugenia  jambos,  and  Acacia 
lophanta.  Strelitzia,  Melianthus,  Echium,  Ilex  variegata,  Pit- 
tosporum, Agave  americana,  retusa  and  lingua,  Myrtus,  Acuba, 
Cycas  revoluta,  Arum  esculentum,  Citrus  vulgaris,  &c.  &c. 

From  J.  W.  Boot,  Esq.  Plumbago  capensis,  Begonia  discolor 
and  a  Pancratium,  very  beautiful. 

From  Charles  Taylor,  Esq.  Dorchester.  Acacia  lophanta. 
Gardenia  florida,  Pelargonium  argentea.  Citrus  vulgaris  and,  V. 
variegata.  Cassia,  &c.  &c. 

From  Madame  Eustis,  Roxbury.  Fine  large  Orange  and 
Lemon  trees,  (Citrus)  Acuba  japonica  and  Yucca  gloriosa  (beau- 


25 

tiful  in  bloom,)  Agave  araericana,  Hoya  carnosa,  Myrtus  com- 
munis, Hydrangea  hortensis,  Aloysia  citriodora,  die.  &c. 

From  E.  Breed,  Esq.  Charlestown.  Brown  Beurre  and  Broca's 
Bergamot  Dwarf  Pear  trees  in  pots,  bearing  fine  fruit,  Diosma 
alba,  Lantana,  Pittosporum,  Myrtus,  Acuba,  Portulacea,  Arum, 
Rhododendron,  Phlomis,  Rosa,  Viburnum,  Agave  Americana, 
fcc.  &LC.  China  Asters  and  Coxcombs,  in  pots. 

Fom  Messrs.  Winship,  Brighton.  A  fine  plant  of  Corra^a  alba, 
and  Aspidium  exaltalum.  Hedychium  gardneriarum,  Metrosi- 
deros.  Acacia  lophanta,  a  branch  of  the  Shepardia  eleagnoides 
(Buffalo  berry,)  &c.  &c. 

From  Thomas  Willott,  Boston.  A  fine  plant  in  full  blossom 
of  Lagerstraemia  indica  (crape  myrtle,)  Myrtus  Agave  Americana, 
Crassula,  Nerium,  Begonia,  Cactus,  Acuba,  Viburnum,  Roses, 
Geraniums,  &c. 

From  Joseph  G.  Joy,,  Esq.  Boston,  Two  fine  large  Orange 
trees. 

From  William  Upham,  Esq.  Boston.  Two  Orange  trees,  Myr- 
tus communis  and  Jasminum  nitidum. 

From  D.  S.  Townsend,  Esq.  Boston.  A  fine  large  Myrtus 
communis,  Acuba  japonica,  and  Viburnum  tinus.  Agave  Amer- 
icana, Vinca  rosea,  Crassula  arborea,  Orange  tree  and  Pome- 
granate. 

From  Mr.  Thomas  Mason,  Charlestown.  Acacia  armata  and 
lophanta,  Aloysia  citriodora,  Daphne,  Viburnum,  Erica,  Fuchsia, 
Rosa,  Myrtus,  Gardinia,  Punicea,  Rhododendron  maximum  var. 
album  and  roseum  and  Catawbiense.  A  beautiful  plant  of  the 
Magnolia  grandiflora,  Diosma,  &c.  «fec. 

From  Mrs.  Bigelow,  Medford,  by  M.  Burrage.  A  very  beau- 
tiful plant  of  the  Citrus  myrtifolia  (Myrtle-leaved  Orange,)  with 
about  twenty  ripe  fruit. 

From  Mr.  A.  D.  Williams,  Roxbury.  A  pot  of  the  Isabella 
and  White  Sweet  Water  grape,  with  fruit. 

Georginas  (Dahlias,)  China  and  German  Asters,  and  Bouquets 
of  Flowers,  were  exhibited'  by  the  following  gentlemen  : — 

A  superb  collection  of  about  fifty  varieties  of  the  Georgina  frorn 
Mr.  E.  Putnam,  Salem  ;  twenty  varieties  from  M.  P.  Wilder,  Esq. 
Dorchester  ;  ten  varieties  from  Mr.  Samuel  Walker,  Roxbury  ; 
twenty-five  varieties  from  the  Botanic  garden,  by  William  Carter ; 
ten  varieties  from  William  Kenrick,  and  many  varieties  from 
others.  A  charming  collection  of  China  and  German  Asters,  of 
about  twelve  distinct  varieties,  from  Messrs.  Hovey,  Cambridge- 
port.  A  fine  variety  from  E.  Putnam,  Salem.  A  most  beautiful 
bouquet  of  Roses,  including  the  yellow  Tea  and  other  rare  kinds, 
from  Mr.  William  Wales,  Dorchester.  Elegant  bouquets  were 
also  received  from  Messrs.  S.  Svveetser,  Cambridgeport,  William 
Worthington,  John  Richardson,  Joshua  Gardner,  and  Samuel 
4 


26 

Phipps,  Dorchester  ;  William  Kenrick,  Newton  ;  T.  H.  Perkins, 
Brookline  ;  J.  W.  Russell,  Mount  Auburn  ;  Messrs.  Hovey,  Cam- 
bridgeport ;  Thomas  Mason,  Charlestown  ;  William  Leathe,  Cam- 
bridgeport ;  and  John  Kenrick,  Newton.  Flowers,  in  quantity 
for  decorating  the  Hall,  were  also  furnished  by  the  above  gentle- 
men. Some  of  the  wreaths  were  from  the  Society's  garden, 
Mount  Auburn. 

The  Committee  hope  they  have  not  omitted  any  plants,  but 
have  given  as  accurate  an  account,  from  the  haste  in  which  the 
exhibition  was  got  up,  as  possible. 

All  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

CHARLES  M.  HOVEY,  Chairman. 

Sept.  30,  1834. 


REPORT 

Of  the  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society,  at  a  meeting  held  on  Saturday,  September  17,  1834. 

The  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  beg  leave  to  submit  the  following  Annual 
Report,  for  the  consideration  of  the  Society  : — 

The  Committee  congratulate  the  Society  upon  the  continued 
improvement  of  the  Garden  and  Cemetery,  and  the  additional 
favor  and  encouragement,  which  the  design  has  received  from 
the  public.  Before  proceeding,  however,  to  any  particulars  re- 
specting this  subject,  they  feel  it  their  duty  to  make  a  few  remarks, 
in  order  to  correct  some  erroneous  notions,  which  pervade  certain 
portions  of  the  community,  relative  to  the  nature  and  objects  of 
the  establishment.  It  is  by  no  means  uncommon  to  find  persons 
impressed  with  the  belief,  that  the  establishment  is  a  private  spec- 
ulation for  the  private  benefit  of  the  members  of  the  Society,  or 
of  the  individuals,  who  originally  advanced  the  money  to  purchase 
the  grounds  for  the  garden  and  cemetery,  and  that  considerable 
profits  have  been  already  realized  from  it.  This  notion  is  utterly 
unfounded.  The  Cemetery  is,  in  the  truest  and  noblest  sense,  a 
public  institution,  that  is,  an  institution  of  which  the  whole  com- 
munity may  obtain  the  benefit  upon  easy  and  equal  terms.  No 
individual  has  any  private  interest  in  the  establishment  beyond 
what  he  acquires  as  the  proprietor  of  a  lot  in  the  Cemetery  ;  and 
every  man  in  the  community  may  become  a  proprietor  upon  pay- 
ing the  usual  sum  fixed  for  the  purchase  of  a  lot.  The  whole 
grounds  are  held  by  the  Horticultural  Society  in  trust  for  the 
purposes  of  a  Garden  and  Cemetery ;  and  no  member  thereof  as 
such  has  any  private  interest  therein,  except  as  a  corporator,  or 
proprietor  of  a  lot.  The  whole  funds  which  have  been  already 
realized  by  the  sale  of  lots  have  been  devoted  to  paying  the  price 


27 

of  the  original  purchase,  laying  out  the  grounds,  enclosing  them 
with  a  fence,  erecting  an  entrance  gate  and  portal,  and  a  cottage, 
and  other  structures  for  the  accommodation  of  the  superintendent, 
and  defraying  the  incidental  expenses.  The  expenditures  have 
already  amounted,  as  appears  by  the  Treasurer's  Report,  to  up- 
wards of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  ;  and  the  proceeds  of  the 
sales  have  fallen  short  of  this  amount  by  about  two  thousand 
dollars  ;  so  that  as  yet  the  expenditures  have  exceeded  the  income. 
It  has  always  been  the  understanding  of  the  Society,  that  all  the 
funds,  which  should  be  obtained  by  the  sales  of  the  lots,  should, 
after  defraying  the  annual  expenses  of  the  establishment,  be  ap- 
plied exclusively  to  the  preservation,  repair,  ornament,  and  per- 
manent improvement  of  the  Garden  and  Cemetery  ;  and  never  to 
the  private  emolument  of  any  of  the  members — and,  indeed,  this 
constituted  the  fundamental  object  of  those,  who  have  become  the 
proprietors  of  lots.  It  is  due  also  to  the  gentlemen,  whose  public 
spirit  matured  the  design,  to  state,  that  it  was  their  primary  ob- 
ject to  exclude  all  private  speculation  and  interests  from  the  un- 
dertaking, and,  by  a  wise  and  fixed  policy,  to  secure  all  the  funds, 
which  should  arise  from  its  success,  to  public  purposes  of  an  en- 
during and  permanent  character.  The  Society  has  sanctioned 
these  views.  It  was  believed  that  a  generous  community  would 
foster  the  design,  and,  by  a  timely  liberality,  in  the  purchase  of 
lots,  would  enable  the  Society  to  make  this  beautiful  Retreat  for 
the  Dead  at  the  same  time  the  consolation  and  just  pride  of  the 
Living.  The  committee  have  great  pleasure  in  stating  that  these 
reasonable  expectations  have  not  been  disappointed.  Mount  Au- 
burn has  already  become  a  place  of  general  resort  and  interest, 
as  well  to  strangers  as  to  citizens ;  and  its  shades  and  paths, 
ornamented  with  monumental  structures,  of  various  beauty  and 
elegance,  have  already  given  solace  and  tranquilizing  reflections 
to  many  an  afflicted  heart,  and  awakened  a  deep  moral  sensibility 
in  many  a  pious  bosom.  The  committee  look  forward,  with  in- 
creasing confidence,  to  a  steady  public  patronage,  which  shall 
supply  all  the  means  necessary  for  the  accomplishment  of  all  the 
interesting  objects  of  the  establishment. 

Relying  on  this  patronage,  the  committee  indulge  the  hope 
that  the  period  is  not  far  distant,  when,  by  the  sale  of  lots,  the 
society  will  be  enabled  to  enclose  all  the  grounds  with  a  perma- 
nent wall  ;  to  erect  a  Temple  of  simple  and  classical  character, 
in  which  the  service  over  the  dead  may  be  performed  by  clergy- 
men of  every  denomination  ;  to  add  extensively  to  the  beauty  and 
productiveness  of  the  Garden ;  and,  above  all,  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion of  an  accumulating  fund,  the  income  of  which  shall  be  per- 
petually devoted  to  the  preservation,  embellishment,  and  improve- 
ment of  the  grounds.  This  last  object  the  committee  deem  of 
the  highest  importance  to  the  perpetuity  of  the  establishment; 
and  it  cannot  be  contemplated  with  too  much   care  and   earnest- 


28 

ness  in  all  the  future  arrangements  of  the  society.  In  addition 
to  these  objects,  the  committee  would  suggest  the  propriety  of 
making  arrangements  for  the  admission  of  water  from  Fresh  Pond 
into  the  ponds  of  the  Cemetery  ;  and,  after  passing  through  them, 
of  conducting  it  into  Charles  River.  Such  a  measure  would  add 
to  the  salubrity  of  the  ponds,  as  well  as  improve  the  general  aspect 
and  effect  of  the  whole  scenery.  It  is  believed  that  this  measure 
may  be  accomplished  at  a  comparatively  small  expense,  whenever 
the  funds  of  the  society  will  admit  of  a  suitable  appropriation. 
In  the  mean  time  it  seems  desirable  to  secure,  by  some  prelim- 
inary arrangement,  the  ultimate  success  of  the  project. 

The  committee  would  further  state,  that  by  the  Report  of  the 
Treasurer  it  appears,  that  the  whole  number  of  lots  in  the  Cem- 
etery, which  have  been  already  sold,  is  351,  viz  : — 175  lots  in 
1832,  70  lots  in  1833,  and  100  lots  in  1834  ;  and  the  aggregate 
sum  produced  by  these  sales  is  $23,225  72.  The  whole  expendi- 
tures incurred  during  the  same  years  amount  to  $25,211  88. 
The  balance  of  cash  and  other  available  funds  now  in  the  hands 
of  the  Treasurer  are  $5403  32.  The  committee  are  of  opinion, 
that  reliance  may  safely  be  placed  upon  the  future  sales  of  lots  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  the  current  year  ;  and  that,  therefore,  a 
portion  of  the  funds  now  on  hand  may  be  properly  applied  to  the 
reduction  of  the  remaining  debts  due  by  the  society. 

The  committee  would  further  state,  that  since  the  month  of 
August,  1S33,  there  have  been  ninety-three  interments  at  Mount 
Auburn  ;  eighteen  tombs  have  been  built ;  sixteen  monuments 
have  been  erected,  and  sixty-eight  lots  have  been  turfed  and 
otherwise  ornamented.  It  is  understood  that  other  monuments 
are  in  progress,  and  will  be  erected  in  a  short  time. 

The  committee  would  further  state,  that  finding  the  grounds  at 
Mount  Auburn  were  visited  by  unusual  concourses  of  people  on 
Sundays,  and  that  the  injuries  done  to  the  grounds  and  shrubbery 
were  far  greater  on  those  occasions  than  any  other,  circumstances 
which  it  is  unnecessary  to  mention,  they  deetned  it  their  duty,  as 
well  in  reverence  for  the  day,  as  in  reference  to  the  permanent 
interests  of  the  establishment,  and  a  regard  to  the  feelings  of  the 
community,  to  make  a  regulation  prohibiting  any  persons  except 
proprietors  and  their  families,  and  the  persons  accompanying 
them,  from  entering  the  grounds  on  Sundays.  The  effects  of 
this  regulation  have  been  highly  beneficial.  It  has  not  only  given 
quiet  to  the  neighborhood,  and  enabled  proprietors  and  their  fam- 
ilies to  visit  their  lots  on  Sundays  under  circumstances  of  more 
seclusion,  tranquility,  and  solemn  religious  feelings  ;  but  it  has 
put  a  stop  to  many  of  the  depredations,  which  thoughtless  and 
mischievous  persons  had  been  too  apt  to  indulge  in,  in  their  re- 
creations on  that  day.  Several  other  regulations  have  been  made, 
which  experience  had  shown  to  be  indispensable  to  the  due  secu- 
rity and  uses  of  the  Cemetery.     The  most  important  among  these 


29 

is  the  closing  the  gates  at  sunset  and  opening  them  at  sunrise. 
And  it  may  be  observed  of  all  these  regulations,  that  while  they 
allow  a  free  access  to  the  grounds  to  all  visiters  at  reasonable 
times,  and  in  a  reasonable  manner,  they  are  calculated  to  prevent 
any  desecration  of  them  under  false  pretexts,  or  by  secret  mis- 
conduct. 

The  committee  would  further  state,  that  in  pursuance  of  the 
vote  of  the  society,  at  their  last  annual  meeting,  they  made  an 
application  to  the  Legislature  of  the  Commonwealth,  at  its  last 
session,  for  additional  provisions  to  aid  the  general  objects  of  the 
society.  The  Legislature  accordingly  passed  an  act,  entitled  "An 
act  in  further  addition  to  an  act  to  incorporate  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,"  which  is  entirely  satisfactory  to  the  com- 
mittee. They  therefore  beg  leave  to  recommend,  that  the  society 
should,  by  a  formal  vote,  accept  the  same. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

JOSEPH  STORY,  Chairman. 

Sept.  20,  1834. 


Boston,  Sept.  10,  1834. 
To  Zebedee  Cook,  Jun.  Esq.  Vice-President  of  the  Horticultural  Society. 

My  Dear  Sir,  As  I  shall  soon  remove  to  the  far  West,  it  becomes 
necessary,  that  I  should  resign  the  office  of  President  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  which  I  now  do,  and  will  thank  you  to  announce  it, 
at  the  next  meeting  of  the  members,  with  assurances  of  my  grateful  sense 
of  the  obligations  I  am  under,  for  the  distinguished  honor  they  have  so  re- 
peatedly conferred  upon  me. 

Wherever  1  may  dwell,  or  whatever  may  be  my  condition  in  life,  I  shall 
cherish,  as  one  of  the  dearest  reminiscences,  my  very  interesting,  instruc- 
tive, and  happy  connection  with  an  institution,  which  is  destined  to  become 
one  of  the  most  useful  and  important  in  our  country.  Already  have  many 
of  the  advantages  which  it  was  anticipated  would  be  derived  from  it,  been 
so  far  developed,  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  complete  success.  A  foundation 
has  been  laid  so  broad,  deep,  and  successfully,  as  to  insure  the  realization 
of  all  our  hopes,  in  every  department  of  Horticulture. 

As  an  Experimental  Garden  is  of  indispensable  consequence  to  your 
prosperity,  nothing  should  be  neglected,  which  is  calculated  to  render  that 
of  Mount  Auburn  equal  to  any  on  the  Globe  ;  and  to  make  it  speedily  bene- 
ficial to  the  society  and  the  country,  and  at  the  same  time  appropriately 
ornamental,  as  connected  with  the  Cemetery  Compartment  of  the  establish- 
ment, allow  me  to  recommend,  as  a  primary  measure,  that  Seminaries  be 
formed  this  autumn  and  the  next  spring,  of  all  the  varieties  of  fruit,  forest 
and  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  wliich  will  flourish  in  our  climate.  Thi.s 
being  accomplished,  Nurseries  can  be  established,  for  propagating  every 
kind  of  foreign  and  native  fruits,  with  such  care  and  sureness  of  identity, 
as  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  those  vexatious  errors,  in  name  and  char- 
acter, to  which  we  have  hitherto  been  subjected,  as  to  the  several  varieties 
of  each  species. 

With  my  best  wishes  for  the  triumphant  advancement  of  the  Society,  and 
the  happiness  of  all  its  members,  ]  offer,  my  dear  sir,  assurances  of  my  sin- 
cere esteem  and  friendship.  H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN. 


OFFICERS 


MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY 


FOR   THE    YEAR, 


COMMENCING  ON  THE  FIRST  SATURDAY  IN  DECEMBER,  1834. 


PRESIDENT. 

ZEBEDEE  COOK,  Jr.  Boston. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Dorchester. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
Two  vacancies. 

TREASURER. 

WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester. 

CORRESPONDING    SECRERARY. 

JACOB  BIGELOW,  M.  D.  Boston. 

RECORDING    SECRETARY. 

ROBERT  TREAT  PAINE,  Boston. 

COUNSELLORS. 

THEODORE  LYMAN,  Jr.  Boston. 

AUGUSTUS  ASPINWALL,  Brookline. 

THOMAS  BREWER,  Roxbury. 

HENRY  A.  BREED,  Lynn. 

BENJAMIN  W.  CROWNINSHIELD,  Boston. 

NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT,  Milton. 

E.  HERSEY  DERBY,  Salem. 

OLIVER  FISKE,  Worcester. 


31 

J.  M.  GOURGAS,  Weston. 
T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D.  Cambridge. 
SAMUEL  JACaUES,  Jr.  Charlestovvn. 
JOSEPH  G.  JOY,  Boston. 
WILLIAM  KENRICK,  Newton. 
JOHN  LEMIST,  Roxbury. 
BENJAMIN  RODMAN,  New-Bedford. 
WILLIAM  H.  SUMNER,  Dorchester. 
CHARLES  TAPPAN,  Boston. 
JACOB  TIDD,  Roxbury. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
AARON  D.  WILLIAMS,  Roxbury. 
J.  W.  WEBSTER,  Cambridge. 
GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER,  Boston. 
DAVID  HAGGERSTON,  Watertown. 
CHARLES  LAWRENCE,  Salem. 
Four  vacancies. 

PROFESSOR    OP    BOTANY    AND    VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

JOHN  L.  RUSSELL. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    HORTICULTURAL    CHEMISTRY. 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,  M.  D. 


STANDING    COMMITTEES. 


COMMITTEE    ON    FRUITS. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman,  SAMUEL  POND, 

ROBERT  MANNING,  THOMAS  MASOx\, 

WILLIAM  KENRICK,  P.  B.  HOVEY,  Jr. 

Four  vacancies. 

COMMITTEE    ON    PRODUCTS    OF    KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

GEO.  C.  BARRETT,  Chairman,  AARON  D.  WILLIAMS, 

DANIEL  CHANDLER,  LEONARD  STONE, 

JACOB  TIDD,  NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT. 


COMMITTEE    ON    FLOWERS,    SHRUBS,    &/C. 

JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Chairman,     SAMUEL  WALKER, 
C.  M.  HOVEY.  DAVID  HAGGERSTON. 

JOHN  A.  KENRICK,  One  vacancy. 

COMMITTEE    ON    THE    LIBRARY. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman,  R.  T.  PAINE, 

JACOB  BIGELOW,  C.  M.  HOVEY,  Librarian. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  Two  vacancies. 

COMMITTEE    ON    SYNONYMS    OF    FRUIT. 

JOHN  LOWELL,  Chairman,  WILLIAM  KENRICK. 

ROBERT  MANNING,  One  vacancy. 

COMMITTEE  ON  THE  GARDEN  AND  CEMETERY. 

JOSEPH  STORY,  Chairman,  CHARLES  P.  CURTIS, 

JACOB  BIGELOW,  SAMUEL  APPLETON, 

GEORGE  BOND,  ELIJAH  VOSE, 

B.  A.  GOULD,  CHARLES  BROWN, 
JOSEPH  P.  BRADLEE, 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  JOSEPH  P.  BRADLEE. 

Three  vacancies. 

COMMITTEE    OF    FINANCE. 
ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman.  Two  vacancies. 

05^  The  vacancies  in  the  several  O'ffices  above-mentioned  will 
be  filled  at  the  stated  meeting  of  the  Society,  on  the  first  Satur- 
day in  December  next. 


Erratum.    In  Mr.  Gray's  Address,  page  18,  8th  line  from  bottom,  after  "  ought"  insert 
"  not." 


MEMBERS 


MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY. 


Armstrong,  Samuel  T.  Boston. 
Aspinwall,  Ausustus,  Brookline. 
Andrews,  John  H.  Sulcm. 
Andrews,  Ebenezer  T.  Boston. 
Anthony,  James,  Providence. 
Adams,  Samuel,  Milton. 
Andrews,  Ferdinand,  Lancaster. 
Atkinson,  Amos,  Brookline. 
Adams,  Daniel,  JVewbury. 
Adams,  Abel,  Boston. 
Adams,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Adams,  C.  Frederic,     " 
Adams,  Z.  B.  " 

Appleton,  Kathan,  " 
Appleton,  Samuel,  " 
Austin,  James  T.  " 

Austin,  William,  Lowell. 
Adams,  Charles  F.  Q^uincy. 
Adams,  G.  VV.  Boston. 
Andrews,  Henry,  " 
Adamson,  John,  Roxbury. 
Andrews,  William  T.  Boston. 
Adams,  Edwin,  " 

Andrews,  John  B.  " 

Alden,  J.  W.  " 

Adams,  William,  " 

Allen,  Andrew  J.  << 

Appleton,  Nathan  W.      " 
Adams,  John,  " 

Bartlett,  Enoch,  Roiburv. 
Brewer,  Thomas,      " 
Brimmer,  George  W.  Boston. 
Bradlee,  Joseph  P.        ^'■ 
Breed,  Ebenezer,  " 

Breed,  Henry  A.  Lyn7i. 
Bigelow,  Jacob,  Boston. 
Breed,  Andrews,  Lynn. 
Bailey,  Kendall,  Charlestoion. 
Brown,  James,  Cambridtre. 
Buckminster,  Lawson,  Framingham. 
Buckminster,  Edward  F.        "° 
Break,  Joseph,  Lancaster. 
Bradford,  Samuel  D.  Boston. 
Bailey,  Ebenezer,  " 

Bishop,  N.  H.  Medford. 
Brewer,  ELiab  Stone,  Boston. 
Badlam,  Stephen,  " 

Beal,  George  W.  Quincy. 
Boot,  William^  Boston. 
Brown,  J.  M.  " 

Barnard,  Charles,  " 
Brown,  Charles,  Plymouth. 
Brimmer,  Martin,  Boston. 
Bartlett,  Sidney,  " 

Boot,  John  VV.  " 

Baldwin,  Aaron,  "  ■ 


Bradlee,  Josiah,  Boston. 
Bowdtn,  Dwight,  " 
Bagnall,  Thomas,  '< 
Baker,  Henry  F.  " 

Brooks,  Peter  C.  jr.  " 
Bangs,  Edward  U.  " 
Bowdoin,  James,  " 

Balrh,  Joseph,  Roxbury. 
Bond,  George.  Boston. 
Bacon,  S.  N.  '      " 
Billings,  Joseph  H.  Roxbury. 
Brown,  Charles,  Boston. 
Brown,  Jonas  B.        " 
Bussey,  Benjamin,  Roxbury. 
Baker,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Buckingham,  .Tbsepli  T.  Boston. 
Buckingham,  Edwin,  " 

Boyd,  James,  " 

Brown,  John,  « 

Brigham,  Levi,  »' 

Blake,  Joshua,  " 

Brigham,  Dennis,  " 

Bird, Jesse,  « 

Bryant,  John,  " 

Bullard,  Silas,  « 

Burridge,  Martin,  Medford. 
Bond,  George  W.  Boston. 
Bartlett,  Levi,  " 

Bailies,  Edmund,      « 
Bigelow,  Abraham,  Cambrido-e. 
Barrett,  George  C.  Boston.   ° 
Bo  wen,  Charles,  " 

Bender,  Jacob,  " 

Boyd,  Thomas,  " 

Blanchard,  W.  E.         " 
Binney,  John,  " 

Binney,  Amos,  " 

Bacon,  D.  C.  " 

Cook,  Zebedee,  jr.  Boston. 
Codnian,  John,  Dorchester. 
Clapp,  Nathaniel,        " 
Coolidge,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Copeland,  B.  F.  Roxbury. 
Cogswell,  J.  G.  JVorthampton. 
Champney,  John,  Roxbury. 
Cowing,  Cornelius,       " 
Cowing,  Howland,  jr.  Boston. 
Carter,  William,  Cambridge. 
Curtis,  William,  JVewton." 
Coolidge,  Josiah,  Cambridge. 
Cook,  Josiah  P.  Boston. 
Crosby,  Alonzo,         " 
Cutler,  Pliny,  " 

Carey,  Isaac  H.  " 
Curtis,  Thomas,  " 
Cowan,  Wm.  H.  Brighton. 


34 


Chandler,  Daniel,  Lezinrrton. 
Callender,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Chase,  Hezekiah,  Lynn. 
Clapp,  John,  Houth-Rcadins. 
Carter,  Horatio,  Lancaster. 
Carries,  Nathaniel  G.  Mdc-Yorli. 
Curtis,  Edward,  Pcpperdl. 
Chandler,  Samuel,  Lerington. 
Capen,  Aaron,  Dorchester. 
Crowninshield,  Benjamin  W.  Salem. 
Cotting,  William,  West-Cannbridge. 
Cabot,  Samuel,  Brookline. 
Coffin,  Hector,  Rock  Form,  JVcwbury. 
Curtis,  Nathaniel,  Roihary. 
Clapp,  Isaac,  Dorchester. 
Crafts,  Ebenezer,  Rorbunj. 
Curtis,  Charles  P.  Boston. 
Curtis,  Thomas  B.        " 
Coolidge,  Samuel  F.     " 
Carey,  Alpheus,  " 

Coffin,  George  W.        " 
Channing,  George  G.    " 
Craigie,  Mrs.  E.  Cambridge. 
Coolidge,  Joshua,  Watertown. 
Cobb,  Elijah,  Boston. 
Clark,  Edward  D.  Boston. 
Crockett,  George  W.    " 
Cowing,  N.  H.  Brookline. 
Crane,  Joshua,  Boston. 
Coolidge,  Thomas  B.  Boston. 
Child,  Joshua,  " 

Churchill,  P.  " 

Carnes,  Francis,  " 

Carter,  George  D.  " 

Channing,  \V.  E.  " 

Chase,  C.  " 

Coburn,  Anna,  " 

Dearborn,  H.  A.  S.  Roibury. 
Davis,  Isaac  P.  Boston. 
Downer,  Samuel,  Dorchester. 
Dudley,  David,  Rozbury. 
Doggett,  John,  Boston. 
Davenport,  Nathaniel,  Milton. 
Davis,  Charles,  Rozbury. 
Dorr,  Nathaniel,        " 
Dodge,  Pickering,  jr.  Salem. 
Derby,  E.  H.  " 

Davis,  John,  Boston. 
Davis,  Daniel,  " 
Dutton,  AVarren,  " 
Denny,  Daniel,  " 
Dean,  Sophia,  " 
Davis,  Thomas,  " 
Davis,  Henry,  " 
Daniel,  Josiah,  " 
Downes,  John,  " 
Dyer,  E.  D.  " 

Davis,  James,         " 
Dickson,  James  A.  Boston. 
Derby,  Richard  C.        " 
Darracott,  George,        " 
Domett,  George,  " 

Davis,  N.  Morion,  Phjmoutli. 
Danforth,  Isaac,  Boston. 

Emmons,  Robert  L.  Boston. 
Everett,  Edward,  Charlestown. 
Eustis,  James,  South-Reading. 
Ellis,  Charles,  Rozbury. 
Edwards,  Elisha,  Sjrringfield. 
Eager,  William,  Boston. 
Endicott,  William  P.  Danvers. 
Everett,  Alexander  H.  Boiton. 
Eckley,  David,  " 

Edwards,  Henry,  " 


Eastburn,  John  II.  Boston. 
Eldredge,  Edward,     " 
Eldredge,  Oliver,        " 

French,  Benjamin  V.  Boston. 
Fessenden,  Thomas  G.        " 
Frothingham,  Samuel,        " 
Forrester,  John,  Salem. 
Fiske,  Oliver,  Worcester. 
Fosdick,  David,  Charlestown. 
Fletcher,  Richard,  Boston. 
Field,  Joseph,  Weston. 
Fitch,  Jeremiah,  Boston. 
Francis,  J.  B.  Warwick,  R.  I. 
Freeman,  Russell,  J\i'eic-Bcrlford. 
Fay,  Samuel  P.  P.  Cambridgeport. 
Fariar,  John,  " 

Farley,  Robert,  Boston. 
Folsom,  Charles,  Cambridge. 
Fisk,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Fuller,  H.  H.  " 

Foster,  E.  B.  " 

Faxon,  Nathaniel,     " 
Fisher,  Jabez,  " 

Fenno,  J.  W.  " 

French,  Arthur,         " 
Fearing,  A.  C.  " 

Francis,  Nathaniel,   " 
Foster,  C.  W.  " 

Fisher,  Jabez,  Cambridgeport. 
Fisher,  S.  H.  Brighton. 
Francis,  David,         " 
Fisher,  Freeman,      " 
Flagg,  Josiah  F.        " 

Gray,  John  C.  Boston. 
Gray,  Francis  C.      " 
Greenleaf,  Thomas,  Quincy. 
Gourgas,  J.  M.  Weston. 
Green,  Charles  W.  Rozbury. 
Gore,  Watson,  " 

Gannett,  T.  B.  Cambridgeport. 
Gould,  Daniel,  Reading. 
Gardner,  W.  F.  Salem. 
Gardner,  Joshua,  Dorchester. 
Goodwin,  Thomas  J.  Cliarlestotcn. 
Guild,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Gibbs,JBenjamin,  Cambridgeport. 
Grant,  Benjamin  B.  Boston. 
Gould,  Benjamin  A.      " 
Grant,  B.  B.  " 

Gould,  James,  " 

Goodwin,  Ozias,  " 

Grew,  Henry,  "    . 

Gray,  John,  " 

Grosvenor,  L.  P.  " 

Greenleaf,  Samuel,       " 
Greenleaf,  Simon,  Cambridge. 

Harris,  Samuel  D.  Boston. 
Haskins,  Ralph,  Rozbury. 
Heard,  John,  jr.  Boston. 
Hill,  Jeremiah,         " 
Ilollingsworth,  Mark,  Milton. 
Harris,  William  T.  Cambridge. 
Holbrook,  Amos,  Milton. 
Howe,  Rufus,  Dorchester. 
Hayden,  John,  Brookline. 
Howes,  Frederick,  Salem. 
Haggerston,  David,  Watertown. 
Hunt,  Ebenezer,  Morthavtpton. 
Howland,  John,  jr.  M'ew-Bedford. 
Hayward,  George,  Boston. 
Higginson,  Henry,        " 
Hall,  Dudley,  Medford. 
Hartshorn,  Eliphalet  P.  Bosttn. 


35 


Houghton,  Abel,  jr.  Lynn. 

Hovey,  P.  B.  jr.  Canbridgeport. 

Hurd,  William,  Ckarlestuwii. 

Howe,  Hall  J.  Boston. 

Haskell,  Elislia,        " 

Hickling,  Charles,     " 

Hicks,  Zachariah,     " 

Howard,  Abraham,  " 

Hastings,  Thomas,    " 

Hastings,  Oliver,  East-Cambridge. 

Hosmer,  Z.  " 

Henchman,  D.  Boston. 

Hobart,  Enoch,      " 

Howe,  S.  L.  Cambridge. 

Hodges,  J.  L.  Taunton. 

Hedge,  Isaac  L.  Plymouth. 

Howard,  Hepsy  C.  Boston. 

Hill,  S.  G.  " 

Hovey,  Charles  M.  Cambridgeport. 

Hayward,  Charles,  Boston. 

Hildrith,  Charles,  T.     " 

Howe,  Joseph  N.  jr.  East- Cambridge. 

Hensliaw,  John,  Boston. 

Hall,  Henry,  " 

Hall,  A.  T.  " 

Hay,  Joseph,  " 

Hobart,  Nathaniel,    " 

Hays,  H.  U.  J\-cic-York. 

Hyde,  Jonathan,  Cambridge. 

Holbrook,  Henry  J.  " 

Holbrook,  S.  W.  " 

Hammond,  Nathaniel,    " 

Hayden,  Frederick,  Lincoln. 

Hyde,  Samuel,  jr.  J\'cict<ncn. 

Hammond,  H.  H.  Lexington. 

Harvard  University,  Cambridge. 

Ives,  John  M.  Salem. 
Inches,  Henderson,  Boston. 
Ingalls,  William,  " 

Inches,  Elizabeth,        " 

Jaques,  Samuel,  jr.  Charlestown. 
Johnson,  Eliza,  " 

Jones,  Josiah  M.  Boston. 
Joy, Joseph  B.  " 

Joy,  Joseph  G.  '' 

Jackson,  Patrick  T.  Boston. 
Jackson,  James,  " 

Johonnot,  George  S.  Salem. 
Jarves,  Deming,  Boston. 
Jackson, C.  T.         " 
Johnson,  <  )tis,  Lynn. 
Jones,  L.  D.  J^ew-Bedford. 
Josselyn,  Lewis,  Boston. 

Kenrick,  William,  JVewton. 
King,  John,  Medford 
Kidder,  Samuel,  Charlestown. 
Kuhn,  George  H.  Boston. 
Kendall,  Abel,  jr.      " 
Kenrick,  John  A.  JVewton. 
Kuhn,  John,  Boston. 
Kenrick,  Enoch  B.  JVcwtoji. 
Kendall,  Hezekiah  S.  Boston. 
Kendall,  Hugh  R.  " 

Kinsley,  Henry,  East- Cambridge. 
Kimball,  Ebenezer,  Cainbridgepurt. 

Lincoln,  Levi,  W'orcester. 
Lincoln,  William,     " 
Lowell,  John,  Rozbury. 
Lee,  Thomas,  jr.     " 
Lemist,  John,  " 

Lyman,  Theodore,  jr.  Boston. 
Lowell,  John  A.  " 


Lawrence,  Abbott,  Boston. 
Lyman,  George  W.        " 
Lawrence,  Charles,  Salem. 
Leland,  Daniel,  Sherburne. 
Leland,  J.  P.  " 

Leonard,  Thomas,  Salem. 
Lawrence,  William,  Boston. 
Lawrence,  Amos,  " 

Livermore,  Isaac,  Cambridgeport. 
Loring,  Josiah,  Boston. 
Lowell,  Charles,        " 
Lamson,  John,  " 

Lynde,  Seth  S.  " 

Lowell,  Francis  C.  " 
Loring,  Henry,  " 

Lienow,  Henry,  " 
Loring,  W.  J.  " 

Lang,  William  B.  " 
Lombard,  N.  K.  " 
Lowell,  John,  jr.  " 
Lane,  Josiah,  " 

Lewis,  S.  S.  " 

Loring,  John  F.         " 
Lee,  John,  C.  Salem. 
Leverett,  F.  P.  Boston. 
Lamb,  Reuben  A.  " 
Low,  Francis,        " 

Planning,  Robert,  Salem. 
Manners,  George,  Boston. 
Minns,  Thomas,        " 
Morrell,  Ambrose,  Lexington. 
Munroe,  Jonas,  " 

Mussey,  Benjamin,  " 
Motley,  Edward,  Boston. 
Mason,  Lowell,  " 

Montague,  Wm.  II.  " 
Morse,  S.  F.  " 

Means,  James,  " 

Mills,  James  K.  " 

Mackay,  John,  Boston. 
Mead,  Isaac,  Charlestown. 
Mead,  Samuel  O.  West-Cambridge. 
McLellan  Isaac,  Boston. 
Merry,  Robert  D.  C.  " 
Marshall,  AVilliam,   " 
Mason,  Thomas,  Charlestomn. 
Motley,  Thomas,  Boston. 
Miller,  Edward,  " 

Mariner,  Joseph,  " 

Meldrum,  Alexander,  " 
Mason,  Jeremiah,  " 
Mears,  James,  " 

Mason,  Thomas  H.  Charlestown. 

Newhall,  Cheever,  Dorchester. 
Nichols,  Otis,  " 

Nuttall,  Thomas,  Cambridge. 
Newell,  Joseph  R.  Boston. 
Newhall,  Josiah,  Lynnfield. 
Newman,  Henr>',  Rorbury. 
Newell,  Joseph  \V.  Charlestown. 

Orrok,  James  L.  P.  Boston. 
Otis,  Harrison  G.  «' 

Oliver,  Francis  J.  " 

Oliver,  William,  Dorchester. 
Oxnard,  Henry,  BrookUne. 
Oliver,  Henry  J.  Boston. 

Perkins,  Thomas  II.  Boston. 
Perkins,  Samuel  G.        " 
Putnam,  Jesse,  " 

Pratt,  George  W.  " 

Prescott,  William,  " 

Parsons,  Gorham,  Brighton. 


36 


I'ettee,  Otis,  JVercton. 
Prince,  John,  Rozbunj. 
Pllinney,  Elias,  Lerimrlon. 
Prince,  John,  jr.  Sulnn. 
Peabody,  Francis,    " 
Perry,  G.  B.  East-Bradford. 
Perry,  John,  Sherburne. 
Pond,  Samuel,  Camhridgeport. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Buston. 
Pond,  Samuel  M.  Biirk.tpiirt,Me.. 
Prescott,  C.  H.  CornwaUU,  JV.  S. 
Parker,  Daniel  P.  Boston. 
Pratt,  William,  jr.     " 
Priest,  John  F.  " 

Philbrick,  Samuel,  Brooklutc. 
Prouty,  Lorenzo,  Boston. 
Pickman,  D.  L.  Salr.ni. 
Pllipps,  Rufus  T.  Cliarlesfoim. 
Parker,  Daniel,  Boston. 
Parkman,  Daniel,    " 
Patterson,  Enoch,    " 
Parker,  Isaac,  " 

Phillips,  S.  C.  Salem. 
Pool,  Ward,  Danvers. 
Pierpont,  John,  Boston. 
Perkins,  T.  H.  jr.  " 
Parkman,  Francis,  " 
Pond,  Samuel,  jr.  " 
Payne,  VV.  E.  " 

Preston,  John,  " 

Palfrey,  John  G.  Camhrulge. 
Putnam,  Ebenezer,  Sideni. 
Pomroy,  W.  M.  jr.      " 
Paige,  J.  W.  Boston. 
Phillips,  John,  JVew-York. 
Prichard,  Mary,  Boston. 
Power,  Thomas,      " 
Petton,  Oliver,         " 
Phelps,  W.  D.  " 

Ciuincy,  Josiah,  Camhridire. 
duincy,  Josiah,  jr.  Boston. 

Robbins,  E.  H.  jr.  Boston, 

Rollins,  Williatn,      " 

Rice,  John  P.  " 

Rice,  Henry,  " 

Read,  James,  Roihunj. 

Robbins,  P.  G.        " 

Rollins,  Ebenezer,  Boston. 

Rowe,  Joseph,  Milton. 

Rogers,  R.  S.  Salem. 

Rodman,  Benjamin,  JVcw-Bcdford. 

Rotch,  William,  jr.  " 

Richardson,  Nathan,  So7dh- Reading 

Rand,  Edward  S.  JVe.inhurjiport. 

Richards,  Edward  M.  Deilham. 

Randall,  John,  Boston. 

Russell,  J.  L.  Salem. 

Russell,  James,  Boston. 

Raymond,  E.  A.     " 

Robinson,  Henry,  " 

Russell,  George,  M.  D.  Lincoln- 

Rogerson,  Robert,  Boston. 

Rich,  Benjamin,        " 

Reynolds,  Edward,  " 

Ruggles,  M.  H.  Troy. 

Read,  George,  Roxhury. 

Russell,  Joseph,  Boston. 

Reynolds,  Edward,  jr.  Boston. 

Robbins,  Chandler,  " 

Silbsby,  Enoch,  Boston. 
Sullivan,  Richard,  Brnoldinc. 
Senior,  Charles,  Rorhnry. 
Sumner,  William  II.  Dorchester. 


Sharp,  Edward,  Dtrrchesler. 
Smith,  Cyrus,  Sandwich. 
Sutton,  William,  jr.  Danvers. 
Story,  F.  H.  Salem. 
Stedman,  Josiah,  M'ewton. 
Stearns,  Charles,  Springfield. 
ShurtletT,  Samuel  A.  Boston. 
Springer,  John,  Sterling. 
Saltonstall,  Leverett,  Salem. 
Shaw,  Lemuel,  Boston. 
Smith,  J.  M.  " 

Sisson,  Freeborn,  Wurrcn,  R.  I. 
Swift,  Henry,  JM'antuchet. 
Smith,  Stephen  H.  Providence,  R.  I. 
Swan,  Daniel,  Medford. 
Stone,  Leonard,  Watertown. 
Stone,  William,         " 
Stone,  Isaac,  " 

Story,  Joseph,  Cambridge. 
Shattuck,  George  C.  Boston. 
Stanwood,  William,     " 
Stanwood,  David,         " 
Sargent,  L.  M.  " 

Stone,  Henry  B.  " 

Simmons,  D.  A.  Rozbury. 
Savage,  James  S.  Bostoiu 
Shaw,  Robert  G.        " 
Sparks,  Jared,  " 

Savage,  James,  " 

Stone,  P.  R.  L.  " 

Stearns,  Asahel,  Cambridge.. 
Stone,  David,  Boston. 
Staples,  Isaac,  " 

Shaw,  C.  B.  " 

Skinner,  Francis,    " 
Swett,  Samuel,         " 
Stanwood,  Lemuel  " 
Stearns,  Simon,       " 
Sparhawk,  E.  C.      " 
Stetson,  Joseph,  Walthanu 
Sturgis,  William,  Boston. 
Simmons,  William,    " 
Stone,  W.  W.  " 

Smallwood,  Thomas,  JVewtoiu 
Smith,  M.  Boston. 
Scudder,  Charles,  Boston. 
Scudder,  Horace,        " 
Sawyer,  Amos,  " 

Story,  Ann  D.  Camhridgeport. 
Sargent,  Ignatius,  Boston. 
Salisbury,  Samuel,      " 
Smith,  Thomas  C.       " 
Smith,  Martin,  " 

Smith,  James  A.  " 

Simmons,  Thomas,  Roxhury. 
Smith,  IMehitable,  Boston. 
Blade,  John,  jr.  " 

Sampson,  G.  A.  " 

Sheaf,  Henry,  " 

Stevens,  Isaac,  " 

Stearns,  William,        " 
Sweetser,  Samuel,  Camhridgeport. 
Skinner,  John,  Charlestown. 
Steele,  Gurdin,  Boston. 

Tappan,  Charles,  Boston. 
Tidd,  Jacob,  Rorbnry. 
Thompson,  Geoi-ge,  Medford. 
Train,  Samuel,  " 

Tliorndike,  Israel,  Boston. 
Thwing,  Supply  C.  Roxbury. 
Tucker,  Richard  D.  Boston. 
Tiklen,  Joseph,  " 

'J'oothey,  Roderick,  Waltham. 
Thomas,  Benjamin,  Hinghnm. 
Taylor,  Charles,  Dorchester. 


37 


Tudor,  Frederick,  Boston. 
Thayer,  J.  H.  " 

Thacher,  Peter  O.      " 
Trejnlett,  Thomas  B.  Dorchester. 
Tuckernian,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Taylor,  J.  VV.  " 

Tappan,  Jolin',  " 

Thorndike,  J.  P.  " 

Taylor,  C.  W.  " 

Train,  E.  N. 
Tufts,  Joseph,  jr.  " 

Train,  Enoch.  " 

Ticknor,  George,  " 

Thayer,  C.  L.  " 

Townsend,  J.  P.  "' 

Tyler,  John,  " 

Tyler,  George  W.  CharlcstoiBii. 
Tbney,  John  T.  Chelmsford. 
Tremont  House  Proprietors. 

Vose,  Elijah,  Dorchester. 
Vila,  James,  Boston. 

Williams,  Nehemiah  D.  Roxbunj. 
Wilder,  M.  P.  Boston. 
Williams,  Aaron  D.  Roihury. 
Williams,  Moses,  " 

Williams,  G.  " 

Worthington,  William,  Dorchester. 
Webster,  J.  W.  Camt>ridge. 
Wliite,  Abijah,  Watcrtown. 
Williams,  Samuel  (J.  Boston. 
Wight,  Ebenezer,  " 

Wyatt,  Robert,  " 

Winship,  Jonathan,  Brighton. 
Wilder,  S.  V.  S.  Bolton. 
Waldo,  Daniel,  Worcester. 
H'^yeth,  Nathaniel,  jr.  Cambridge. 
West,  Tliomas,  Haverhill. 
Willard,  Joseph,  Lancaster. 
Whitmarsh,  Samuel,  JVurthampton. 
Whitmarsh,  Thomas,  Brookline. 
Warren,  Jonathan,  jr.  Weston. 
Webster,  Nathan,  Haverhill. 


Wilson,  John,  Roilury. 
Wliite,  Stephen,  Boston. 
Webster,  Daniel,     " 
Ward,  Richard,  Rozhvry. 
Weld,  Aaron  I),  jr.  Boston. 
Walker,  Saiiiiicl,  RojI/ury, 
Wells,  (liail.'S,  Boston. 
^Vhitwell,  Samuel,    " 
White,  Henjamin  F.  " 
Wiley,  Thomas,  Wutertown. 
Wales,  Thomas  B.  Bnston. 
Ware,  Henry,  Cutnhridge. 
Waterliouse,  Benjamin  " 
Winship,  Francis,  Brighton. 
Weld,  James,  Boston. 
Wliitteniore,  George,  Boston. 
\\'illelt,  Thomas,  Charlrstoirn. 
Wok-ott,  Edward,  Pairl,ul;et. 
Williams,  John,  Cumbridirrport. 
V\'nrd,  Alalthus  A.  Stilcni: 
AVintiirop,  Thomas  L.  Boston. 
Wheelwright,  Lot,  jr.         " 
Wheelwright,  John  F.  Brighton. 
Weston,  Ezra,  jr.  Boston. 
Wynian,  Rufus,  Charlcstown. 
Watson,  Elizaheth,  Boston. 
Waldo,  Henry  S.  " 

Wilson,  Robert,  " 

Ward,  Tliomas  W.        " 
Wliipple,  W.  J.  Cambridge. 
Wincliester,  W.  P.  Boston. 
Warren,  J.  L.  L.  F.  " 

Ware,  John,  " 

Wadsworth,  Alexander,  " 
AVait,  R.  G.  " 

Wateison,  Robert,  " 

Watts,  Francis,  " 

Woodbeiry,  John,  " 

Whitney,  Joseph,  " 

Williams,  Isaac,  " 

Willard,  Solomon,  " 

Woodman,  David,  " 

Warren,  Jonas,  Weston. 


HONOR, ARY   MEMBERS 


ADAMS,  Hon.  JOHN  QUINCY,  late  President  of  the  United  States. 

AITON,  WILLIAM  TOWNSEND,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 

ABBOT,  JOHN,  Esq.  Brunswick,  Me. 

ABBOT,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  N.  H. 

BUEL,  J.  Esq.  President  of  the  Albany  Horticultural  Society. 

BODIN,  Le  Chevalier  SOULANGE,  Secretaire-General  de  la  Societc 
d'Horticulture  de  Paris. 

BANCROFT,  EDWARD  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.  President  of  the  Horti- 
cultural and  Agricultural  Society  of  Jamaica. 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT,  Esq.  Great-Britain. 

BEEKMAN,  JAMES,  New-York. 

BARBOUR,  P.  P.  Virginia. 

BLAPIER,  LEWIS,  Philadelphia. 

COXE,  WILLIAM.  Esq.  Burlington,  New-Jersey. 

COLLINS,  ZACCHEUS,  Esq.  President  of  the  Pennsylvania,  Horticul- 
tural Society,  Philadelphia. 

COFFIN,  Ad.mikal  Sir  ISAAC,  Great-Britain. 


38 

CHAUNCY,  ISAAC,  United  States  Navy,  Brooklyn,  New- York. 

CLAY,  HENRY,  Kentucky. 

DICKSON,  JAMES,  Esq.  Vice-President  of  the  London  Horticultural 
Society. 

DE  CANDOLLE,  Mons.  ANGUSTIN  PYRAMUS,  Professor  of  Botany 
in  the  Academy  of  Geneva. 

De  La  SAGRA,  Don  RAMON,  Cuba. 

ELLIOTT,  Hon.  STEPHEN,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

EVERETT,  HORACE,  Vermont. 

EVANSON,  CHARLES  ALLAN,  Secretary  of  King's  County  Agricul- 
tural Society,  St.  Johns,  New-Brunswick. 

ELLIOT,  JESSE  D.  United  States  Navy. 

FALDERMANN,  F.  Curator  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. 

FISCHER,  Dr.  Professor  of  Botany,  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  at 
St.  Petersburg. 

GALES,  JOSEPH,  jr.  Vice-President  of  the  Washington  Horticultural 
Society,  Washington. 

GOULDSBOROUGH,  ROBERT  H.  Maryland. 

GREIG,  JOHN,  Esq.  Geneva,  President  of  the  Domestic  Horticultural 
Society  of  the  Western  part  of  the  State  of  New-York. 

GORE,  Mrs.  REBECCA,  Waltham. 

GRIFFITHS,  Mrs.  MARY,  Charlies  Hope,  New-Jersey. 

GIRARD,  STEPHEN,  Philadelphia. 

GIBBS,  GEORGE.  Sunswick,  New-York. 

HERICART  DE  THURY,  Le  Vicomte,  President  de  la  Societe  d'Hor- 
ticulture  de  Paris. 

HOSACK,  DAVID,  M.  D.  President  of  the  New-York  Horticultural 
Society. 

HOPKIRK,  THOMAS,  Esq.  President  of  the  Glasgow  Horticultural 
Society. 

HUNT,  LEWIS,  Esq.  Huntsburg,  Ohio. 

HILDRETH,  S.  p.  Marietta,  Ohio. 

INGERSOLL,  JAMES  R.  President  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania, Philadelphia. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  President  of  the  United  States. 

JOHONNOT,  Mrs.  MARTHA,  Salem. 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  ANDREW,  Esq.  President  of  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

LOUDON,  JOHN  CLAUDIUS,  Great-Britain. 

LAFAYETTE,  General,  La  Grange,  France. 

LASTEYRIE,  Le  Comte  de,  Vice-President  de  la  Societe  d'Horticulture 
de  Paris. 

LITCHFIELD,  FRANKLIN,  Consul  of  the  United  States  at  Porto  Cabello. 

LORRILLARD,  JACOB,  President  of  the  New-York  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety, New- York. 

LONGSTRETH,  JOSHUA,  Philadelphia. 

LONGWORTH,  NICHOLAS,  Cincinnati. 

MADISON,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,  Virginia. 

MONROE,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,         " 

MICHAUX,  MoNS.  F.  ANDREW,  Paris. 

MENTENS,  LEWIS  JOHN,  Esq.  Bruxelles. 

MITCHELL,  SAMUEL  L.,  M.  D.  New-York. 

MOSSELLMANN, ,  Esq.  Antwerp. 

MERCER,  Hon.  CHARLES  F.  Virginia. 

M'CAULEY,  D.  SMITH,  Consul  General  United  States,  Tripoli. 

OTTENFELS,  Baron,  Austrian  Minister  to  the  Ottoman  Porte. 

POITEAU,  Professor  of  the  Institut  Horticole  de  Froraont. 

POWELL,  JOHN  HARE,  Powellton,  Pennsjlvania. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM,  Esq.  Long-Island,  New-York. 


39 

PRATT,  HENRY,  Philadelphia. 

PALMER,  JOHN,  Esq.  Calcutta. 

ROSEBERRY,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Earl  of,  President  of  the  Cale- 
donian Horticultural  Society. 

SABINE,  JOSEPH,  Esq.  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

SHEPHERD,  JOHN,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Liverpool. 

SCOTT,  SIR  WALTER,  Scotland. 

SKINNER,  JOHN  S.  Baltimore. 

TURNER,  JOHN,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. 

THACHER,  JAMES,  M.  D.  Plymouth. 

THOREURN,  GRANT,  Esq.  New-York. 

TALIAFERRO,  JOHN,  Virginia. 

THOURS,  M.  Du  Petit,  Paris,  Professor  Poiteau  of  the  Institut  Horticole 
de  Fromont. 

TOWSON,  NATHANIEL,  President  of  the  Washington  Horticultural 
Society,  Washington. 

VILMORIN,  MoNs.  PIERRE  PHILLIPPE  ANDRE,  Paris. 

VAUGHAN,  BENJAMIN,  Esq.  Hallovvell.  Maine. 

VAN  MONS,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  M.  D.  Brussels. 

VAUGHAN,  PETTY,  Esq.  London. 

VAN  RENSELLAER,  STEPHEN,  Albany. 

VAN  ZANDT,  JOSEPH  R.  Albany. 

VANDERBURG,  FEDERAL,  M.  D.  New-York. 

WELLES,  Hon.  JOHN,  Boston. 

WILLICK,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cal- 
cutta. 

WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  Geneseo,  New-York. 

WARD,  MALTHUS,  A. College,  Athens,  Georgia. 

WOLCOTT,  FREDERICK,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 

YATES,  ASHTON,  Esq.  Liverpool. 


CORRESPONDING    MEMBERS. 

ADLUM,  JOHN,  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia. 
ASPINWALL,  Col.  THOMAS,  United  States  Consul,  London. 
APPLETON,  THOMAS,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Leghorn. 

ALPEY,  . 

AQUILAR,  DON  FRANCISCO,  of  Moldonoda,  in   the  Banda  Oriental, 

Consul  of  the  United  States. 
BARNET,  ISAAC  COX,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Paris. 
BURTON,  ALEXANDER,  United  States  Consul,  Cadiz. 
BULL,  E.  W.  Hartford,  Connecticut. 
CARR,  ROBERT,  Esq.  Philadelphia. 
COLVILLE,  JAMES,  Chelsea,  England. 
CARNES,  FRANCIS  G.  Paris. 
DEERING,  JAMES.  Portland,  Maine. 
EMMONS,  EBENEZER,  M.  D.  Williamstown. 
FLOY,  MICHAEL,  New-York. 
FOX,  JOHN,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 
FELLOWS,  NATHANIEL,  Cuba. 
FOSTER,  WILLIAM  REDDING,  Baltimore. 
GARDINER.  ROBERT  H.  Esq.  Gardiner,  Maine. 
GIBSON,  ABRAHAM  P.  United  States  Consul,  St.  Petersburg. 
GARDNER,  BENJAMIN,  United  States  Consul,  Palermo. 


40 

HALL,  CHARLES  HENRY,  Esq.  New-York. 

HAY,  JOHN,  Architect  of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society. 

HALSEY,  ABRAFL^M,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  New- York  Hor- 
ticultural Society.  New- York. 

HARRIS,  Rev.  T.  M.,  D.  D.  Dorchester. 

HUNTER, .  Baltimore. 

HOGG,  THOMAS,  New-York. 

HENRY,  BERNARD,  Gibraltar. 

HITCHCOCK,  I.  L  Baltimore. 

LANDRETH,  DAVID,  jr.  Esq.  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Horticultural  Society. 

LEONARD,  E.  S.  H..  M.  D.  Providence. 

MAURY,  JAMES,  I^sq.  late  United  States  Consul,  Liverpool. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  M.  D.  Secretary  of  the  Horticultural  and  Agricultural 
Society,  Jamaica. 

MILLS,  STEPHEN,  Esq.  Long-Island,  New- York. 

MELVILLE,  ALLAN.  New-York. 

M'LEAY,  WILLIAM  SHARP. 

NEWHALL,  HORATIO,  M.  D.  Galena,  Illinois. 

OFFLEY,  DAVID,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Smyrna. 

OMBROSI,  JAMES,  United  States  Consul,  Florence. 

PARKER,  JOHN,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Amsterdam. 

PAYSON,  JOHN  L.  Esq.  Messina. 

PORTER,  DAVID,  Washington. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM  ROBERT,  Esq.  Long-Island,  New-York. 

PRINCE,  ALFRED  STRATTON,  Long-Island. 

PERRY,  M.  C.   United  States  Navy,  Charlestown. 

PALMER,  JOHN  J.  New-York. 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  S.   United  States  Navy,  Boston. 

REYNOLDS,  M.  D.   Schenectady,  New-York. 

ROGERS,  J.  S.  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

RICHARDS,  JOHN  H.  Paris. 

ROTCH,  THOMAS,  Philadelphia. 

SHALER  WILLIAM,  United  States  Consul- General,  Cuba. 

SMITH,  DANIEL  D.  Esq.  Burlington,  New-Jersey. 

SMITH,  GIDEON  B.  Baltimore. 

SHAW,  WILLIAM,  New-York. 

STRONG,  Judjre,  Rochester,  New-York. 

STEPHENS,  THOMAS  HOLDUP,  United  States  Navy,  Middletov/n, 
Connecticut. 

SMITH,  CALEB  R.  Esq.  New-.Tersey. 

SPRAGUE,  HORATIO,  United  States  Consul,  Gibraltar. 

SUMMEREST,  FRANCIS. 

STRANGE  WAY,  WILLIAM  FOX,  British  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Naples. 

THORBURN,  GEORGE  C.  New-York. 

TILLSON,  JOHN,  jr.  Illinois. 

TENORE,  Professor,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Naples. 

WILSON,  WILLIAM,  New-York. 

WINGATE,  J.  F.  Bath,  Maine. 

WINGATE,  JOSHUA.  Portland. 

WINTHROP,  JOSEPH  AUGUSTUS,  South-Carolina. 


DISCOURSE 


DELIVERED    BEFORE    THE 


MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY, 


ON    THE    CELEBRATION    OF    ITS 


SEVENTH    ANNIVERSARY, 


SBPTEMBER   17,  1835. 


BY  JOHN  LEWIS  RUSSELL. 


BOSTON: 
PRINTED    BY    J.    T.    BUCKINGHAM, 

M  DCCC  XXXV. 


DISCOURSE. 


Mr.  President} 

AND  Gentlemen  of  the 

Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,— 

On  this  returning  Annual  Festival  of  Horticulture 
in  Massachusetts,  it  falls  to  my  lot  to  congratulate 
you  on  the  progress  of  our  favorite  pursuits.  I  stand 
here,  then,  honored  by  the  choice  of  this  Society  for 
that  purpose,  on  an  occasion,  hailed  with  pleasure, 
by  every  member ;  and  younger  in  years,  if  not  alto- 
gether in  experience,  than  those  who  have  preceded 
me  in  the  same  duty.  In  these  relations,  I  therefore 
anticipate  your  sympathy  and  attention. 

The  science  of  Horticulture  is  based  on  the  knowl- 
edge and  uses  of  plants,  as  conducive  to  the  physical 
wants  or  more  remote  luxuries  of  man.  It  therefore 
pre-supposes  the  study  of  those  living  beings,  and  em- 
braces the  science  of  Botany.  The  first  rudiments 
of  that  science  may  be  traced  to  the  primeval  ages, 
when  the  wants  of  men  were  of  the  most  simple 
kind,  confined  to  mere  subsistence.  Amid  the  luxu- 
riant productions  of  a  tropical  climate,  and  in  the 
comparative  infancy  of  the  world,  it  must  have  re- 
quired little  else  than  an  almost  intuitive  knowledge  of 
noxious  or  wholesome  food  to  supply  every  want. 
Thus  we  read,  that  the   progenitors  of  the    human 


race  were  placed  in  a  garden,  and  their  occupation  its 
care.  The  same  duty  has  devolved,  in  all  its  fresh- 
ness and  interest,  on  their  descendants,  unimpaired 
by  time,  or  the  changes  of  matter.  It  is.  Gen- 
tlemen, a  striking  and  happy  argument  of  the  value 
of  your  profession,  that  you  are  thus  able  to  restore 
to  a  deluged  and  overthrown  world  its  former  beauty 
and  glory. 

The  progress  of  Botany  was,  for  centuries,  slow. 
With  the  increase  of  the  human  family,  arose  an  in- 
creased want  of  subsistence.  Such  is  its  brief  early 
history.  The  method  of  appropriating  to  the  sus- 
tenance and  support  of  the  physical  system,  the  va- 
rious articles  of  food,  and  in  what  manner  delete- 
rious substances  were  discriminated  from  salutary,  is 
a  curious  question  in  the  history  of  man.  Thus 
later  experience  has  proved  that  some  of  the  most 
noxious  plants  may  become,  by  the  process  of  art, 
wholesome  and  nutritious.  The  fresh  juice  of  the 
"  Jatropha  Manihot "  is  of  a  highly  poisonous  quali- 
ty ;  but,  expressed  from  the  root,  renders  it  one  of  the 
most  nutritive  articles  of  food.  To  the  Solaneae  we 
owe  some  of  the  most  valuable  vegetables,  while 
many  species  of  the  family  are  decidedly  injurious. 
The  well-known  qualities  of  the  Umbelliferce  are  fa- 
miliar to  every  one,  as  combining  both  medicine  and 
poison,  the  active  agents  of  health  and  death.  The; 
*Parsnep  and  fCarrot,  both  valuable,  in  their  cultivat- 
ed state,  as  articles  of  food,  and  in  rural  economy, 
are  yet  troublesome  and  noxious  weeds,  as  natural- 
ized species  in  our  fields :  whereas  the  Cereal  plants 

*  Pastinaca  saliva.  f  Daucua  carota. 


are,  with  a  single  exception,*  all  nutritious  and 
wholesome,  and  probably  attracted  the  attention  of 
mankind  at  a  very  early  period.  Through  the  inat- 
tention of  man  to  any  thing  except  that  which  de- 
pended on  his  immediate  physical  wants,  and  this  at 
first  from  imperious  necessity,  and  then  from  careless 
indifference,  the  very  native  countries  of  many  of  our 
now  valued  plants  are  unknown.  The  potato,  so 
generally  cultivated  over  the  civilized  world,  in  its 
endless  varieties,  was,  for  a  long  time,  lost  as  a  spe- 
cies, until  very  recent  discoveries  have  detected  it  in 
South-America,  as  an  almost  worthless  plant.f  The 
effect  of  soil,  climate  and  other  circumstances,  on  the 
vegetable  kingdom,  seem  a  wise  provision  of  Nature, 
in  favor  of  the  industry  and  enterprise  of  man  ;  but, 
although  thus  liberal  in  her  gifts,  she  retains  the  right 
of  reducing  to  original  forms,  these  very  changes, 
when  uncontrolled  by  art. 

However  interesting  such  inquiries  may  be,  it  is 
equally  vain  as  idle,  to  enter  into  speculations  on 
these  points,  as  conjectures  and  theory  must  necessa- 
rily supply  the  want  of  truth. 

From  mere  articles  indispensable  for  food  and  nu- 
triment, the  vegetable  kingdom  became  subservient 
to  the  luxury  of  the  human  race,  and  rare  and  cu- 
rious plants,  and  their  cultivation,  were  sought  out, 
to  add  comfort  and  beauty  to  necessity.  The  sacred 
scri})tures  give  us  vivid  descriptions  of  the  advance  of 
Horticultural  taste  and  knowledge  among  the  Jewish 
nation,  and  the  relics  of  antiquity  serve    to  show  that 

*  Lo'.ium  temulenlum. 

t  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts:  London,  No.  31,  pp.  2C2— 3.     Ibid.  No.   19,  pp.  25— 7. 
Edinburgh   Pfiilosopliical  Journal,  Vol.  XVI.  p.  193. 


tlie  culture  of  plants  was  carried  far  beyond  the  sim- 
ple provision  against  physical  wants.  It  is  presuma- 
ble, however,  that  these  first  attempts  of  horticultu- 
ral pursuits  were  necessarily  rude  and  imperfect. 
The  histories  of  those  ancient  Gardens,  the  pride  of 
Oriental  magnificence,  seem  to  imply  more  the  spirit 
of  architectural  grandeur  than  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil. 

The  study  of  Vegetables,  as  a  science,  and  reduc- 
ed to  methodical  arrangement,  did  not  occupy  the  at- 
tention of  the  world  until  a  very  late  period.  Indeed, 
any  existing  regard  to  that  subject  was  chiefly  con- 
fined to  the  more  useful,  or  those  of  reputed  medical 
virtues,  even  to  the  sixteenth  century,  when  Botanic 
Gardens  were  first  introduced  ;  and  the  earliest  works 
may  be  referred  to  about  that  period.  The  tedious 
progress  u  hich  Botany  made,  the  repetition  of  an- 
cient errors,  the  dissensions  among  the  fathers  of  that 
branch  of  natural  science,  are  familiar  to  every  stu- 
dent of  Nature.  A  new  era  of  light  and  truth  com- 
menced under  the  labors  of  Linnaeus  ;  and  since  then 
there  have  been  continued  advancing  developments 
of  both  useful  and  interesting  facts  relative  to  the 
history  of  the  vegetable  world. 

Horticulture,  in  its  restricted  sense,  has  reference 
only  to  the  production  of  the  garden.  It  is  the  hap- 
py combination  of  Art  with  Nature,  seizing  upon  the 
phenomena  of  her  laws,  and  producing  from  her  ab- 
errations and  occasional  seeming  sportiveness,  new 
and  curious  results.  Hence,  it  is  intimately  connect- 
ed with  every  science  which  can  afford  any  assistance 
in  arriving  at  such  results,  but  more  particularly  with 


Botany  and  the  study  of  the  physical  structure  of 
Plants. 

Horticulture  is  Art  co-operating  with  Nature  :  Na- 
ture !  the  perfection  and  excellence  of  whose  opera- 
tions we  all  instinctively  admire  : — that  admiration 
which  is  early  implanted  in  every  human  breast,  but 
which  education  and  a  thousand  fortuitous  circum- 
stances of  the  world  too  often  serve  to  extinguish — 
an  admiration  and  love  for  the  good  and  beautiful, 
which  was  undoubtedly  given  for  the  wisest  purposes, 
and  which,  duly  improved  and  cultivated,  is  of  the  great- 
est benefit.  A  spirit  of  a  high  and  pure  character, 
with  which  every  reasoning  being  is  endowed — that 
seeks  and  finds  exquisite  pleasure  in  all  that  is  exalt- 
ing in  the  works  of  Creative  Po^^  er.  Memory  ever 
delights  to  revert  to  those  joyous,  early  days,  when, 
to  all  of  us,  every  thing  was  serene  around  and  with- 
in ;  and  gladly  would  renew  its  communion  with  that 
quiet  which  her  operations  then  afforded.  It  is  thus 
that  the  garden  possesses  such  attractive  charms — 
that  amidst  the  collected  beauties  and  rich  treasures 
of  the  Floral  kingdom  which  we  there  find,  we  retire 
for  calm  reflection  or  sober  thought.  Its  very  occu- 
pation is  conducive  to  moral  and  intellectual  refine- 
ment. In  rearing  some  delicate  and  frail  flower,  in 
watching  its  gradually  developing  parts,  the  young 
and  verdant  leaf,  the  lengthening  stem,  the  curious 
bud,  the  wonderful  blossom,  its  singular  economy  for 
continued  existence,  the  decaying  and  fading  foliage, 
and  the  sleep  of  temporary  death — how  many  pleasing 
moments  are  passed,  how  many  wise  thoughts  excit- 
ed, lessons  of  duty  and  of  deep  instruction,   given 


8 

with  a  thrilling  pathos  to  the  heart,  imbibed.  These 
are  the  eloquent  pleadings  of  Nature,  speaking  in  a 
silent,  but  fervent  language,  to  every  reflecting  mind. 
Beings  of  a  delicate  and  less  gross  composition,  or- 
ganized with  a  seemingly  more  exquisite  design,  they 
address  themselves,  in  their  lowliness  or  magnificence, 
to  our  attention  with  an  unanswerable  force.  It  is  a 
fact,  no  less  curious  than  interesting,  that  a  passion- 
ate fondness  for  the  Garden  has  been  observed  in  very 
many  great  men ;  and  in  the  quiet  seclusion  which 
one  may  find  there,  have  originated  works,  the  aston- 
ishment of  the  world.  That  touching  lesson,  too,  of 
confidence  in  a  Superior  Power,  which  the  exquisite 
beauty  of  a  small  moss  on  the  arid  plains  of  an  Afri- 
can desert,  gave  to  an  enterprising  traveler,  at  a  time 
when  every  circumstance  seemed  conspired  against 
him,  by  imparting  a  new  energy  to  his  mind,  and  for- 
titude to  his  heart,  saved  to  the  world  an  invaluable 
life  ;*  and  many  a  high  resolve  or  virtuous  decision 
has  undoubtedly  owed  its  origin  and  performance  to 
such  silent  monitors  of  good. 

Horticulture,  in  its  most  extended  sense,  embraces 
the  first  and  most  simple  operation  of  civilized  life, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  constitutes  one  of  the  highest 
subjects  for  the  ingenuity  of  the  mind.  He  that 
committed  the  first  seed  to  the  earth,  with  the  ex- 
pectation of  again  receiving  it  many  fold,  employed 
his  reason  and  faculties  in  the  primary  rudiment  of 
that  science  :  but  for  many  long  ages  were  the  mys- 
terious, yet  immutable  laws  which  gave  development 
and  increase  to  the  embryo  germ,  hidden  from  the 

*  Life  of  Mungo  Park.    Family  Library,  Vol.  XL. 


eyes,  and  concealed  I'lom  the  underslanding  of  man  ; 
and  many  yet  are  the  nice  and  ciiiious  operations  of 
those  seli-same  laws,  unknown  and  unexplored.  So 
extensive,  indeed,  is  the  field  of"  every  science  ^^  hicli 
holds  connexion  with,  or  is  founded  on,  the  Natural 
world,  so  boundless  the  perfections  of  Creative 
Power. 

Horticulture  may  be  defined  as  theoretical  and 
practical.  Theoretical  Horticulture  comprises  Sys- 
tematic and  Physiological  Botany.  Practical  Horti- 
culture arrives  at  certain  ends,  by  former  well-known 
means,  or  appropriates  the  results  of  the  labors  and 
investigations  of  others,  without  necessarily  under- 
standing on  what  those  investigations  were  founded. 
Theoretical  Horticulture  operates  on  the  vegetable 
world  as  does  the  Animal  Physiologist  in  his  depart- 
ment of  study,  probes  the  operations  of  Nature,  tra- 
ces the  reason  of  this  result,  or  that  fact,  becomes 
acquainted  with  the  great  moving  principle  of  life  and 
energy,  can  appropriate  to  its  use,  and  bend  to  its 
service.  Nature  herself,  by  carrying  out,  as  it  were, 
her  very  designs  with  a  more  or  less  rapid  progress. 
Practical  Horticulture  may  be  ignorant  of  every  one 
such  principle,  treasures  up  truths  only  by  results,  ac- 
quires knowledge  as  simple  facts,  and  is  confined  in 
its  operations.  Horticulture  is  practical  in  its  infan- 
cy, becomes  theoretical  in  its  advancing  and  gradual 
growth. 

At  the  head  of  Systematic  Botany  stands  the  im- 
mortal Linnaeus.  This  remarkable  man,  whose  name 
and  works  are  so  familiar  to  every  naturalist,  rose 
like  a  luminary  over  the  dark  clouds  of  misnomered 


10 

Natural  History,  and  was  to  that  branch  of  knowl- 
edge what  was  Newton  to  Natural  Philosophy,  the 
regenerator  of  truth.  Since  his  time,  the  vegetable 
kingdom  has  been  minutely  attended  to  and  investi- 
gated, and  from  the  important  and  patient  labors  of  its 
numerous  votaries  have  accrued  immense  benefits  to 
the  civilized  world,  in  almost  every  department,  of 
human  industry  and  skill. 

The  necessity  of  a  knowledge  of  Systematic  and 
Physiological  Botany  to  the  Horticulturist,  is  almost 
too  evident  for  demonstration.  The  Botanical  Gar- 
dener, and  he  alone,  is  the  Theoretical  Horticulturist. 
The  taste  for  that  science  but  seems  to  strengthen 
the  passion  for  his  profession.  The  accuracy  of  its 
operations,  and  the  necessity  for  the  most  minute 
investigation  in  the  arrangement  of  plants,  would 
serve  to  improve  his  own  love  for  them.  To  the 
Florist,  particularly,  is  this  observation  of  importance. 
The  simplicity  of  Nature  is  overlooked  in  too  many 
instances  for  the  more  gaudy  and  dazzling  productions 
of  art.  Among  the  supposed  treasures  of  collections, 
in  vain  may  one  seek  for  some  species,  till  at  length, 
disappointed  in  his  search,  he  finds  it  under  the  dis- 
iruise  of  an  anomalous  character,  in  some  mutilated 
hybrid,  or  monstrous  development.  Our  floriculture 
needs  thus  a  cautious  but  reforming  hand  ;  a  substi- 
tution of  some  of  that  zeal  for  new  and  foreign  ec- 
centricities of  floral  skill  by  a  closer  attention  to  the 
rich  native  treasures  of  our  own  smiling  fields  and 
verdant  meadows,  of  our  forest-clad  mountains  and 
limpid  streams,  and  an  endeavor  to  take  a  deeper 
interest  in  Nature,  as  she  is.     She  recognizes,  it  is 


11 

true,  none  of  the  artificial  distinctions  of  science  ; — 
but  what  superfluous  production  of  this  or  that  organ, 
what  operation  of  art  by  the  curious  effects  of  culti- 
vation, can  exceed  the  simple  beauty  of  a  permanent 
species.  What  skill  has  imitated  or  excelled  the 
vivid  glory  of  the  ^Cardinal  Flower,  mocking  the 
dyes  of  the  painter  ?  what  perfection  superadded  to 
the  fwhite  water-lily  of  unrivalled  purity,  floating 
amidst  its  broad  protecting  shield-like  leaves?  Does 
that  little  harbinger  of  our  lingering  northern  springs, 
$the  pale  liverwort,  which  dares  to  tell  us  of  the 
coming  sunny  days,  appear  more  interesting  to  the 
cultivated  and  refined  eye,  because  art  has  succeed- 
ed in  producing  a  few  more  petals,  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  its  tiny  filaments,  which  otherwise  contrast  so 
delicately  with  them  ?  The  almost  endless  varieties 
which  have  sprung  into  existence,  in  the  floral  de- 
partment, it  has  been  asserted,  has  given  alarm  to 
system-makers  and  scientific  men.  Whether  this  be 
so  or  not,  the  too  prevailing  taste  for  variety  is  the 
more  to  be  lamented  than  deprecated  ;  and  it  becomes 
the  endeavors  of  every  learned  and  enterprising  So- 
ciety, founded  for  the  encouragement  and  pursuit  of 
horticultural  skill,  and  a  taste  for  gardening,  to  form 
a  new  standard  of  merit  or  value  for  the  subjects  of 
its  pursuits.  Did  Fashion,  that  mighty  potentate 
over  human  society,  sanction  the  taste  for  the  pure 
simplicity  of  Nature,  and  were  plants  admired  for 
their  intrinsic  value  rather  than  as  artificial  produc- 
tions, there  would  be  as  much  satisfaction,  not  to  sav 
more  intellectual  improvement,  in  that   taste  which 

*  Lobelia  Caidiiialis.        f  Nymplisa  O.Iorat.i.        }  Hepatica  triloba. 


12 

dictates  her  study  ;  and  our  gardens  and  conservato- 
ries would  shine  conspicuously  by  the  harmonious 
i)lei)ding  of  true  s])ecies  with  curious  and  costly  va- 
rieties. The  perfection  of  her  works  is  lost  in  the 
mutilations  of  art.  We  can  admire  a  fine  column, 
(yr  gaze  with  just  admiration  on  a  splendid  edifice ; 
but  even  these  shrink  in  comparison,  and  cannot  bear 
the  test  of  her  unrivalled  skill.  If  we  carry  our  op- 
erations into  her  precincts,  we  cannot  improve,  we 
must  mar. 

But,  while  thus  advocating  a  more  general  intro- 
duction and  cultivation  of  species,  it  would  be  equal- 
ly wrong,  as  presumptous,  to  deny,  altogether,  the 
merits  of  horticultural  skill,  in  the  production  of  hy- 
brids, or  varieties.  For  splendid  ornament,  a  group  of 
HKtny-petalled  flowers  is,  indeed,  more  gaudily  attrac- 
tive, for  its  borrowed  excellence,  than  the  simple  pro- 
totype of  a  genus  ;  and,  undoubtedly,  could  he,* 
whose  name  is  borne  down  to  posterity  by  a  single 
but  universal  favorite  flower,  witness  the  wonderful 
changes  which  have  taken  place  in  its  organization, 
now  bearing  the  envious  title  of  some  peerless  beauty 
or  mighty  conqueror,  he  would  scarcely  recognize  the 
unpretending  inhabitant  of  a  Mexican  clime.  The 
modest  violet  is  still  now,  as  ever,  attractive  in  its 
meek  humility  ;  and  the  first  vernal  harbinger,  with 
the  last  lingering  blossoms  of  a  fading  year,  are  and 
ever  will  be  of  more  intense  interest  in  their  native, 
unadorned  simplicity,  as  monitors  or  ])romisers  of 
what  has  past  or  is  to  come. 

Botany  is  not,  however,  by  any  means  confined  to 

*  Dahl. 


13 

nomenclature  or  the  dry  detail  of  species,  nor  yet  to 
the  exclusive  admiration  of  these  alone.  From  th(j 
patient  research  and  splendid  discoveries  of  modern 
science  we  have  arrived  at  new  and  unexpected  results. 
By  these  has  Horticulture  been  materially  improved, 
both  in  England  and  France.  Theoreiical  and  prac- 
tical gardening  have  united  in  their  labors.  The  re- 
markable success,  which  has  crowned  the  studies  and 
pursuits  of  scientific  men,  in  both  these  countries,  by 
the  introduction,  and  we  may  almost  say,  creation  of 
new  valuable  fruits  and  culinary  vegetables,  is  an  ar- 
gument sufficiently  strong  in  favor  of  such  knowl- 
edge. If  the  names  of  these  early  introducers  of 
fruits  from  foreign  climes  have  been  transmitted  to 
posterity  for  such  deeds,  rather  than  for  other  distin- 
guished services,  how  much  greater  the  debt  of  grat- 
itude for  that  industry  which  has  converted  the  acerb 
and  rude  pericarp  of  many  a  tree,  or  the  negative 
quality  of  many  a  seed,  into  delicious  and  nutritious 
articles  of  food  ?  Such  was  not  the  effect  of  accident : 
these  results  were  the  reward  of  minute  investiga- 
tion of  the  secret  operations  of  Nature.  The  world 
will,  no  doubt,  be  slow  in  appreciating  their  merit, 
because  it  is  the  very  nature  of  things  that  the  more 
dazzling  commands  ready  homage.  Fortunately,  such 
truly  patriotic  actions  need  not  the  loud  trump  of 
P^ame  to  sound  their  praise  ;  they  bring  an  inward 
and  lasting  satisfaction  of  greater  value. 

Vegetable  physiology  is  peculiarly  the  subject  of  the 
skillful  gardener's  study.  This,  his  various  occupa- 
tions will  show.  What  errors  have  been  committed 
by  the  ignorant  in  every  department  of  horticultural 


14 

cniplo}  ments.  To  deprive  a  fine  tree  or  vigorous  plant 
of  its  leaves  and  branches,  those  curious  laboratories 
by  which  its  great  vital  operations  are  effected — with 
violence  to  tear  its  no  less  curiously  formed  roots  and 
delicate  spongioles,  and  then  bid  it  grow  in  undimin- 
ished strength,  for  a  long  time  obtained  among  us, 
and  too  many  there  are  yet  who  lend  a  deaf  ear  to 
any  other  doctrine.  With  what  absurd  theories  do 
we  not  daily  meet,  in  regard  to  the  functions  of  the 
sap,  and  the  part  it  performs  in  the  vegetable  econ- 
omy !  What  amazing  errors  are  transmitted,  with 
faithful  care,  from  generation  to  generation,  respect- 
ing the  influence  of  this  or  that  plant,  insect  or  an- 
imal !  How  little  is  known  of  the  true  theory  of 
nutritious  substances  to  the  living  plant,  and  of  the 
manner  of  their  operations !  What  mistakes  occur 
from  some  false  theory  originating  in  prejudice  !  How 
many  are  there,  who  can  refer  to  first  causes  the 
occurrence  of  the  insidious  mildew,  or  the  rapidly 
destructive  blight,  spreading  like  a  baneful  fire  over 
the  fairest  productions  of  the  garden !  How  many 
questions,  which  some  strange  development  of  fruit 
and  flower  call  up,  are  still  unanswerable  !  What  is 
known  of  the  secretory  and  excretory  functions  of 
plants,  and  their  influence  on  vegetation  ?  Nor  is  it 
necessary  to  multiply  examples  or  adduce  illustra- 
tions ;  they  are  familiar  to  every  scientific  cultivator. 
It  may,  perhaps,  be  improper  to  speak  of  the  ad- 
vantages, which  have  arisen  from  the  past  labors  of 
this  Society  in  the  promotion  of  horticultural  knowl- 
edge. Let  rather  its  deeds  proclaim  its  due  praise. 
Tint,  connected  with  one  of  its  primary  objects  should 


15 

be  a  renewed  effort  to  institute  an  Experimental  Gar- 
den, solely  devoted  to  the  end  of  horticultural  skill. 
The  peculiar  adaptation  of  our  climate  to  the  increase 
and  general  introduction  of  many  foreign  varieties  of 
fruits  and  plants  seem  to  demand  from  our  own  efforts 
some  adequate  return.  Our  own  resources  need  in- 
vestigation. That  we  have  talent,  enterprise,  and 
every  desired  means,  cannot  be  questioned.  The 
present  field  of  operation  is  too  extensive.  It  needs 
combined  effort,  where  the  skill  and  science  of  every 
votary  of  the  art,  or  amateur  in  the  profession,  can 
be  united  and  appropriated.  To  the  fruit-grower  this 
is  evident;  and  a  better  opportunity  of  comparing 
the  synonymy  of  pretended  valuable  varieties  and  the 
reduction  to  a  perfect  system  of  such  only  as  are 
worthy  his  attention,  is  much  needed.  To  the  dis- 
appointment, he  has  often  experienced  and  must  con- 
tinually experience  by  the  most  unwarrantable  errors, 
he  is  too  familiar.  With  such  means,  our  work,  Gen- 
tlemen, will  be  effective,  and  the  brilliant  individual 
talent,  now  as  it  were  almost  hopelessly  lost  or  not 
sufficiently  brought  into  action,  will  be  concentrated 
to  its  full  energy.  There  is,  perhaps,  no  branch  of 
Horticulture  which  needs  so  much  correction  as  does 
this.  Owing  to  various  practices,  our  catalogues  of 
fruits  are  but  so  many  lists  of  misnomers  and  long- 
standing errors.  It  is  the  duty  of  scientific  institu- 
tions, like  our  own,  to  correct  this  abuse.  Much  has 
already  been  done  in  England,  but  much  more  re- 
mains to  be  accomplished.  In  no  better  place,  nor 
under  no  more  propitious  circumstances,  could  this  be 
effected  than  by  our  efforts.    By  critical  examination, 


16 

coiiducled  on  the  true  ])riiiciples  of  vegetable  organ- 
ography,— by  the  comparison  of  living  specimens,  an 
Experimental  Garden  affords  every  assistance.  The 
effect  of  soil,  exposure,  and  each  modifying  accident, 
which  influence  the  productions  of  fruit,  could  be 
thoroughly  analyzed.  A  correct  list,  suitable  for  cul- 
tivation, not  only  of  our  own  but  other  countries, 
might  be  formed, — a  single  item,  worthy  in  itself  of 
united  labor  and  enterprise.  The  promotion  of  that 
spirit  of  improvement,  which  elevates  the  standard 
of  taste  for  the  excellent  and  beautiful  by  an  atten- 
tion to  rural  studies,  is  at  all  times  highly  commend- 
able ;  but  the  promotion  of  the  spirit  of  utility  should 
surely  be  combined  with  it.  With  these  views,  may 
this  Society  take  a  Ao})le  stand,  and  the  diflusion  of 
correct  principles  in  practical  knowledge  be  one  of 
its  desired  ends  ; — a  high  and  prevailing  emulation 
among  its  members  of  conferring  deep  and  lasting 
benefits  on  mankind,  by  the  earnest  search  after 
Truth. 

The  review  of  the  past  year  is  such  as  to  encour- 
age us  in  our  efforts.  The  weekly  exhibitions  at 
the  Society's  Rooms  have  afforded  specimens  of 
taste,  skill,  and  enterprise.  The  establishment  of 
two  Magazines,*  devoted  to  Horticulture,  speaks 
highly  in  favor  of  an  increasing  taste  in  the  commu- 
nity. The  list  of  new  members,  the  remembrance 
of  those  abroad  in  valuable  donations,  evince  a  good 
state  of  things,  and  a  degree  of  prosperity  ever  to 
be  desired.     May  the   vigorous   efforts,   which   have 


*  Ameriran  Gardener's  Magazine,  by  C.  I\l.  &  P.  B.  Hovey,  jr.     Horticultural  Ecgisltr 
and  Gardener's  Magazine,  by  T.  G.  Feseeiiden  &:  J.  E.  Teshemaclier. 


17 

crowned  with  success  a  society  of  seven  years  stand- 
ing be  still  undiminished  and  further  increased. 

History  informs  us  that  the  use  of  fruits  and  flow- 
ers, as  ornaments  of  beauty,  as  garlands  of  victory, 
for  festive  occasions,  for  the  purposes  of  Religion, 
and  for  the  last  sad  duties  of  sepulture,  was  almost 
coeval  with  the  human  race  ;  and  some  of  these  cus- 
toms still  exist.  Under  the  benign  influences  of  a 
purer  faith,  in  a  place  once  dedicated  to  the  dramatic 
art,  but  since  consecrated  to  sacred  purposes,  we 
have  decorated  these  walls  with  festive  garlands,  and 
spread  before  you  the  rich  bounties  of  the  seasons. 
Centuries  have  not  broken  the  common  bond  of  feel- 
ing, which  prompts  the  taste  for  the  beautiful  and 
innocent  in  Nature.  But  in  our  admiration  of  the 
treasures  of  Flora  and  Pomona,  let  us  not  be  unmind- 
ful of  Nature's  Great  Author  ! 


SEVENTH    ANNIVERSARY 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


The  Annual  Exhibition  of  Fruits  and  Flowers,  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural  Society,  took  place  on  Wednesday  the 
16th  and  Thursday  the  17th  September;  and  the  place  selected 
Was  the  Odeon,  situated  in  Federal-street,  in  Boston.  The  area 
having  on  this  occasion  been  cleared,  formed  by  a  slight  but  new 
arrangement,  a  magnificent  Hall,  of  lofty  height,  and  spacious 
dimensions,  with  a  skylight  in  the  centre.  The  gallery  leading 
from  the  vestibule,  being  closely  studded  on  either  side  with 
pines,  formed  like  a  forest,  a  dark  but  pleasing  avenue  of  en- 
trance. 

The  fruits,  which  were  on  this  occasion  exhibited,  were  al- 
together uncommonly  fine,  and  of  kinds  and  of  qualities  superior 
to  those  of  former  years.  And  the  display  of  the  flowers  and 
the  fruits,  and  the  skillful  arrangement  of  the  whole,  in  all  its 
parts,  produced  an  effect  confessedly  surpassing  any  thing  of  the 
kind  before  witnessed. 

We  remarked  that  the  e.xliibition,  and  by  far  the  most  invalu- 
able specimens  and  varieties  of  flowers,  and  more  especially  of 
fruits,  consisted  of  nnc  kinds,  in  very  great  proportion  ; — or,  of 
those  kinds  mostly  which,  ten  or  twelve  years  ago,  were  unknown 
to  our  country,  even  in  name.  Thanks  to  those  enlightened  in- 
dividuals, who  with  untiring  zeal  have  ransacked  earth,  recalling 
home  to  their  country  all  that  might  serve  to  adorn,  and  all  that 
might  be  eminently  useful,  for  trial  in  our  climate,  and  on  our 
highly  favored  shores. 

The  days  of  exhibition  were  unusually  fine,  and  the  concoinse 
of  visitors  very  numerous,  both  from  the  city,  and  from  various 
and  remote  parts  of  the  country. 

On  the  second  day,  a  discourse  was  delivered  at  the  Odeon, 
by  Professor  J.  L.  Russell  of  Salem. 

The  following  is  the  account  of  the  exhibition  of  Fruits  : — 

By  E.  Vose  of  Dorchester,  President  of  the  Society — Pears  : 
Rartlett,  Passe  Colmar,  Tillington,  Urbaniste,  Wilkinson,  Cush- 


20 

ing,  Capi.iumont,  Marie  Louise,  Lewis,  Mouille  Bouche,  or 
Verte  Longue.  Peaches :  Grosse  Mig-nonne,  Early  York.  Mel- 
ons :  Persian  Muskmelon,  Green  fleslied  Cantaloupe.  Also,  a 
basket  of  various  kinds  of  fine  fruit. 

R.  Manning  of  Salem — Pears:  Summer  Rose,  Bovvdoin,  Ray- 
mond, Saunders's  Beurre,  St.  Gliislain,  Autumn  Superb,  Ron- 
ville,  Buflum,  Gushing,  Verte  Longue,  Lowrie's  Bergauiotte, 
Wasliington,  Pope's  Scarlet  Major,  Julienne. — Plums:  Brecvort's 
Purple  Boltner,  Late  Green  Gage. — Apples  :  Rambour  Franc, 
Alexander,  Lyscom,  New  American  Crab. 

Samuel  Philbrick  of  Brookline — Pears  :  Bezi  Vaet,  Andrews, 
Capiaumont,  Colmar  Souverain,  Verte  Longue,  Wilkinson, 
Washington,  Seckel. — Rareripe  Peaches. 

Nathaniel  Davenport  of  Milton — Chehnsford  Pears  :  Snow 
Peaclics. 

A.  D.  Williams  of  Roxbury — Pears:  Capiaumont.  Apples: 
Porter,  and  three  handsome  varieties  of  the  Red.  Peaches : 
Golden,  Purple  Clingstone. 

Samuel  Downer  of  Dorchester — Pears  :  Bezi  Vaet,  Napoleon, 
Beurre  Diel,  Fulton,  Bleecker's  Meadow,  Capiaumont,  Lewis, 
Andrews,  Urbaniste,  Gushing,  Ileathcot,  D'Aremberg,  which 
has  sometimes  been  confounded  with  the  GIou.k  Morceau,  St. 
Ghislain,  Lowell,  V/illiams's  Bon  Chretien,  ( Dart  let  t,)  Catillac, 
Iron  Pear,  Beurre  Knox,  and  l)ranches  of  the  same,  Seckel,  and 
branches  of  do.,  Crassnne,  Golden  Beurre  of  Dr.  Holbrook.  Ap- 
ples :  Fine  Red,  Old  Pearmain,  Pumpkin  Sweet,  Porter,  Ram's 
Horn,  (fine  red,)  Fall  Pippin,  Red  Siberian  Crab  and  Yellow  Si- 
berian Crab,  with  branches  of  both  varieties,  Lady  Apple,  None- 
such, Winter  Sweet. 

Joshua  Gardner  of  Dorchester — Apples:  Fall  Pippin,  and 
branches  of  Siberian  Crab.     Pears  :   Seckle. 

Marshall  P.  Wilder  of  Dorchester — Williams's  Bon  Chretien, 
( B artkt t, )  BergamoUe.  Apples:  two  varieties,  both  fine.  Mel- 
ons :  True  Persian  Housanie  Muskmelon  (striped,  the  seeds 
from  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  and  believed  to  be  the 
first  of  the  kind  produced  in  the  country,)  Lord  Gardner's  Green 
fleshed  Muskmelon. 

John  A.  Kcnrick  of  Newton — Pears  :  Seckel,  Williams's  Bon 
Chretien,  ( Barttctt,)  Chelmsford,  Beurre  Knox.  Apples  :  York 
Russets,  and  some  other  kinds.  Peaches  :  Alberge,  Red  Rare- 
ripe, Sweet  Water,  Coolcdge's  Favorite. 

John  Mackay  of  Boston,  for  Henry  Flagg  of  Weston — Apples: 
4  baskets  of  Hawthorndean,  beautiful.  Pears  :  4  baskets  of 
Seckle,  2  do.  of  Heathcot. 

Michael  Tombs  of  the  Faneuil  Hall  Market — Pears:  Ilannas, 
a  fruit,  which  has  never,  to  our  knowledge,  been  exhibited,  and 
believed  to  be  a  native,  much  like  the  St.  Michaels,  but,  to  ap- 
pearance, more  oblong,   and   of  larger   size  ;  Gushing,  from  the 


21 


original  tree,  which  in  a  dry  and  gravelly  soil  produces  from  six- 
teen to  twenty  bushels,  this  season. 

Madame  Dix  of  Washington-street,  Boston — Pears  :  Bon 
Chretien,  Dix,  Old  St.  Germain. 

Dr.  S.  A.  Shurtleff,  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Socie- 
ty, Pemberton  Hill — Pears  :  5  baskets  of  St.  Michaels,  raised  in 
his  garden,  in  the  city,  Rousselette  de  Rheims,Fall  Bergamotte, 
Gansel's  Bergamotte.  Apples  :  High  top  Sweeting.  Grapes  : 
4  baskets  of  Chasselas.. 

Dr.  Zabdiel  B.  Adams  of  Boston — Pears  :  Seckel,  St.  Michael. 
White  Imperial  or  Yellow  Egg  Plum. 

William  Oliver  of  Dorchester — St.  Ghislain,  Wilkinson,  Bro- 
ca's  Bergamotte,  Williams's  Bon  Chretien,  ( Barthtt.)  Apples: 
Chataigne  or  Chestnut  apple.  Melons  :  Cantaloupe,  Persian 
Muskmelons. 

E.  Train  of  Weston — Apples  :  a  specimen  resembling  in  ex- 
terior the  Alexander. 

R.  &  E.  Marsh  of  Q,uincy — Pears:  Cashing;  specimens 
about  as  fine  as  those  which  were  exhibited  the  Saturday  previous, 
4  of  which  weighed  21  ounces. 

S.  Phipps  of  Dorchester — Pears  :  Williams's  Bon  Chretien, 
(Bartldt,)  Seckel.    Apples  :   Fall  Pippin,  Spice  apple. 

E.  Bartlett  of  Roxbury,  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents — Pears  : 
Bartlett  or  Williams's  Bon  Chretien,  Capiaumont.  Apples  : 
Maiden's  Blush,  Ribston  Pippin.  Plums  :  Purple  Gage,  New 
Gage.     Peaches  :  some  fine  specimens. 

Dana  &  Norcross  of  the  Faneuil  Hall  market — Pears:  Will- 
iams's Bon  Chretien,  Cushing,  Harvard.  Peaches  :  Cooledge's 
Favorite.     Other  baskets  of  pears  and  fine  fruit. 

William  Worthington  of  Dorchester — Capiaumont,  Monsieur 
Jean,  Warden,  Minot,  Roussellette  de  Rheims,  Seckel,  St.  Mi- 
chael, Williams's  Bon  Chretien  or  Bartlett,  Native  Red  Cheek, 
Pound  Pear,  and  several  other  kinds.  Apples  :  Ladies'  Delight, 
Carhouse. 

Richard  Ward  of  Roxbury — Roxbury  Russets,  growth  of 
1834,  Sweet  apples.  Pears  :  Bon  Chretien  Williams  or  Bartlett, 
Seckel.  Peaches  :  Cooledge's  Favorite,  Red  Rareripe,  Yellow 
do. 

Charles  Stone  of  Watertown — Peaches,  Yellow  Rareripe, 
Stone's  Favorite,  in  all  11  baskets. 

Amos  Bemis  of  Waltham — Peaches  :  Carolina  Rareripes. 

Mrs.  Deuch  of  Derne-street,  Boston — Yellow  Rareripe  Peach. 

E.  M.  Richards  of  Dedham — Pears:  Verte  Longue,  Harvard, 
Chelmsford.  Apples:  Red  Juneating,  Benoni,  the  last  always 
fine;   Summer  Pearmain,  Orange  Sweeting. 

B.  V.  French  of  Boston — Pears  :  William's  Bon  Chretien  or 
Bartlett,  Cushing,  Wilkinson.  Apples  :  Hawthorndean,  Rug- 
gles's  apple,   Dovvnton  Golden  Pippin,   Native  Sweeting,  Kerry 


22 


Pippin,  Yellow  Bellflower,  Dutch  Codlin.  Grapes  :  Morillon 
Noir. 

Mr.  Slack  of  Roxbury — Pears  :  Bartlett,  Andrews,  and  anoth- 
er variety.  Apples:  a  large  and  handsome  variety.  Peaches,  2 
baskets. 

G.  Pierce  of  Charlestown — Apples :  3  baskets  of  Porter. 
Pears  :  3  baskets  of  Andrews. 

William  Dean  of  Salem — Pears:  Johonnot,  2  baskets ;  and 
some  fine  Grapes  from  his  Grape  house. 

William  Kenrick — Pears :  Beurre  Colmar  d'Automne,  a  new, 
valuable,  and  most  productive  variety. 

Messrs.  Ilovey — Pears  :  Johonnot,  Williams's  Bon  Chretien  or 
Bartlett ;  also,  peaches  and  nectarines,  raised  in  pots. 

P.  May  of  Boston — Pears :  Golden  Beurre. 

S.  Sweetser  of  Cambridge — Pears  :  Bon  Chretien. 

Cheever  Newhall  of  Dorchester — President  Peaches. 

David  Hill  of  West-Cambridge — Peaches  :  Lemon  Rareripe, 
Orange  Peach. 

Wm.  Gridley  of  Boston — Plums:  a  limb  of  beautiful  fruit  of 
the  Magnum  Bonum,  a  kind  suitable  only  for  preserving  and  for 
show. 

Samuel  Heath  of  Roxbury — A  basket  of  beautiful  Andrews 
Pears. 

E.  W.  Hayward  of  Mendon — A  basket  of  fine  Peaches. 

Mrs.  King — Two  baskets  of  fruit. 

Mrs.  Timothy  Bigelow  of  Med  ford — Bon  Chretien  Pears. 

William  Wales  of  Dorchester — Black  Hamburg  Grapes. 

Thomas  Mason  of  Charlestown  Vineyard — Peaches:  Royal 
George,  Bellegarde.  Nectarines  :  Elruge,  Brugnon,  a  native, 
both  kinds  very  beautiful.  Grapes:  Chasselas  or  Sweetwater, 
Black  Hamburg,  of  the  second  crop. 

Benjamin  Seaver.     Sweetwater  Grapes  and  Peaches. 

Jacob  Tidd  of  Roxbury — Grapes  :  2  bunches  of  Regner  de 
Nice,  very  large,  one  weighing  2  3-4  lbs.  and  the  other  3  1-2 
lbs.  ;  also,  three  bunches  of  Black  Hamburg,  one  weighing  2  lb. 
G  oz.,  another  2  lb.  15  oz.,  and  another  3  1-4  lbs. 

Joshua  Child — Grapes  :   Morillon  Noir. 

Benjamin  Guild  of  Brookline — Plums  :  White  Gage.  Grapes: 
Black  Hamburg,  raised  under  glass,  but  without  fire,  Sweetwa- 
ter, raised  in  Brookline,  in  the  open  air,  on  common  trellis  ;  all 
large  and  fine. 

John  Arnold,  No.  99,  Cambridge-street — Sweetwater,  raised 
in  open  culture  in  the  city. 

Charles  Taylor  of  Dorchester — A  large  basket  of  Black  Ham- 
burg grapes,  very  fine. 

Joseph  Balch — Pears  :  Green  Catharine,  and  another  for  the 
Gushing.  Apples:  Benoni,  and  a  yellow  variety  from  England. 
Twice-bearing  red  raspberries.  Fine  specimens  of  peaches. 
Grapes  :  Black  Hamburg,  White  Frontignac. 


23  • 

T.  H.  Perkins,  from  his  magnificent  and  spacious  glass-houses 
in  Brookline — Peaches  :  Noblesse,  Early  York,  French  Gallande, 
Grosse  Gallande  ;  also,  red  Roman  Nectarines,  all  very  beauti- 
ful. Grapes  :  White  Passe  Musque,  Black  Lombardy,  White 
Sweetwater,  Black  Frankendale,  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria, 
Black  Hamburg,  White  Syrian,  Black  St.  Peters,  White  Fron- 
tignac,  Black  Frontignac,  Grizzly  Frontignac,  Black  Cluster,  or 
Meunier,  Barcelona  Long  White.  These  vvere  beautifully  ar- 
ranged in  clusters  of  different  colors  alternate,  and  with  a  fine 
effect.  Such  a  variety  of  the  superior  kinds  has  never  been  dis- 
played, we  believe,  at  any  former  exhibition.  All  were  grown 
by  the  skill  of  Wm.  H.  Cowing.  From  the  same  source  a  rare 
and  new  variety  of  squash  was  sent  for  exhibition. 

Samuel  Phipps  of  Dorchester — Specimens  of  Valparaiso 
squash;  also,  Autumnal  Marrow  do.,  and  Egg  Plants. 

Dennis  Murphy  of  Roxbury — Lima  Squash  ;  also,  fine  speci- 
mens of  the  purple  and  white  Egg  Plants. 

The  end  of  the  centre  table  was  graced   by  a  large  and  beau- 
tiful  Orange  Tree,  loaded  with   its  large  and  golden  fruit,  inter- 
mixed with  others   unripe,  and   in   every  stage  of  their  growth. 
This  was  from  the  green-house  of  the  Hon.  John  Lowell. 
For  the  Committee, 

WILLIAM  KENRICK. 


REPORT 

OF    THE    COMMITTEE    ON    FLOWERS    AND    PLANTS. 

Col.  T.  H.  Perkins,  Brookline.  A  handsome  frame  work  of 
flowers,  on  which  grapes  from  his  houses  were  suspended  ;  also, 
a  specimen  of  the  flowers  of  Phaseolus  caracalla,  a  rare  green- 
house plant  of  singular  appearance  and  delightful  fragrance. 

Hon.  John  Lowell,  Roxbury.  A  splendid  Orange  tree,  laden 
with  fruit ;  the  Sweet  Lime  tree,  an  exceedingly  rare  plant ;  a 
fine  specimen  of  the  elegant  Gomphocarpus  ;  Gloxinia  maculata 
and  speciosa,  Plectranthus  fruticosus,  Justicia  picta,  Begonia 
argyrostigma,  Ardisia  solanacea,  with  many  other  ornaments  of 
the  greenhouse  ;  and  amongst  a  variety  of  cut  flowers  were  the 
stately  Canna  speciosa,  and  the  rare  Strelitzia  regina. 

W.  Pratt,  Esq.,  Watertown.  A  magnificent  collection  of  Dah- 
lias, with  a  very  liberal  donation  of  cut  flowers. 

Thomas  Lee,  Esq.,  Brookline.  Two  elegant  vases,  contain- 
ing cut  flowers,  amongst  which  were  Calandrinia  grandiflora^ 


24 

Linaria  genistifolia,  Lupinus  mutabilis,  Helenium  autumnalis, 
Argeinoiie  Barclayana,  Tliunbcrgia  alata,  Maiirandia  Barclay- 
ana,  and  many  others. 

Mrs.  Norcross,  of  Boston.  Several  fine  plants  in  pots,  amongst 
which  were  Poliaiithus  tuberosa  (the  Tuberose,)  Myrtle-leaved 
Orange,  Begonia  Evansiana,  and  others. 

H.  A.  Breed,  Esq.,  Lynn.  A  large  and  fine  bouquet  of  cut 
flowers. 

Hon.  E.  Vose,  Dorchester.  A  large  quantity  of  cut  flowers. 
M.  P.  Wilder,  Esq.,  Dorchester.  A  very  fine  and  numerous 
collection  of  Dahlias,  amongst  which  the  most  conspicuous  for 
beauty  and  successful  growth,  were  Countess  of  Ponza,  Lord 
Chichester,  Polyphemus,  Richardson's  Alicia,  Brown's  Ophelia, 
Belladonna,  Countess  of  Liverpool,  Jason,  Negro  boy,  Agrippina; 
also,  a  vase  of  about  forty  varieties  of  beautiful  autumnal  roses, 
including  the  celebrated  Palavicin  and  the  Triomphe  de  Boll- 
wilier,  a  large  donation  of  cut  flowers,  and  many  rare  exotic 
plants  in  pots. 

S.  Phipps,  Esq.,  Dorchester.  Celosia  cristata,  and  several 
other  beautiful  plants  in  pots,  with  a  fine  specimen  of  Solanum 
raelongena,  the  Egg  plant. 

J.  F.  Priest,  Esq.,  Boston.  A  large  and  magnificent  plant  of 
the  Salvia  splendens,  double-flowering  Pomegranate,  and  several 
others. 

Mr.  Thomas  Dunlap,  from  the  garden  of  W.  G.  Buckner,  Esq., 
Bloomingdale,  N.  Y.  A  fine  collection  of  Dahlias,  the  most 
beautiful  of  which  were  Wilmot's  Superb,  Granta,  Paroquet ; 
Diadem,  a  seedling  raised  by  him,  in  the  style  of  Countess  of 
Liverpool,  and  Roscoe,  another  fine  seedling,  also  raised  by  him. 
E.  M.  Richards,  Esq.,  Dorchester.  A  yellow  seedling  Dahlia 
of  very  great  merit,  raised  by  him. 

W.  Worthington,  Esq.,  Dorchester.  A  considerable  number 
of  bouquets  of  cut  flowers,  containing,  with  others,  some  remark- 
ably fine  specimens  of  China  Aster. 

J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  Esq.,  Brighton.  A  fine  collection  of  Dah- 
lias, with  several  beautiful  bouquets. 

J.  Crane,  Esq.,  Boston.  Two  fine  plants,  in  pots,  of  Helian- 
thus  giganteus. 

Mr.  S.  Walker,  Roxbury.  A  fine  boquet  of  cut  flowers,  with 
a  choice  collection  of  Dahlias  ;  the  most  brilliant  in  color  and 
perfect  in  shape  were  Oueen  of  the  Dahlias,  Miss  Pelham,  Den- 
isii,  Springfield  Rival,  Tyso's  Matilda,  Groomsbridge's  Matchless; 
also,  a  small  but  elegant  group  of  seedling  Heartsease,  (Viola.) 

Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Carter, 
the  following  plants  in  pots  : — Banksia  serrata  in  flower,  Eugenia 
jambos,  Callistemon  lanceolata,  Eleagnus,  Melaleuca,  Cleroden- 
dron,  Protea  argcntea.  Acacia  falcata,  Aster  argyrophyllus,  Lau- 
rus  indica,  Paasiflora  alba,  Diosma,  Gordonia  lasianthus,  Ballota, 


25 


Fuchsia  tenolhi  and  Thomsonia,  Calothamnus  quadrifida,  Rhodo- 
dendron, and  otiiers ;  also,  a  very  fine  collection  of  Dahlias,  the 
most  prominent  of  which  were  Well's  white,  Amanda,  Belladon- 
na, Q,ueen  of  the  Dahlias,  and  a  seedling  of  considerable  beauty, 
raised  by  Mr.  Carter. 

Mount  Auburn  Garden,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Russell. 
A  profusion  of  cut  flowers. 

W.  Kenrick,  Newton.  Several  beautiful  plants  in  pots,  includ- 
ing two  fine  specimens  of  Morus  multicaulis,  with  a  large  quanti- 
ty of  cut  flowers. 

J.  A.  Kenrick,  Newton.     A  large  quantity  of  cut  flowers. 

Messrs.  Winship,  Brighton.  A  large  quantity  of  cut  flowers, 
with  two  magnificent  plants  of  the  Cockscomb,   Celosia  cristata. 

Lancaster  Botanic  Garden,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Joseph 
Breck.  A  numerous  and  matchless  collection  of  Dahlias ;  the 
most  striking  for  beauty  and  shape  were  Village  maid,  Thorburn's 
seedling  from  Widnall,  King  of  the  Whites,  Transccndant,  Col- 
vill's  Perfecta,  Widnall's  Jasou,  Clueen  of  the  Yellows,  Wells's 
Royal  Lilac,  and  Margaret's  Favorite,  a  beautiful  seedling,  rais- 
ed by  Mr.  Breck. 

Messrs.  llovey,  Boston.  A  very  choice  and  brilliant  collection 
■of  double  China  Asters,  embracing  twelve  distinct  kinds,  with 
several  very  fine  Dahlias,  the  most  conspicuous  for  beauty  both 
of  shape  and  color  were  Lord  Liverpool,  Negro  boy,  Cassina, 
Prince  George,  Widnall's  Adonis,  Picta  formosissima  ;  also,  sev- 
eral bouquets,  remarkable  for  variety  of  flowers  and  elegance  of 
arrangement,  containing  Gladiolus  natalensis.  Zinnia,  violacea 
var.  coccinea.  Euphorbia  variegata.  Dahlias,  Phlox  roseu.m,  plom- 
erata,  cordata,  Wheeleriana,  Americana^  Solidago  altissmia,  witli 
a  quantity  of  cut  flowers. 

Mr.  Sweetser,  Boston.  A  superb  collection  of  Dahlias,  amongst 
which  the  finest  were  Alba  fimbriata,  and  the  Kincr  of  the  Yel- 
lows;  several  beautiful  bouquets,  and  a  fine  specimen  of  Rosa 
Lamarque,  one  of  the  most  delightful  and  fragrant  of  the  tribe. 

Mr.  D.  Murphy,  Roxbury.  Many  greenhouse  plants  ;  amongst 
them  were  a  lage  Myrtus  communis,  with  fruit,  Cyclas  revoluta, 
Viburnum  tinus.  Orange  trees,  Calla  Ethiopica,  many  bouquets 
and  cut  flowers. 

John  Arnold,  Cambridge.     A  variety  of  plants  in  pots. 

J.  D.  Williams,  Boston.  A  variety  of  plants  in  pots;  among 
them  were  the  Silver-edged  Holly,  the  L-ish  Yew,  and  the  LaureL 

W.  Wales,  Dorchester.  A  fine  collection  of  cut  flowers  and 
bouquets,  in  one  of  which  was  the  beautiful  and  fragrant  Yellow 
Tea  Rose. 

S.  H.  Weld.,  Esq.,  Roxbury.      Dahlias  and  cut  flowers. 

B.  P.  Winslow,  C.  Newhall,   J.  Richardson,  N.  Davenport,  J. 
Gardner  and  Mr.  Farnsworih.     Cut  flowers. 
For  the  committee, 

J.  E.  TESCHEMACHER 


OFFICERS 

OF    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

FOR   THE    YEAR, 
COMMENCING  ON  THE  FIRST  SATURDAY  IN  DECEMBER,  1835. 


PRESIDENT. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Dorchester. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

E.  BARTLETT,  Dorchester. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
SAMUEL  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Boston. 
PICKERING  DODGE,  Salem. 

TREASURER. 

WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester. 

CORRESPONDING    SECRETARY. 

ROBERT  TREAT  PAINE,  Boston. 

RECORDING    SECRETARY. 

EZRA  WESTON,  Jr.  Boston. 

COUNSELLORS. 

THEODORE  LYMAN,  Jr.  Boston. 
AUGUSTUS  ASPINWALL,  Brookline. 
THOMAS  BREWER,  Roxbury. 
HENRY  A.  BREED,  Lynn. 
M.  P.  SAWYER,  Portland,  Me. 
NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT,  Milton. 
E.  HERSEY  DERBY,  Salem. 
THOMAS  WHITMARSH,  Brookline. 
J.  M.  GOURGAS,  Weston. 


27 

WILLIAM  PRATT,  Jr.  Boston. 
SAMUEL  JAaUES,  Jr.  Charlestown. 
JOSEPH  G.  JOY,  Boston. 
WILLIAM  KENRICK,  Newton. 
JOHN  LEMIST,  Roxbury. 
BENJAMIN  RODMAN,  New-Bedford. 
THOMAS  G.  FESSENDEN,  Boston. 
CHARLES  TAPPAN,  Boston. 
JACOB  TIDD,  Roxbury. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
AARON  D.  WILLIAMS,  Roxbury. 
J.  W.  WEBSTER,  Cambridge. 
GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER,  Boston. 
DAVID  HAGGERSTON,  Watertown. 
CHARLES  LAWRENCE,  Salem. 

PROFESSOR    OF    BOTANY    AND    VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Rev.  JOHN  L.  RUSSELL. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    HORTICULTURAL    CHEMISTRY. 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,  M.  D. 


STANDING    COMMITTEES. 


COMMITTEE    ON    FRUITS. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman,  SAMUEL  A.  SHURTLEFF, 

ROBERT  MANNJNG,  SAMUEL  DOWNER, 

WILLIAM  KENRICK,  SAMUEL  POND, 

BENJA.  V.  FRENCH,  P.  B.  HOVEY, 

EDWARD  M.  RICHARDS,  L.  P.  GROSVENOR. 


COMMITTEE    ON    PRODUCTS    OF    KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

GEO.  C.  BARRETT,  Chairman,     AARON  D.  WILLIAMS, 

DANIEL  CHANDLER,  LEONARD  STONE, 

JACOB  TIDD,  NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT. 

COMMITTEE    ON    FLOWERS,    SHRUBS,    &.C. 

J.  E.  TESCHEMAKER,  Chairman,  SAMUEL  WALKER, 
CHARLES  M.  HOVEY,  DAVID  HAGGERSTON, 

JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  JOHN  A.  KENRICK. 

COMMITTEE    ON    THE    LIBKARY. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman,  J.  E.  TESCHEMAKER, 

JACOB  BIGELOW,  EZRA  WESTON,  Jr. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  CHARLES  M.  HOVEY,  Librarian. 
ROBERT  T.  PAINE, 

COMMITTEE    ON    SYNONYMS    OF    FRUIT. 

JOHN  LOWELL,  Chairman,  WILLIAM  KENRICK, 

ROBERT  MANNING,  SAMUEL  DOWNER. 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman,  BENJA.  V.  FRENCH, 

CHEEVER  NEWHALL,  PICKERING  DODGE. 

L.  P.  GROSVENOR, 

COMMITTEE    OF    FINANCE. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman,  CHEEVER  NEWHALL. 

BENJA.  V.  FRENCH, 


MEMBERS 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY 


Armstrong,  Samuel  T.  Boston. 
Aspinwall,  Augustus,  Brookline. 
Andrews,  John  II.  Salem. 
Andrews,  Ebenezer  T.  Boston. 
Anthony,  Jarnes,  Providence. 
Adams,  Samnel,  JUMon. 
Andrews,  Ferdinand,  Lancaster. 
Atkinson,  Amos,  Brooldinc. 
Adams,  Daniel,  J^Tcwbury. 
Applelon,  Samuel,  Boston. 
Adams,  Charles  F.  Quincy. 
Adamson,  John,  Roibury. 
Andrews,  William  T.  Boston. 

Bartlelt,  Enoch,  Roxhury. 
Brewer,  Thomas,      " 
Brimmer,  George  W.  Boston. 
Bradlee,  Joseph  P.  " 

Breed,  Ebengzer,  " 

Breed,  Henry  A.  Lynn. 
Bigelow,  Jacob,  Boston. 
Breed,  Andiews,  Lynn. 
Bailey,  Kendall,  Charlcstorcn. 
Brown,  James,  Cambridge. 
Buckminster,  Lawson,  Framingham. 
Buckminster,  Edward  F.        " 
Breck,  Joseph,  Z,«nca.vier. 
Bradford,  Samuel  D.  Boston. 
Bailey,  Ebenezer,  " 

Bishop,  N.  II.  .Mcdford. 
Brewer,  Eliab  Stone,  Boston. 
Badlam,  Stephen,  " 

Beal,  George  VV.  Quincy. 
Boott,  William,  Boston. 
Brown,  J.  M.  " 

Brimmer,  Martin,    " 
Bangs,  Edward  D.  " 
Balch,  Joseph,  Rozbury. 
Bond,  George,  Boston. 
Billings,  Joseph  H.  Roxhury. 
Brown,  Charles,  Boston. 
Bussey,  Benjamin,  Rozbury. 
Buckingham,  Joseph  T.  Cambridge. 
Bond,  George  W.  Boston. 
Barrett,  George  C.        " 
Bowen,  Charles,  " 

Cook,  Zebedee,  jr.  Boston. 
Codman,  John,  Dorchester. 
Clapp,  Nathaniel,      " 
Coolidge,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Copeland,  B.  F.  Rozbury. 
Cogswell,  J.  G.  JVortliampton. 
Champney,  John,  Rozbury. 
Cowing,  Cornelius,      " 
Cowing,  Howland,  jr.  Boston. 


Carter,  William,  Cambridge, 

Curtis,  William,  J^ewton. 

Coolidge,  Josiah,  Cambridge. 

Cowan,  Wm.  H.  Brighton. 

Cruft,  Edward,  Boston. 

Chandler,  Daniel,  Lezington. 

Callender,  Joseph,  Boston. 

Chase,  Hezekiah,  Lynn. 

Clapp,  John,  South-Reading. 

Carter,  Horatio,,  iancaitcr. 

Games,  Nathaniel  G.  JVew-YorJc. 

Curtis,  Edward,  Pepperill. 

Chandler,  Samuel,  Lezington. 

Capen,  Aaron,  Dorchester. 

Crowningshield,  Benjamin  W.  Boston. 

Cotting,  William,  West-Cambridge. 

Cabot,  Samuel,  Brookline. 

Collin,  Hector,  Rock  Farm,  JVeicbury. 

Curtis,  Nathaniel,  Rozbury. 

Clapp,  Isaac,  Dorchester. 

Crafts,  Ebenezer,  Rozbury. 

Coolidge,  Samuel  F.  Boston. 

Cowing,  N.  H.  Brookline.^ 

Crane,  }osbua.y  Boston. 

Coolidge,  Thomas  B.  Boston. 

Child  Joshua,  " 

Dearborn,  H.  A.  S.  Boston. 
Davis,  Isaac  P.  " 

Downer,  Samuel,  Dorchester. 
Dudley,  David,  Rozbury. 
Doggett,  John,  Boston. 
Davenport,  Nathaniel,  Milton. 
Davis,  Charles,  Rozbury. 
Dorr,  Nathaniel,      " 
Dodge,  Pickering,  jr.  Salem. 
Derby,  E.  H.  " 

Davis,  John,  Boston. 
Downes.  John,     " 
Dyer,  E.D.  Boston. 
Dickson,  James  A.  Boston. 
Davis,  N.  Morton,  Plymouth. 

Emmons,  Robert  L.  Boston. 
Everett,  Edward,  Charlestown. 
Eustis,  James,  South-Reading. 
Ellis,  Charles,  Rozbury. 
Edwards,  Elisha,  Springfield. 
Eager,  William,  Boston. 
Endicott,  Wm.  P.  Salem. 
Eldredge,  Edward,  Boston. 

French,  Benjamin  V.  Boston, 
Fessenden,  Thomas  G.     " 
Prothingham,  Samuel,     " 
Forrester,  John,  Salem. 


30 


Fiskc,  Oliver,  IVorcestcr. 
Fosdick,  Uavid,  Charlestown. 
Fletclier,  Ricliard,  Boston. 
Field,  Joseph,  Weston. 
Fitcli,  Jeremiah,  Boston. 
Francis,  J.  B.  Warwick,  R.  I. 
Freeman,  Russell,  Sandwich. 
Fay,  Samuel  P.  P.  Cambridgeport. 
Faxon,  Nathaniel,  Boston. 

Gray,  John  C.  Boston. 
Greenleaf,  Thomas,  Quincij. 
Gourgas,  J.  M.  Weston. 
Green,  Charles  W.  Roibury. 
Gore,  Watson,  " 

Gannett,  T.  D.  Cavihridgeport. 
Gould,  Daniel,  Reading. 
Gardner,  W.  F.  Salem. 
Gardner,  Joshua,  Dorchester. 
Goodwin,  Thomas  J.  Charlestown. 
Guild,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Gibbs,  Benjamin,  Cambridgeport. 
Giant,  Benjamin  B.  Boston. 
Gould,  Benjamin  A.        " 
Gray,  John,  " 

Grosvenor,  L.  P.  " 

Harris,  Samuel  D.  Boston, 
Haskins,  Ralph,  Roxhury. 
Heard,  John,  jr.  Boston. 
Hill,  Jeremiah,  " 

HoUingsvvorth,  Mark,  Milton. 
Harris,  Wm.  T.  Cambridge. 
Holbrook,  Amos,  Milton. 
Howe,  Rufus,  Dorchester. 
Hayden,  John,  Brookline. 
Howes,  Frederick,  Salem. 
Haggerston,  David,  Watertown. 
Howland,  io]^n, }r.  JVcw-Bedford. 
Hayward,  George,  Boston. 
Higginson,  Henry,        " 
Hall,  Dudley,  Medford. 
Hartshorn,  Eliphalet  P.  Boston. 
Houghton,  Abel,  jr.  Lynn. 
Hovey,  P.  B.  jr.  Cambridgeport. 
Hurd,  William,  Charlestown. 
Howe,  Hall  J.  Boston. 
Hodges,  J.  L.  Taunton. 
Hodge,  Isaac  L.  Plymouth. 
Hovey,  Charles  M.  Cambridgeport. 
Hayward,  Charles,  Boston. 
Hayden,  Frederick,  Lincoln. 
Hyde,  Samuel,  jr.  JVewtown. 
Hammond,  H.  H.  Lexington. 

Jaques,  Samuel,  jr.  Charlestown, 
Ives,  John  M.  Salem. 

Joy,  Joseph  G.  Boston. 
Jackson,  Patrick  T.  Boston. 
Jackson,  James,  " 

Johonnot,  George  S.  Salem. 
Jones,  L.  D.  JVew-Bcdford. 
Josselyn,  Lewis,  Bostoii. 

Kenrick,  William,  J^ewton. 
King,  John,  Medford. 
Kidder,  Samuel,  Charlestown. 
Kuhn,  George  H.  Boston. 
Kendall,  Abel,  jr.      " 
Kenrick,  John  A.  JVewton. 
Kenrick,  Enoch  B.      " 

Lincoln  Ticvi,  Worcester. 
Lincoln  William,      " 
Lowell,  John,  Roibury. 
Lee,  Thomas  jr.     " 


Lcmlst  John,  Roxhury. 
Lyman,  Theodore,  jr.  Boston. 
Lowell,  John  A.  Boston. 
Lawrence,  Abbott,    " 
Lyman,  George  W.  " 
Lawrence,  Charles,  Salem. 
Leiand,  Daniel,  Sherburne. 
Leland,  J.  P.  " 

Loring,  W.  J.  Boston. 
Lowell,  John,  jr.  " 

Manning,  Robert,  Salem. 
Manners,  George,  Boston. 
Minn's  Thomas,        " 
Morrell,  Ambrose,  Lexington. 
Munroe,  Jonas,  " 

Mussey,  Benjamin,        " 
Motley,  Edward,  Boston. 
Mason,  Lowell,         " 
Montague,  Wm.  H.  " 
Morse,  S.  F.  " 

Means,  James,  " 

Mackay,  John,  *' 

Mead,  Isaac,  Charle.'itown. 
Mead,  Samuel  O.  West- Cambridge. 
Mason,  Thomas,  Charlestown. 
Miller,  Edward,  Boston. 
Mason,  Jeremiah,    " 
Mason,  Thomas  H.  Charlestoton. 

Newhall,  Cheever,  Dorchester, 
Newhall,  George,  " 

Nichols,  Otis,  " 

Nuttall,  Thomas,  Cambridge. 
Newell,  Joseph  R.  Boston. 
Newhall,  Josiah,  Lynnfield. 
Newman,  Henry,  Roibury. 
Newell,  Joseph  W.  Charlestown. 

Otis,  Harrison  G.  Boston, 
Oliver,  Francis  J.      " 
Oliver,  William,  Dorchester. 
Oxnard,  Henry,  Brookline. 

Perkins,  Thomas  H.  Boston. 
Perkins,  Samuel  G.        " 
Putnam  Jesse,  " 

Pratt,  George  W.  " 

Prescott,  William,         " 
Parsons,  Gorham,  Brighton. 
Pettee,  Otis,  JVewton. 
Prince,  John,  Roxbury. 
Phinney,  Elias,  Lexington 
Prince,  John,  jr.  Sa/e/H. 
Peabody,  Francis,    " 
Perry,  G.  B.  East-Bradford. 
Perry,  John,  Sherburne. 
Pond,  Samuel,  Cambridgeport. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Boston. 
Pond,  Samuel  M.  Bucksport,  Me. 
Prescott,  C.  H.  Cornmallis,  JV.  S. 
Parker,  Daniel  P.  Boston. 
Pratt,  William,  jr.      " 
Priest,  John  F.  " 

Philbrick,  Samuel,  Brookline. 
Prouty,  Lorenzo,  Boston. 
Pickman,  D.  L.  Salem. 
Phipps,  Rufus  T.  Charlestown. 
Parker,  Isaac,  Boston. 
Phillips,  S.  C.  Snlem. 
Pool,  Ward,  Danvers. 
Perkins,  Thomas  H.  jr.  Boston, 
Pond,  Samuel,  jr.  " 

Payne,  W.  E.  " 

Preston,  John,  " 

Putnam,  Ebenczer,  Salem. 


31 


Quincy,  Josiab,  jr.  Boston. 

Robbing,  E.  H.  jr.  Boston. 

Rollins,  William,        " 

Rice,  John  P.  " 

Rice,  Henry,  " 

Read,  James,  Roxbiinj. 

Robbins,  P.  G.       " 

Rovve,  Joseph,  Milton. 

Rogers,  R.  S.  Salem. 

Rodman,  Benjamin,  JVew-Bcdford. 

Rotch,  William,  jr.  " 

Richardson,  Nathan,  South-Reading. 

Rand,  Edward  S.  J^ewburyport. 

Richards,  Edward  M.  Dedliam. 

Russell,  J.  L.  Salem. 

Russell,  James,  Boston. 

Russell,  George,  M.  D.  Lincoln. 

Rogerson,  Robert,  Boston. 

Ruggles,  M.  H.  Troy. 

Read,  George,  Roxbury. 

Russell,  Joseph,  Boston. 

Pilsby,  Enoch,  Boston. 
Sullivan,  Richard,  Brooldinc. 
Senior,  Charles,  Roxbury. 
Sumner,  William  H.  Dorchester. 
Sawyer,  M.  P.  Boston. 
Sharp,  Edward,  Dorchester. 
Smith,  Cyrus,  Sandwich. 
Sutton,  William,  jr.  Danvers. 
Story,  F.  H.  Salem. 
Stedman,  Josiah,  M'ewton. 
Stearns,  Charles,  Springfield. 
Shurtleff,  Samuel  A.  Boston. 
Springer,  John,  Sterling. 
Saltonstail,  Leverett,  Salem. 
Shaw,  Lemuel,  Boston. 
Smith,  J.  M.  " 

Sisson,  Freeborn,  Warren,  R.  I. 
Smith,  Stephen  H.  Providence,  R.  I. 
Swan,  Daniel,  Medford. 
Stone,  Leonard,  Watertown. 
Stone,  William,        " 
Stone,  Isaac,  " 

Story,  Joseph,  Cambridge. 
Sparhawk,  E.  C.  Boston. 
Sheaf,  Henry,  " 

Stevens,  Isaac,  " 

Stearns,  William,      " 
Sweetser,  Samuel,  Cambridgeport. 
Skinner,  John,  Charlestown. 


Tappan,  Charles,  Boston. 
Tidd,  Jacob,  Roxbury. 
Thompson,  George,  Medford, 
Train,  Samuel,  " 

Thorndike,  Israel,  Boston. 
Thvving,  Supply  C.  Roxbury. 
Tucker,  Richard  D.  Boston. 
Tilden,  Joseph,  " 

Toothey,  Roderick,  Waltham. 
Tlionias,  Benjamin,  Hinglinm. 
Taylor,  Charles,  Dorchester. 
Tremlett,  Thomas  B.    " 
Tyler,  George  W.  Charlestown. 

Vose,  Elijah,  Dorchester. 
Vila,  James,  Boston. 

Williams,  Nehemiah  D.  Roxbury. 
Wilder,  M.  P.  Boston. 
Williams,  Aaron  I).  Roxbury. 
Worthington,  William,  Dorchester. 
Webster,  J.  W.  Cambridge. 
White,  Abijah,  Ji'ufcrtown. 
Wight,  Ebenezer,  Boston. 
Winship,  Jonathan,  Brighton. 
Wilder,  S.  V.  S.  Bolton. 
Waldo,  Daniel,  Worcester. 
Wyeth,  Nathaniel,  jr.  Cambridge. 
West,  Thomas,  Haverhill. 
Willard,  Joseph,  Lancaster. 
Whitmarsh,  Samuel,  JVortltampton. 
Whitmarsh,  Thomas,  Brookline. 
Warren,  Jonathan,  jr.  Weston. 
Webster,  Nathan,  Haverhill, 
Wilson,  John,  Roxbury. 
White,  Stephen,  Boston, 
Webster,  Daniel,      " 
Ward,  Richard,  Roxbury. 
Weld,  Aaron  D.  jr.  Boston. 
Walker,  Samuel,  Roxbury. 
Winship,  Francis,  Brighton. 
Willelt,  Thomas,  Charlestown. 
Wolcott,  Edward,  Paictucket. 
Williams,  John,  Cambridgeport. 
Ward,  Malthus  A.  Salem. 
Winthrop,  Thomas  L.  Boston. 
Wheelwright,  Lot,  jr.        " 
Wheelwright,  John  F.  Brighton. 
Weston,  Ezra,  jr.  Boston. 
Waldo,  Henry  S,        " 
Winchester,  W.  P.    " 
Warren,  Jonas,  Weston. 


HONORARY    MEMBERS, 


ADAMS,  Hon.  JOHN  QUINGY,  late  President  of  the  United  States. 

AITON,  WILLIAM  TOWNSEND,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kevr. 

ABBOT,  JOHJN,  Esq.  Brunswick,  Me. 

ABBOT,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  N.  H. 

BUEL,  J.  Esq.  President  of  the  Albany  Horticultural  Society. 

BODIN,  Le  Chevalier  SOULANGE,  Secretaire- General  de  la  Societe 
d' Horticulture  de  Paris. 

BANCROFT,  EDWARD  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.  President  of  the  Horti- 
cultural and  Agricultural  Society  of  Jamaica. 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT,  Esq.  Great-Britain. 

BEEKMAN,  JAMES,  New- York. 

BARBOUR,  P.  P.  Virginia. 

BLAPIER,  LEWIS,  Philadelphia. 

COXE,  WILLIAM,  Esq.  Burlington,  New-Jersey. 

COLLINS,  ZACCHEUS,  Esq.  President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticul- 
tural Society,  Philadelphia. 

COFFIN,  Admiral  Sir  ISAAC,  Great-Britain. 

CHAUNCY,  ISAAC,  United  States  Navy,  Brooklyn,  New- York. 

CLAY,  HENRY,  Kentucky. 

DICKSON,  JAMES,  Esq.  Vice-President  of  the  London  Horticultural 
Society. 

DE  CANDOLLE,  MoNS.  ANGUSTIN  PYRAMUS,  Professor  of  Botany 
in  the  Academy  of  Geneva. 

De  La  SAGRA,  Don  RAMON,  Cuba. 

ELLIOTT,  Ho.v.  STEPHEN,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

EVERETT,  HORACE,  Vermont. 

EV ANSON,  CHARLES  ALLAN,  Secretary  of  King's  County  Agricul- 
tural Society,  St.  Johns  New-Brunswick. 

FALDERMANN,  F.  Curator  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. 

FISCHER,  Dr.  Professor  of  Botany,  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  at 
St.  Petersburg. 

GALES,  JOSEPH,  jr.  Vice-President  of  the  Washington  Horticultural 
Society,  Washington. 

GOLDSBOROUGH,  ROBERT  H.,  U.  S.  Senator,  Maryland. 

GREIG,  JOHN,  Esq.  Geneva,  President  of  the  Domestic  Horticultural 
Society  of  the  Western  part  of  the  State  of  New-York. 


33 


"GORE,  Mrs.  REBECCA,  Waltham. 

GRIFFITHS,  Mrs.  MARY,  Charlies  Hope,  New-Jersey. 

*GIRARD,  STEPHEN,  Philadelphia. 

GIBBS,  GEORGE,  Sunswick,  New-York. 

HERICART  DE  THURY,  Le  Vicomte,  President  de  la  Societe  d'Hor- 
ticulture  de  Paris. 

HOSACK,  DAVID,  M.  D.  President  of  the  New-York  Horticultural 
Society. 

HOPKIRK,  THOMAS,  Esq.  President  of  the  Glasgow  Horticultural 
Society. 

HUNT,  LEWIS,  Esq.  Huntsburgh,  Ohio. 

HJLDRETH,  S.  P.  Marietta,  Ohio. 

INGERSOLL,  JAMES  R.  President  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of 
Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  President  of  the  United  States. 

JOHONNOT,  Mrs.  MARTHA,  Salem. 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  ANDREW,  Esq.  President  of  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

LOUDON,  JOHN  CLAUDIUS,  Great-Britain. 

LUDWIG,  BARON  H.  CAROL  VON,  Cape  Town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

*  LAFAYETTE,  General,  La  Grange,  France. 

LASTEYRIE,  Le  Comte  de,  Vice-President  de  la  Societe  d'Horticul- 
ture  de  Paris. 

LITCHFIELD,  FRANKLIN,  Consul  of  the  United  States  at  Porto  Ca- 
bello. 

LORRILLARD,  JACOB,  President  of  the  New- York  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, New-York. 

LONGSTRETH,  JOSHUA,  Philadelphia. 

LONGWORTH,  NICHOLAS,  Cincinnati. 

MADISON,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President   of  the  United  States,  Virginia. 

*  MONROE,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  the  United  States,         " 
MICHAUX,  MoNs.  F.  ANDREW,  Paris. 

MENTENS,  LEWIS  JOHN,  Esq.  Bruxelles. 
MITCHELL,  SAMUEL  L.,  M.  D.  New-York. 

MOSSELLMANN, ,  Esq.  Antwerp. 

MERCER,  Hon.  CHARLES  F.  Virginia. 

M'CAULEY,  D.  SMITH,  Consul  General  United  States,  Tripoli. 
McKIM,  Hon.  ISAAC,  M.  C.  Baltimore,  Maryland. 
OTTENFELS,  Baron,  Austrian  Minister  to  the  Ottoman  Porte. 
POITEAU,  Professor  of  the  Institut  Horticole  de  Fromont. 
POWELL,  JOHN  HARE,  Powellton,  Pennsylvania. 
PRINCE,  WILLIAM,  Esq.  Long-Island,  New-York. 
PRATT,  HENRY,  Philadelphia. 
PALMER,  JOHN,  Esq.  Calcutta. 


34 


ROSEBERRY,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Earl  of,  President  of  the  Cale- 
donian Horticultural  Society. 

SABINE,  JOSEPH,  Esq.  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

SHEPHERD,  JOHN,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Liverpool. 

*  SCOTT,  SIR  WALTER,  Scotland. 

SKINNER,  JOHN  S.  Baltimore. 

TURNER,  JOHN,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. 

THACHER,  JAMES,  M.  D.  Plymouth. 

THORBURN,  GRANT,  Esq.  New-York. 

TALIAFERRO,  JOHN,  Virginia. 

THOURS,  M.  Dv  Petit,  Paris,  Professor  Poiteau  of  the  Institut  Horti- 
cole  de  Fromont. 

TOWSON,  NATHANIEL,  President  of  the  Washington  Horticultural 
Society,  Washington. 

VILMORIN,  MoNs.  PIERRE  PHILLIPPE  ANDRE,  Paris. 

VAUGHAN,  BENJAMIN,  Esq.  Hallowell,  Maine. 

VAN  MONS,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  M.  D.  Brussels. 

VAUGHAN,  PETTY,  Esq.  London. 

VAN  RENSELLAER,  STEPHEN,  Albany. 

VAN  ZANDT,  JOSEPH  R.  Albany. 

VANDERBURG,  FEDERAL,  M.  D.  New-York. 

WELLES,  Hon.  JOHN,  Boston. 

WILLICK,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cal- 
cutta. 

WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  Geneseo,  New-York. 

WARD,  MALTHUS  A. College,  Athens,  Georgia. 

WOLCOTT,  FREDERICK,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 

YATES,  ASHTON,  Esq.  Liverpool. 


CORRESPONDING    MEMBERS. 

ADLUM,  JOHN,  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia. 
ASPINV/ALL,  Col.  THOMAS,  United  States  Consul,  London. 
APPLETON,  THOMAS,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Leghorn. 

ALPEY,  . 

AQUILAR,DON  FRANCISCO,  of  Moldonoda,  in  the    Banda  Orienlal, 

Consul  of  the  United  States. 
BARNET,  ISAAC  COX,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Paris. 
BRUSH,  Dr.  NEHEMIAH,  East  Florida. 

*  Deceased. 


35 

BURTON,  ALEXANDER,  United  States  Consul,  Cadiz. 

BULL,  E.  W.  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

CARR,  ROBERT,  Esq.  Philadelphia. 

COLVILLE,  JAMES,  Chelsea,  England. 

CARNES,  FRANCIS  G.  Paris. 

DEERING,  JAMES,  Portland,  Maine. 

EMMONS,  EBENEZER,  M.  D.  Williamstown. 

FLOY,  MICHAEL,  New- York. 

FOX,  JOHN,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

FELLOWS,  NATHANIEL,  Cuba. 

FOSTER,  WILLIAM  REDDING,  Baltimore. 

GARDINER,  ROBERT  H.  Esq.  Gardiner,  Maine. 

GIBSON,  ABRAHAM  P.  United  States  Consul,  St.  Petersburg. 

GARDNER,  BENJAMIN,  United  States  Consul,  Palermo. 

HALL,  CHARLES  HENRY,  Esq.  New-York. 

HAY,  JOHN,  Architect  of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society. 

HALSEY,  ABRAHAM,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  New- York  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  New- York. 

HARRIS,  Rev.  T.  M.,  D.  D.  Dorchester. 

HUNTER,  ,  Baltimore. 

HOGG,  THOMAS,  New-York. 

HENRY,  BERNARD,  Gibraltar. 

HITCHCOCK,  I.  I.  Baltimore. 

LANDRETH,  DAVID,  jr.  Esq.  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Horticultural  Society. 

LEONARD,  E.  S.  H.,  M.  D.  Providence. 

MAURY,  JAMES,  Esq.  late  United  States  Consul,  Liverpool. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  M.  D.  Secretary  of  the  Horticultural  and  Agricultural 
Society,  Jamaica. 

MILLS,  STEPHEN,  Esq.  Long-Island,  New-York. 

MELVILLE  ALLAN,  New-York. 

M'LEAY,  WILLIAM  SHARP. 

NEWHALL,  HORATIO,  M.  D.  Galena,  Illinois. 

OFFLEY,  DAVID,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Smyrna. 

OMBROSI,  JAMES,  United  States  Consul,  Florence. 

PARKKR,  JOHN,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Amsterdam. 

PAYSON,  JOHN  L.  Esq.  Messina. 

PORTER,  DAVID,  Washington. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM  ROBERT,  Esq.  Long-Island,  New-York. 

PRINCE,  ALFRED  STRATTON,  Long-Island. 

PERRY,  M.  C.  United  States  Navy,  Charlestown. 

PALMER,  JOHN  J.  New-York. 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  S.  United  States  Navy,  Boston. 

REYNOLDS,  M.  D.  Schenectady,  New-Tfork. 

ROGERS,  J.  S.  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

RICHARDS,  JOHN  H.  Paris. 


36 

ROTCH,  THOMAS,  Philadelphia. 

SHALER  WILLIAM,  United  States  Consul-General,  Cuba. 

SMITH,  DANIEL  D.  Esq.  Burlington,  New-Jersey. 

SMITH,  GIDEON  B.  Baltimore. 

SHAW,  WILLIAM,  New-York. 

STRONG,  Judge,  Rochester,  New-York. 

STEPHENS,  THOMAS  HOLDUP,   United    States   Navy,  Middletown^ 

Connecticut. 
SMITH,  CALEB  R.  Esq.  New-Jersey. 
SPRAGUE,  HORATIO,  United  States  Consul,  Gibraltar. 
SUMMEREST,  FRANCIS. 
STRANGEWAY,  WILLIAM  FOX,   British   Secretary   of    Legation  at 

Naples. 
THORBURN,  GEORGE  C.  New-York. 
TILLSON,  JOHN,  jr.  Illinois. 

TENORE,  Professor,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Naples. 
THOMPSON,  ROBERT,  Esq.  London. 
WILSON,  WILLIAM,  New-York. 
WINGATE,  J.  F.  Bath,  Maine. 
WINGATE,  JOSHUA,  Portland. 
WINTHROP,  JOSEPH  AUGUSTUS,  South- Carolina. 


AN 


ADDRESS 


DELIVERED  BEFORE  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 


AT   THEIR 


EIGHTH    ANNIVERSARY, 


SEPTEMBER  17,  1836. 


BY   EZRA    WESTON,    JR, 


BOSTON: 

PRINTED  BY  TUTTLE,  WEEKS  &  DENNETT. 

1836. 


BOSTON,    SEPTEMBER    24,    1835. 

Sir,  —  We  have  tlie  honor  to  traasmit  you  a  copy  of  a  vote  passed  this  day 
by  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  and  are, 

Very  respectfully,  your  ob't  servants, 

S.  WALKER,  \ 

R.  T.  PAINE,         \  Committee. 
B.  V.  FRENCH,    ) 
Ezra  Weston,  Jb.,  Esa. 

Voted — That  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be  presented  to  Ezra  Weston,  Jr.,  Esq. 
for  liis  highly  interesting  and  instructive  Address,  delivered  before  them  on  the 
Eighth  Anniversary,  and  that  he  be  respectfully  requested  to  furnish  a  copy 
thereof  for  publication. 

Attest,  R.  T.  PAINE, 

Cor.  Sec'y  »nd  e%  officio  Rec.  Sec'y  pro  lem. 


BOSTON,    OCTOBER    3,     1836 

Gentlemen  —  In  reply  to  the  vote  transmitted  by  you,  I  have  the  honor  of 
placing  in  your  hands  a  copy  of  the  Address  delivered  on  the  Eighth  Anniver- 
sary of  tjie  Society. 

I  am,  respectfully,  yours,  &c. 

E.  WESTON,  Je. 
Messrs  S.  Walker,        ^ 

R.  T.  Paine,      >   Committee. 
B.  V.  French,  ) 


ADDRESS. 


Mr    PnESIDEKT, 

AND  Gentlemen  of  the 

Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society, — 

Another  recurrence  of  the  seasons  has  taken 
place, —  the  seed  has  been  sown,  — the  leaf  has  again 
been  put  forth,  and  the  flowers  and  the  fruits  are  at 
our  hand,  and  we  meet  to  celebrate  the  eighth  anni- 
versary of  this  Society.  We  have  many  things  upon 
which  to  congratulate  ourselves  —  many  things  in 
which  the  sensible  observer  and  the  interested  culti- 
vator may  both  rejoice.  Our  weekly  exhibitions 
during  the  past  year  have  been  of  a  kind  truly  attrac- 
tive and  worthy  of  the  Society, —  surpassing,  as  they 
reasonably  should,  those  of  every  former  year,  show- 
ing a  manifest  extension  of  the  science  and  practice 
of  Horticulture,  and  at  the  same  time  necessarily,  an 
increasing  taste  and  refinement. 

I  feel  tempted  to  say  something  of  these  exhibi- 
tions ;  of  their  effect,  not  alone  upon  those  who 
contribute,  but  upon  those  who  frequent  as  casual 
spectators.  They  have  a  good  moral  effect,  and 
deserve,  on  that  account  to  be  well  supported  and 
attended.  There  are  few  things  more  refreshing  to 
the  man  of  business,  or  to  any  man,  that  will  so 
recruit  the  senses  and  charm  the  spirit  as   to  step 


aside  a  moment  from  the  confusion  and  anxiety  of 
the  street,  and  look  upon  the  beauty  and  bounty  of 
nature,  upon  the  splendid  array  of  "  mingled  blos- 
soms." It  is  like  the  breeze  that  meets  the  wave 
tost  sailor,  upon  the  Indian  Ocean,  when 

"  GiF  at  sea  northeast  winds  blow 
Sabean  odors  from  the  spicy  shore 
Of  Araby  the  blest." 

To  the  man  of  leisure  and  taste,  what  more  pure 
pleasure  could  catch  his  taste  than  a  rare  and  choice 
exhibition  of  flowers  —  with  their  wonderful  economy, 
texture  and  colors,:  perhaps  in  the  course  of  his  search 
for  amusement  he  may  find  none  that  shall  so  rouse 
and  cheer  his  languid  attention.    What  more  graceful 
and  dehcate  sight  can  meet  the  eyes  of  the  young 
—  in  what  school  of  the  philosophers,  in  what  gallery 
of  art  can  they  learn  more  of  that  which  ameliorates 
and  refines  ?     I  should  therefore  wish  that  in  all  cities, 
but  more  especially  in  ours,  a   hall  of  good   propor- 
tions and  accommodation,  not  remote  from  the  paths 
of  business,  might  be  open,  where  the  public   could 
weekly  visit  an  exhibition  of  flowers  and  fruits.     I 
beheve  it  would  have  an    elevating  eff'ect  upon   the 
public  mind,  and  be  as  attractive  and  worthy  of  sup- 
port as  a  gallery   of  statuary  or   paintings.     These 
remarks  concerning  our  weekly  exhibitions  seem  not 
inappropriate  or  beneath  the  dignity  of  the  occasion, 
that  those  who  contribute,  may  feel  that  it  is  not  a 
selfish  or  narrow  oflfice  they  discharge,  but  one  of 
generosity  and  high  public  service. 

It  is  said  that  in  speaking  of  Horticulture  as  an 


innocent  amusement,  we  have  said  much  in  its  favor  * 
but  I  think  we  can  recommend  and  urge  its  claims 
much  stronger,  by  saying  that  it  is  as  positive  a  duty 
that  a  man  should  cultivate  some  of  his  powers  to 
this  exercise  as  it  is  to  possess  a  knowledge  of  poU- 
tics.  He  who  cultivates  a  garden  and  brings  to  per- 
fection flowers  and  fruits,  cultivates  and  advances  at 
the  same  time  his  own  nature. 

Horticulture  as  a  science  applies  as  well  to  fruits 
as  flowers,  and  it  loses  none  of  its  attractions  when 
contemplated  or  practised  in  regard  to  the  former 
productions.  It  is  a  branch  of  the  art  of  the  highest 
use. 

During  the  past  year,  the  Society  has  received  an 
accession  in  the  numbers  of  its  members  both  subscrip- 
tion and  honorary,  but  perhaps  there  is  no  name  upon 
the  catalogue  that  is  more  worthy  of  a  place  there, 
than  that  of  the  aged  and  eminent  Dr  Van  Mons,  of 
Belgium,  and  I  shall  occupy  the  few  moments  I  may 
call  mine  here,  in  presenting  some  remarks  upon  his 
services  and  theory,  at  the  risk  of  stating  some  things 
already  well  known  and  of  adding  but  little  or  nothing 
to  the  knowledge  of  some  present. 

The  causes  of  the  decay  of  fruit  trees  has  for  a 
long  time  occupied  the  attention  of  horticulturists,  and 
it  has  been  allowed  that  disease,  the  consequence  of 
old  age,  has  caused  and  does  cause  this  decay,  and 
will  gradually  work  the  extinction  of  some  of  the 
best  varieties. 

Some  of  the  variety  of  fruit  that  were  formerly  in 
high  reputation,  have  now  become  so  deteriorated  as 
scarce  to  be  worth  propagation,  and  others  are  fast 


8 

hastening  to  the  same  fate,  though  they  stand  upon 
the  catalogues,  and  are  often  purchased,  perhaps 
oftener  purchased  and  cultivated  by  those  who  are 
ignorant  of  this  characteristic,  than  a  newer   variety. 

The  graft  is  but  an  extension  of  the  parent  stock, 
and  therefore  hable  to  all  the  diseases  and  defects  of 
its  original,  and  when  we  consider  that  most  of  our 
fruits  have  been  propagated  in  this  manner  many 
years,  we  may  well  desire,  that  some  certain  method 
might  be  discovered  by  which  new  varieties,  and 
those  of  a  delicious  and  if  possible  improving  stamp, 
might  take  the  place  of  the  old  and  failing. 

Practical  and  skilful  horticulturists  recommended 
that  the  seeds  should  be  planted,  and  that  then  we 
would  be  supplied  with  a  different  variety  of  fruit, 
but  with  a  healthy  tree  and  perhaps  better  fruit. 

Those  who  thought  that  by  sowing  the  seed  they 
might  obtain  more  healthy  trees  and  more  improved 
varieties  were  correct  in  their  opinion,  for  in  the  seed 
is  the  germ  of  improvement,  but  it  was  necessary  to 
observe  other  facts,  and  dive  deeper  into  the  laws  of 
nature  before  it  could  be  taken  advantage  of. 

It  has  been  therefore  a  desirable  thing  to  discover 
the  law  by  which  to  obtain  new  good  varieties.  The 
celebrated  Mr  Knight,  of  very  extensive  experience 
in  the  propagation  of  fruit  trees,  attempted,  though 
as  we  may  believe  on  a  very  Hmited  scale,  to  produce 
new  varieties  of  the  pear  by  introducing  the  pollen  of 
one  variety  into  the  prepared  blossom  of  another  and 
raising  trees  from  the  seeds  of  the  fruit  thus  obtained. 
But  the  method  is  comphcated,  and  he  never  appears 
to  have  carried  the  experiment  to  much  length,  — 


9 


and  it  is  also  a  method  somewhat  uncertain.  It  is 
still  by  means  of  the  wonderful  virtue  that  is  con- 
tained in  the  seed  by  which  a  new  variety  is  to  be 
produced. 

The  best  fruits  it  was  well  known  were  those  rais- 
ed from  the  stone  or  the  seed.  At  the  village  of  Mon- 
treuil,  near  Paris,  as  it  is  stated  by  Sir  J.  Banks, 
where  formerly  the  whole  inhabitants  were  maintained 
by  the  raising  of  peaches,  the  best  fruits  were  never 
budded  or  grafted,  but  always  reared  from  the  stone. 

There  seems  to  be  a  very  wonderful  quality  in  the 
seed,  and  it  is  well  known  in  the  cultivation  of 
annuals  introduced  from  a  warm  climate,  that  if  the 
season  be  of  sufficient  length  for  them  to  ripen  their 
seeds,  they  (the  seeds)  become  of  such  a  virtue  as  to 
be  able  to  resist  the  severest  frosts  with  impunity. 
So  speedily  does  nature  strive  to  adapt  herself  to  the 
new  situations  and  exposures  she  may  meet. 

It  is  also  well  known  that  plants  and  perennial 
shrubs  do  not  grow  hardier  by  time,  when  placed  in 
a  new  exposure,  that  the  suckers  or  cuttings  from 
them  also  do  not,  but  take  with  them  the  same  qual- 
ity possessed  by  the  stock  from  which  they  have  been 
separated.  But  that  the  true  method  of  inuring  ten- 
der plants  to  colder  climates,  is  by  planting  the  seed 
perfected  in  such  cUmate.  In  this  way,  many  of  the 
more  beautiful  plants  of  the  South  have  been  and  more 
still  may  be  made  to  perfect  their  seeds  here,  and 
others  raised  from  their  seed  might  be  made  to  en- 
dure our  winter  and  adorn  our  grounds. 

This  method  was  pointed  out  by  Sir  Joseph  Banks 
twenty  years  since,  and  he  felt  assured   that  though 


10 

some  plants  of  peculiar  delicacy  and  tenderness  might 
require  many  generations  to  inure  them  to  colder  cli- 
mates, yet  these  wonderful  though  simple  powers 
of  the  seed  would  produce  finally  the  change.  But 
the  planting  of  seed  is  often  of  so  prospective  a  ben- 
efit that  few  have  the  courage  to  plant. 

"  Old  as  I  am,"  says  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  in  his  com- 
munication to  the  London  Horticultural  Society,*  "  I 
certainly  intend  this  year  to  commence  experiments 
on  the  Myrde  and  Laurel,"  and  at  the  sime  time 
with  great  modesty  but  in  a  cheering  tone,  "  I  trust, 
therefore,  it  will  not  be  thought  presumptuous  in  me 
to  invite  those  of  my  brethren  who  are  younger  than 
I  am,  and  who  of  course  will  see  the  effect  of  more 
generations  than  I  shall  do,  to  take  measures  for 
bringing  to  the  test  the  theory  I  have  ventured  to 
bring  forward."  Possibly  by  these  means  the  Mag- 
nolia Glauca  at  some  later  time  may  adorn  our  woods 
more  generally,  and  ornament  the  grounds  of  every 
residence  in  our  vicinity. 

It  was  known  to  the  ancient  cultivators,  and  per- 
haps it  required  no  great  experience  to  discover  the 
fact  that  cuttings  from  the  bearing  branches  did  not 
afford  durable  trees.f 

Mr  Knight  recommended  as  a  method  of  perpetu- 
ating a  variety  with  vigor,  to  obtain  plants  from  some 
detached  part  of  the  extremity  of  the  roots. 

By  sowing  a  large  number  of  seeds  at  hazard, 
doubtless  some  good  variety  might  be  obtained,  but 
the  process  might  prove  one  of  perplexity  and  disap- 
pointment instead  of  pleasure  or  profit. 

"Lon  Hor.  Trans,  vol.  I.  p.  24.  f  Columella  and  Virgil. 


11 

These  facts  being  known,  that  nature  required  to 
be  refreshed  in  the  seed,  it  was  necessary  that  there 
should  be  some  principle  discovered  concerning  it. 

"  In  all  things,"  says  M.  Poiteau,  "  it  is  necessary 
to  have  recourse  to  science,  which  is  composed  of 
reasonings  deduced  from  particular  facts  and  w  hence 
we  deduce  what  is  called  a  principle." 

The  following  remarks  concerning  M.  Van  Mons, 
are  gathered  from  "  Theorie  Van  Mons,  ou  Notice 
Historique  sur  a  moyens  qu'emploie  M.  Van  Mons 
pour  obtenir  d'excellent  fruit  de  semis  ;  par  A.  Poi- 
teau" —  and  from  conversations  with  M.  Emilien  de 
Wael,  a  friend  of  both  named  distinguished  gentle- 
men. The  "  Notice  Historique"  has  been  published 
in  translation  by  the  former  President  of  the  Society. 

M.  Van  Mons  turned  his  attention  to  the  discovery 
of  the  causes  of  variation  in  fruits  and  flowers.  He 
commenced  his  experiments  at  the  early  age  of  fif- 
teen years  in  his  father's  garden  at  Brussels,  with  the 
seeds  of  roses  and  shrubs,  and  proceeded  in  the 
planting  of  successive  generations,  with  a  view  to 
observe  the  changes  and  variations.  Afterwards,  he 
began  wdth  the  seeds  and  stones  of  fruits.  From  his 
repeated  sowings  of  annual  flowers  and  perennial 
shrubs  which  bore  fruit  or  perfected  their  seeds  in  a 
short  time  and  by  his  accurate  observations  upon  the 
results  developed,  and  by  his  already  extended  know- 
ledge of  the  experience  of  others  he  arrived  at  this 
conclusion  concerning  varieties  or  variation. 

"  That  so  long  as  plants  remain  in  their  natural  sit- 
uations, they  do  not  vary  sensibly  and  their  seeds 
always  produce  the  same  —  but  changing  their  cli- 


12 


mate  and  territory,  they  more  or  less  vary,  and  that 
when  they  have  once  departed  from  their  natural  state 
(or  commenced  varying)  they  never  return  to  it  again, 
but  are  removed  more  and  more  therefrom  by  suc- 
cessive generations  — and  that  finally  if  their  varieties 
are  even  carried  back  to  the  territory  of  their  ances- 
tors, they  will  neither  represent  the  character  of  their 
parents  or  even  return  to  the  species  from  whence 
they  sprung." 

He  also  estabhshed  that  so  long  as  plants  in  a  state 
of  nature  remain  in  their  native  soil  they  produce 
seeds  which  do  not  degenerate  —  but  that  it  was  dif- 
ferent with  seeds  of  a  tree  in  state  of  change  —  or 
as  we  say  improvement,  whether  the  variation  be 
produced  by  change  of  chmate,  territory  or  other 
unknown  causes,  and  that  the  bounds  of  this  change 
or  variation  are  not  known,  except  that  the  last  seeds 
from  a  tree  in  state  of  variation  will  produce  a  gen- 
eration nearer  a  state  of  nature  than  those  from  its 
first  seeds.  Hence,  the  necessity  of  raising  from  the 
first  seeds  of  a  new  variety  if  we  wish  to  obtain  a 
tree  far  removed  from  a  state  of  nature — as  to  that 
state  the  plant  always  in  age  by  its  seeds,  tends, 
though  never  able  quite  to  reach  it. 

Upon  this  basis,  he  established  his  theory  of  pro- 
ducing new  varieties  of  fruits,  viz.  that  when  we 
have  produced  a  variation  by  removal  or  cultivation 
in  any  tree,  let  the  first  seeds  be  planted,  and  upon 
first  production  of  fruit  by  the  new  generation,  let 
its  first  seeds  be  planted,  and  so  on  without  interrup- 
tion as  it  is  expressed  from  parent  to  son,  and  at  each 
remove  it  is  found  that  the  character  of  the  tree   be- 


13 

comes  more  like  those  of  the  old  known  and  approved 
variety  and  the  fruit  advancing  to  perfection. 

He  proceeded  to  verify  his  theory  and  for  this  pur- 
pose he  collected  in  his  nursery  at  Brussels  eighty 
thousand  plants,  consisting  of  wild  stock  and  trees 
of  every  variety,  and  sowed  large  quantity  of  seeds 
and  stones,  and  upon  the  fructification  of  these  plants 
thus  obtained,  he  sowed  the  first  seeds,  and  so  for- 
ward. Observing  that  the  pear  in  the  production 
from  seeds  differed  most  from  the  parent  tree,  he 
turned  his  principal  attention  to  that  fruit,  though  he 
failed  not  to  carry  on  experiments  with  the  several 
kinds  both  stone  and  seed. 

He  was  gratified  to  find  that  at  each  generation, 
the  trees  produced  fruit  in  a  shorter  time,  that  the  fruit 
nearer  and  nearer  approached  that  of  the  several  best 
known  varieties.  That  the  trees  assume  the  appear- 
ance of  the  cultivated  tree,  that  the  thorns  gradually 
were  replaced  by  buds  and  bearing  branches,  and 
the  process  of  change  steady  and  certain,  and  that 
each  step,  variation  or  change  seemed  to  be  an  effort 
to  become  more  beautiful  and  grateful,  thus  repaying 
the  care  of  man,  though  as  we  know  at  the  cost  of 
a  short  life. 

The  disappearance  of  the  thorn  is  a  beautiful  in- 
stance of  the  effect  of  cultivation,  changing  what  in 
a  wild  state  seems  placed  upon  the  tree  for  its  defence 
into  fruit-bearing  branches,  for  now  when  taken  under 
the  protection  of  man,  having  no  longer  any  need  of 
arms,  it  is  willing  to  exert  its  power  to  adorn  and  re- 
pay its  benefactor.  Mr  Sou  they  refers  to  this  change 
in  his  lines  upon  the  Holly  Tree. 

"  But  when  they  grow  where  nothing  is  to  fear, 
Smooth  and  unarmed  the  pointless  leaves  appear. " 


14 

He  has  proceeded  in  his  experiments  as  far  as  the 
ninth  generation  and  has  given  to  the  world  a  large 
number  of  new  delicious  varieties  of  fruits. 

At  the  commencement  of  his  experiments  he  was 
aware  that  it  would  consume  much  time,  but  having 
counted  the  cost  he  was  prepared  to  meet  it.  He 
met  with  many  difficulties,  such  as  would  naturally 
arise  to  one  entering  upon  his  labors  with  such  a  great 
heart  and  on  so  wide  a  scale.  He  could  not  obtain 
seeds  from  new  varieties,  and  he  was  obliged  to  be^in 
with  seeds  already  degenerated,  and  the  trees  conse- 
quently bore  fruit  very  tardily,  though  in  his  more 
recent  attempts  and  as  the  generations  increase,  he 
has  succeeded  in  obtaining  fruit  from  the  pear  at  the 
eighth  generation  as  soon  as  four  years  from  the 
planting. 

He  may  be  considered  as  having  estabhshed  or 
made  known  some  laws  concerning  the  processes  of 
nature,  which  will  be  of  great  service  to  the  Horticul- 
turist of  all  nations,  and  render  his  name  worthy  per- 
petual remembrance. 

1st.  That  so  long  as  plants  remain  in  their  natural 
situations  they  do  not  sensibly  vary  and  their  seeds 
always  produce  the  same,  but  on  changing  their  cH- 
mate  and  territory  they  mostly  vary,  some  more,  some 
less  and  that  where  they  have  departed  from  their 
natural  state  they  never  return  to  it  again,  but  are 
removed  more  and  more  therefrom  by  successive 
generations  and  produce  often  distinct  races,  more  or 
less  durable  —  and  finally,  if  the  varieties  are  ever 
carried  back  to  the  territory  of  their  ancestors,  they 
will  still  continue  in  change  and  not  return  to  the 
species  from  whence  they  sprang. 


15 


2d.  That  there  cannot  be  a  cross  fecundation  be- 
tween a  natural  species  and  a  variety. 

3d.  That  double  flowers  are  not  a  variation,  but  a 
sign  of  feebleness. 

4th.  That  the  varieties  of  the  most  dehcate  fruits 
are  those  which  are  the  shortest  hved. 

5th.  That  the  seeds  of  an  ancient  variety,  though 
of  acknowledged  excellence,  will  produce  trees  of 
great  variety,  but  always  with  poor  frnit. 

Although  he  has  proceeded  thus  far,  there  is  yet 
much  to  be  discovered,  and  we  are  curious  to  know 
to  what  extent  this  amelioration  can  be  carried,  and 
what  hmit  nature  has  set  and  the  causes  of  it.  These 
questions  interest  us  much,  and  perhaps  it  is  to  be 
regretted  that  this  Society  has  not  a  garden  for  the 
purpose,  wherein  to  continue  the  experiments,  which 
the  age  and  misfortunes  of  this  M.  Van  Mons  pre- 
vents him  from  pursuing.  I  say  misfortunes,  for  he 
is  interesting  to  us,  not  only  on  account  of  his  great 
learning  and  labors,  but  also  on  account  of  the  many 
reverses  he  has  met  with.  As  I  before  remarked, 
he  began  his  observations  at  Brussels,  in  his  father's 
garden,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years,  and  early  became 
distinguished  as  a  man  of  learning.  He  was  for  a 
short  time  engaged  in  politics,  and  this  seems  the  least 
brilhant  part  of  his  life.  At  the  age  of  twentytwo, 
he  had  established  in  his  own  mind  his  theory  and 
proceeded  to  his  labors  in  its  behalf.  During  seven 
years,  he  held  the  office  of  Professor  of  Physic  and 
Chemistry  in  the  Central  School  of  the  Department 
of  Dyle,  and  when  Belgium  became  a  separate  sove- 
reignty was  appointed  as  professor  of  those  branches 


16 


in  the  University  of  Louvain.  He  continued  his  ex- 
periments at  Brussels,  having  at  this  time  in  his  nur- 
sery nearly  eighty  thousand  pears  raised  from  the 
seed,  some  of  which,  being  of  the  sixth  generation, 
produced  delicious  fruit.  A  few  years  subsequent, 
in  1819,  when  in  the  enjoyment  of  success  and  the 
generous  pleasure  of  dispensing  the  best  varieties  of 
fruit,  which  he  also  did  without  remuneration,  the  au- 
thorities decided  that  the  spot  occupied  by  him  as  a 
nursery  was  necessary  for  streets.  With  the  fate  of 
a  martyr,  though  with  the  hope  of  a  philosopher,  he 
was  obliged  to  relinquish  the  seat  of  his  labors,  and 
transport  what  could  be  saved  in  the  nursery  to  Lou- 
vain, and  having  arduous  duties  to  discharge  in  his 
capacity  as  professor  and  unable  to  give  his  personal 
attention  his  losses  were  very  great.  At  Louvain  he 
occupied  a  piece  of  land  belonging  to  the  city.  Here 
he  was  again  gratified  in  having  his  labors  succeed. 
He  replaced  his  losses,  and  giving  the  seed  into  the 
hand  of  nature  waited  patiently  for  the  development. 
But  in  1831,  at  the  siege  of  Antwerp,  though  Brus- 
sels was  somewhat  distant,  yet  his  nursery  was  the 
spot  of  ground  selected  upon  which  to  build  ovens  to 
bake  bread  for  the  soldiers,  and  a  great  part  of  his 
nursery  was  consequently  destroyed.  But  hiring 
another  piece  of  ground  he  thither  transported  his 
trees  of  the  seventh,  eighth  and  ninth  generations,  and 
consoled  himself  by  saving  in  scions,  some  of  the 
remaining  fruits.  Thus  the  sun  again  shone  upon 
him,  till  in  1834  his  nursery  was  decided  upon  as  the 
only  proper  point  for  the  establishment  of  a  gas  house 
for  lighting  the  city  —  and,  says  M.  Poiteau  with  some 


17 


humor  as  well  as  asperity,  "  Heaven  grant  that  these 
gentlemen  may  be  enabled  to  see  better  for  the  fu- 
ture" —  though  he  intimates  that  they  are  only  light- 
ing a  torch  to  exhibit  an  act  of  ignorance  and  the 
grossest  vandalism. 

For  near  half  a  century  he  has  been  patiendy  pur- 
suing his  labors  disseminadng  new  and  almost  per- 
fect varieties  of  healthful  fruit.  He  says  "his  sole  end 
has  always  been  to  multiply  those  which  are  good 
and  enable  the  world  to  enjoy  them."  He  has  per- 
severed through  disappointments  which  would  have 
broken  any  one  not  moved  by  high  and  the  best  mo- 
tives, and  with  a  zeal  which  a  genuine  love  of  his 
labors  and  a  desire  to  benefit  mankind  creates.  Up- 
on being  reminded  that  there  were  some  omissions  in 
his  catalogues  of  data,  which  might  be  serviceable,  he 
repUes  modestly  "  that  his  intention  has  not  been  to 
establish  a  science,  but  rather  to  do  a  good  act,  which 
would  be  immediately  useful  by  the  dissemination  of 
good  fruits." 

As  poorly,  gendemen,  as  I  may  have  set  forth  the 
theory,  and  spoken  upon  the  labors  and  virtues  of 
this  our  friend  and  correspondent,  yet  I  thought  it 
would  not  be  proper  to  allow  this  festival  of  the  So- 
ciety to  pass  without  noticing  them  particularly,  and 
being  willing  on  our  part  to  bear  witness  to  the  im- 
portance of  his  labors  and  discoveries  —  discoveries, 
showing  us  a  process  of  nature  directly  bearing  upon 
cultivation,  as  simple  as  it  is  beaudful. 

The  success  of  the  past  year  has  been  such  as  to 
encourage  us  to  proceed  in  our  labors  with  fresh  zeal. 
The  service  of  the  Society  to  the  cause  of  Horticul- 
3 


18 


ture  in  this  country,  though  it  becomes  us  to  speak 
of  it  with  modesty,  yet  we  cannot  but  regard  with 
satisfaction,  connecting  us  with  eminent  individuals 
abroad  and  encouraging  exertions  at  home  ;  produc- 
ing in  both  relations  an  interchange  of  knowledge 
and  friendship. 

We  may  therefore  look  upon  our  work  with  deUght 
and  pleasure  —  feeling  sure  that  the  humblest  effort 
is  not  lost,  but  like  the  seed,  though  small  and  for  a 
time  hidden,  may  silently  take  root  and  grow  to  the 
exhibition  of  beautiful  flowers   and   delicious   fruits. 

By  the  exertions  of  the  Horticulturist,  the  rich 
productions  of  the  more  favored  cHmates  are  leaving 
their  natural  boundaries,  and  the  world  seems  no  lon- 
ger marked  by  zones,  but  wherever  man  is,  with  sci- 
ence, civilization  and  truth,  thither  all  things  beautiful 
and  true  follow. 


EIGHTH  ANNIVERSARY 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


The  Annual  Exhibition  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  took  place  on  Saturday,  September  24th,  and  the  place 
selected  for  the  day  and  the  occasion  was  the  Artists'  Gallery  in 
Summer  Street.  The  exhibition  of  Fruits  and  Flowers,  &c., 
considering^  the  many  new  and  rare  varieties  and  splendid  speci- 
mens, which  were  this  day  shewn,  fully  sustained  the  character 
which  it  has  continued  to  acquire  daring  the  former  years. 

EXHIBITION    OF    FRUITS. 

Fruits  were  sent  for  the  exhibition  by  the  following  gentlemen. 

By  Mr  Cowan,  from  the  conservatory  of  Col.  Perkins,  in 
Brookline,  beautiful  specimens  of  Broomfield  Nectarines,  Mur- 
ray's do. ;  Peaches,  Noblesse  and  New  Royal  George  ;  Grapes, 
Black  Hamburg,  St  Peters,  Frankendale,  Black  Frontignac, 
Grizly  Frontignac,  White  Syrian  or  Hamburg,  White  Chasselas, 
White  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  all  remarkably  fine  and  beautiful. 

By  Jacob  Tidd  of  Roxbury,  Grizly  Tokay,  a  bunch  weighing 

1  pound  and  5  ounces,  and  four  clusters  of  Black  Hamburg 
which  respectively  weighed  2  pounds  1  ounce,  1  pound  15  oun- 
ces, 1  pound  13  ounces,  and  1  pound  10  ounces.  Also  one  very 
extraordinary  bunch  of  Regner  de  Nice  grapes  Avhich  weighed 
6  pounds  5  ounces,  and  5  others  which  weighed  respectively 
4  pounds    13  ounces,  3  pounds  7  ounces,  2  pounds  8  ounces,  and 

2  pounds. 

By  Mr  Haggerston,  from  Belmont  and  the  splendid  conservatory 
of  J.  P.  Cushing,  Esq.,  some  very  extraordinary  specimens  of 
Williams'  Bon  Chretien   and  a  large  basket  of  various   kinds  of 


20 


fine  grapes,  of  very  handsome  appearance  and  finely  decorated. 
Also  a  large  pot  containing  a  living  vine,  coiled  and  loaded  with 
fine  ripe  clusters  of  the  Black  Hamburg,  the  whole  beautifully 
decorated  with  flowers. 

By  Mr  Hathorne  of  Salem,  Pears,  name  unknown,  large,  and 
very  sweet. 

By  Gen.  Josiah  Newhall  of  Lynnfield,  Porter  Apples ;  also 
fine  specimens  of  the  favorite  and  beautiful  fruit  described  in  the 
Pomological  Magazine  as  the  Capiaumont,  and  sent  hither  by  Mr 
Knight  under  the  same  name,  but  now  satisfactorily  ascertained 
to  be  the  Roi  de  Wurtemburg.  Another  Pear,  large  and  very 
oblong,  without  name,  but  to  appearance  the  Bourgmestre,  or  the 
kind  heretofore  so  called  with  us. 

By  B.  V.  French,  from  his  estate  in  Braintree,  Pears,  name 
unknown  ;  also  varieties  of  Apples,  including  Dutch  Codlin, 
Monstrous  Bellflower,  Gravenstein,  and  Ruggles.  A  native 
fruit,  large,  red  and  handsome,  austere  in  taste,  but  fine  for  cook- 
ing—  a  great  bearer.  Also  a  fruit  received  by  him  as  the  Mela 
Carla. 

By  Jonathan  Warren,  of  Weston,  Warren's  Seedling  Apples, 
a  fruit  raised  by  him,  small,  red,  of  fine  flavor  and  a  great  bearer. 
Another  called  the  American  Nonpareil,  a  new,  large,  red,  beau- 
tiful pear,  the  size,  shape  and  color  of  a  large  Baldwin,  and  now 
ripe  —  very  tender,  of  a  fine  pleasant  acid  flavor.  This  fruit, 
which  is  highly  deserving  and  a  great  bearer,  originated  on  the 
farm  of  the  Rev.  Dr  Puffer  of  Berlin,  Mass.  and  the  tree  first 
bore  fruit  in  1898.     Also  specimens  of  the  Porter. 

By  Dennis  Murphy,  from  his  garden  in  Roxbury,  Chelmsford 
Pears,  otherwise  called  Mogul  Summer. 

By  E.  Vose,  President  of  the  Society,  Pears,  the  Bartlett  or 
Williams'  Bon  Chretien,  Roi  de  Wurtemberg  [Capiaumont?], 
Napoleon,  Lewis,  Verte  Longue  or  Mouille  Bouche,  Andrews, 
and  Urbaniste.     Peaches,  Grosse  Mignonne, 

By  Enoch  Bartlett,  Vice  President  of  the  Society,  Pears,  Ca- 
piaumont, as  heretofore  so  called,  Andrews,  Cushing,  Sylvanche 
Verte,  Culotte  de  Suisse,  Seckel,  Johonnot,  Marie  Louise,  Napo- 
leon. Apples,  Hawthomdean,  Porter,  and  a  very  large  variety 
of  a  green  color  called  the  Mogul. 

By  George  Newhall,  Esq.  of  Dorchester,  Porter  Apples,  t'— 
baskets. 


21 


By  Mr  Manning,  about  seventy  varieties  of  Pears,  as  follows  : 

Autumn  Superb,  Belle  Lucrative,  Belle   et  Bonne,  Beurre  Diel 

and   Colmar,  Souverain  —  the  last  two  kinds  Mr  M.  is  confident 

are  identical ;  the  last  name  name  we  believe  is  not  found  on  the 

lists  of    Flanders,  —  Easter  Beurre   or   Pentecote,    Bezi   Vaet, 

Black   Pear  of  Worcester   or   Iron  Pear,   Bleecker's   Meadow, 

Williams'  Bon  Chretien,  Buffum,  Capiaumont  of  Pom.    Mag.  or 

Wurtemberg,  Catillac,  Bezi  de  Chaumontelle,  Gushing,   Delices 

d'Hardenpont.  Doyenne  Blanc  or  St  Michael,  Eschassery,  Glout 

Morceau,   Sucre  Verte,   Sylvanche  Verte,   Henry  IV.,  Jalousie, 

Louise  Bonne,  Marie  Louise,  Napoleon,  Verte  Longue,  Naum- 

keag,  Newton  Virgalieu,  Orange  d'Hiver,  Passe  Colmar,  Pope's 

Quaker,    Princesse  d'Orange,  Kaymond,  Rousselet   de  Rheims, 

St  Ghislain,  Verte  Longue  Panache,    Summer  Thorn,  Styrian, 

Washington,  Wilkinson,   Bowdoin,  Winter  Nelis   or  La  Bonne 

Malinoise,   Beurre  de   Bolwiller,  Beurre  Bosc,  Fulton,   Colmar 

Sabine  of  the   French,  Figue  de  Naples,    Remsens,  Green  Pear 

of  Yair,  Thomson's  (American)   Beurre  Von  Marum,   Holland 

Green,    Gansel's  Bergamot,  Capsheaf,   Coffin's  Virgalieu,  Saun- 

der's  Beurre.     Also  some  unnamed  kinds.     The  above  kinds  of 

fruit  are  of  the  different  seasons,  of  course  but  few  were  now  in 

eating,    and  are  therefore  for  re-examination  at   a   future   day. 

The  apples  exhibited  by  Mr  Manning  were,  King  of  the  Pippins, 

Fall  Harvey,  and  Rambour  Gros  or  Franc. 

By  Mr  Richards,  Pears,  Seckel,  Verte  Longue  ;  Apples,  Amer- 
ican Summer  Pearmain  very  fine.  Porter. 

By  William  Oliver  fori)  his  estate  in  Dorchester,  Pears,  Broca's 
Bergamotte,  Swan's  Egg,  St  Ghislain,  Howard  and  Seckel. 

By  J.  A.  Kenrick ;  Pears,  Seckel,  Harvard,  Andrews.  Apples 
Hubbardston  Nonsuch,  Hempstock  and  a  large  handsome  fruit 
without  a  name. 

By  Mr  Sweetser  from  his  garden  at  Cambridgeport.  Large 
specimens  of  the  Chelmsford  Pear  called  the  Mogul  Summer. 

By  Col.  Wilder,  Pears,  Bartlett  or  Williams'  Bon  Chretien,  and 
fine  specimens  of  the  Roxbury  Russetting  of  the  growth  of  1835. 
By  Joshua  Gardner  of  Dorchester,  Seckel  Pears,  Gravenstein 
Apples,  very  fine,  monstrous  Pippin,  and  a  native  sweet  apple. 

By  Gardner  Brewer,  Roi  de  Wurtembarg,  tree  transplanted 
from  the  Nursery  last  spring. 


22 


By  William  Kenrick,  Beurre  de  Bol wilier  Pears,  &c. 

By  John  Woodbury,  Golden  Chasselas  Grapes. 

By  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren  of  Brighton,  Porter  Apples,  Sweetwater 
Grapes  or  Chasselas  from  out  of  door  culture.  A  winter  Squash 
the  growth  of  1835. 

By  E.  Breed  of  Charlestown,  a  very  large  Valparaiso  Si[uash 
of  the  oval  form,  also  another  variety  very  large,  flat  and  ribbed 
at  its  sides. 

By  Mr  McLellan,  a  green  fleshed  Persian  Muskmelon.  Also 
a  Minorca  Muskmelon,  both  from  Oak  Wood,  the  Mansion  of 
William  Pratt,  Esq.  of  Watertown. 

By  Thomas  Mason  of  the  Charlestown  Vineyard,  Sweetwater 
Grapes,  Black  Hamburg,  and  St  Peters. 

By  S.  R.  Johnson  of  Charlestown,  Sweetwater  Grapes,  the 
produce  of  out  of  door  culture.  Black  Hamburg  and  White  Fron- 
tignac  or  Muscat. 

During  the  present  unusually  cold  summer,  the  trees  of  the 
peach  and  the  cherry  have  not  borne  their  wonted  and  abundant 
supplies  of  fruit ;  the  blossoms  having  been  destroyed  by  the  last 
uncommon  winter,  yet  though  thus  cut  off*  from  our  usual  sup- 
plies, we  have  the  less  reason  to  complain,  insomuch  that  but  few 
of  the  trees  which  produced  these  fruits  have  been  destroyed,  and 
compared  with  many  other  sections  of  our  country,  even  in  more 
southern  parallels  of  latitude,  the  climate  of  the  country  around 
Boston  seems  indeed  highly  favored.  The  climate  of  the  exten- 
sive plains  and  valleys  bordering  on  the  great  northern  arteries  or 
rivers  of  our  country,  seems  in  some  degree  very  unfavorable. 
The  cold  aqueous  vapor  whch  is  so  copiously  exhaled  from  these 
rivers  by  day,  descending  by  night  on  the  hills,  rolls  downward 
by  its  superior  density  and  gravity,  resting  and  condensing  on  all 
the  low  plains  and  valleys,  thus  rendering  them  doubly  exposed 
to  the  destructive  frosts  of  winter  and  of  summer.  Moreover  the 
winds,  which  unobstructed,  follow  almost  invariably  the  longitud- 
inal course  of  the  valleys  of  those  rivers  bring  down  alternately 
from  higher  regions  and  from  high  northern  latitudes,  and  from 
other  climes,  a  degree  of  cold  during  winter  the  most  intense  and 
destructive.  On  the  best  authority  we  are  assured,  that  the  Pears 
and  particularly  the  Peach,  and  the  Cherry,  have  during  the  last 
winter  suffered  partial  destruction  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecti- 


23 


cat  as  far  south  as  the  country  around  the  city  of  Hartford,  and 
even  still  further  downwards  and  towards  the  sea.  Even  far 
below  the  city  of  Albany  on  the  Hudson  or  North  River,  the 
Cherry  particularly,  and  many  other  trees  which  are  equally  as 
hardy,  and  especially  during  all  the  period  of  their  younger  years, 
are,  we  are  credibly  assured,  extremely  liable  to  suffer  death 
during  winter  from  the  same  destructive  climate  and  causes. 
The  fine  exhibition  of  fruits  and  the  splendid  varieties  of  flowers 
and  other  productions  which  was  witnessed  this  day  affords  new 
evidence  that  we  have  abundant  cause  of  gratitude. 
For  the  Committee, 

WILLIAM  KENRICK. 

EXHIBITION  OF  FLOWERS. 

This  day  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  held  their 
Annual  meeting,  at  the  Artists'  Gallery,  Summer-street,  and  not- 
withstanding the  season  has  been  urmsually  cold  and  unprosperous 
for  the  cultivation  of  flowers,  yet,  by  the  generous  contributions 
of  our  friends,  and  the  aid  and  assistance  given  by  many  of  our 
members,  the  committee  were  enabled  to  decorate  their  exhibition 
rooms  with  much  that  was  choice  and  rare.  The  flowers  gener- 
ally, particularly  the  Dahlias,  were  in  the  highest  state  of  perfec- 
tion ;  and  what  was  lacking  in  quantity,  compared  with  former 
seasons,  was  in  a  great  measure,  made  up  in  quality.  The  con- 
tribution of  J.  P.  Cushing,  Esq.  of  Watertown,  by  his  gardener 
Mr  David  Haggerston,  Avas  magnificent.  The  pot  of  Black 
Hamburg  Grapes  richly  decorated  with  Dahlias  and  other  flow- 
ers, thus  blending  and  uniting  the  handmaids  of  Flora  and  Pom- 
ona, was  happily  conceived  and  finely  executed  by  Mr  Haggerston. 
The  specimens  of  Combretum  purpureum,  Crinum  amabella, 
Phaseolus  corocolla,  Nerium  splendens,  and  Amaryllis  belladona 
were  very  splendid. 

Thomas  Lee,  Esq.  presented  three  vases  of  cut  flowers,  some 
of  which  were  fine  specimens. 

A  fine  bouquet  from  William  Pratt,  Esq.  of  Watertown. 

Handsome  bouquets  of  cut  flowers  from  the  garden  of  the 
President  of  the  Society,  and  from  the  garden  of  the  Orator  of 
the  day. 


24 


By  Col.  Marshal  P.  Wilder  of  Dorchester,  tvventysix  specimens 
of  seedling  Pansies  of  great  beauty.  Also,  Gloxinia  maculata 
and  other  green  house  plants,  and  eightysix  specimens  of  the 
Dahlia,  among  which  we  noticed  a  plant  of  Angelina  transferred 
into  a  pot  with  sixteen  fine  flowers  growing  thereon ;  this  speci- 
men made  a  very  imposing  appearance.  We  also  noticed  in  Mr 
Wilder's  collection  Widnall's  Rising  Sun,  Bride  of  Abydos, 
Jupiter,  Young's  Black  Ajax,  Cross's  yellow  Hermione,  Inwood's 
Ariel,  Douglass's  Glory,  E recta,  Wells'  Paragon,  Young's  fine 
Crimson  and  Dennissi. 

By  Mr  Samuel  R.  Johnson  of  Charlestown,  a  fine  collection  of 
Dahlias,  including  extra  fine  flowers  of  Cedi  Nulli,  Guido,  and 
Lady  Fordwich. 

From  the  garden  of  Mr  S.  Sweetser  of  Cambridgeport,  bou- 
quets and  one  hundred  and  three  specimens  of  the  Dahlia,  con- 
taining most  of  the  choice  varieties.  We  were  much  pleased 
with  his  specimens  of  Granta,  Springfield  Rival,  Queen  of 
Dahlias,  Duke  of  Devonshire  and  Exeter. 

Messrs  Hovey  and  Co.  presented  several  splendid  bouquets 
and  sixtyeight  fine  specimens  of  Dahlias.  In  their  collection  we 
noticed  Hermione,  Zarah,  Bride  of  Abydos,  Urania,  Widnall's 
Venus,  do.  Paris,  and  Beauty  of  Cambervvell. 

By  Mr  William  E.  Carter,  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge, 
several  bouquets  and  one  hundred  and  five  specimens  of  the 
Dahlia.  Mr  Carter  shew  his  Dahlias  on  a  new  plan  —  they  met 
the  eye  at  once  and  with  great  force.  We  noticed  fine  specimens 
of  Satropa,  Granta,  Miss  Pelham,  Ophelia  and  the  Duchess  of 
Bedford. 

By  Mr  Mason  of  Charlestown,  eightysix  specimens  of  Dah- 
lias and  several  fine  bouquets.  Mr  Mason  shew  two  seedling 
Dahlias,  together  with  some  fine  specimens  of  Granta,  Village 
Maid,  Dennissi,  and  Transcendent. 

Messrs  John  Richardson  of  Dorchester,  William  and  John  A. 
Kenrick  of  Newton,  William  Wales  of  Dorchester  and  S.  Walker 
of  Roxbury,  each  presented  cut  flowers,  bouquets,  &c. 

For  the  Committee,         S.  WALKER,  Chairman. 


25 


Note.  —  A  box  containing  some  fine  Seedling  Dahlias,  among 
which  the  Beauty  of  Portland  and  Miss  Neil  appeared  most 
beautiful,  China  Asters,  double,  from  single  ones  last  year,  and 
Pansies  were  received  from  Robert  Milne,  Gardener  to  M. 
P.  Sawyer,  Esq.  of  Portland,  Me.  but  too  late  for  exhibition. 
We  regret  that  our  Portland  friend  could  not  have  forwarded  his 
flowers  in  season  to  have  taken  a  stand  with  some  of  Boston 
cultivation;  they  might  not  have  suffered  in  comparison. 


OFFICERS 


OF    »HE 

MASSACHUSETTS     HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY 

FOR    THE     YEAR, 

COMMENCING  ON  THE  FIRST  SATURDAY  OF  OCTOBER,  183S. 


PRESIDENT. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Dorchester. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

E.  BARTLETT,  Roxbury. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
SAMUEL  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Boston. 
JOHN  PRINCE,  Roxbury. 

TREASURER. 

WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester 

CORRESPONDING    SECRETARY. 

ROBERT  TREAT  PAINE,  Boston. 

RECORDING   SECRETARY. 

EZRA  WESTON,  Jr.,  Boston. 

COUNSELLORS. 

THEODORE  LYMAN,  Jr.,  Boston. 
AUGUSTUS  ASPINWALL,  Brookline. 
THOMAS  BREWER,  Roxbury. 
HENRY  A.  BREED,  Lynn. 
M.  P.  SAWYER,  Boston. 
NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT,  Milton. 


29 

E.  HERSY  DERBY,  Salem. 
THOMAS  WHITMARSH,  Brooklme. 
J.  M.  GOURGAS,  Weston. 
OLIVER  FISK,  Worcester. 
WILLIAM  PRATT,  Jr.  Boston. 
SAMUEL  JAQUES,  Jr.  Charlestown. 
JOSEPH  G.  JOY,  Boston. 
WILLIAM  KENRICK,  Newton. 
JOHN  LEMIST,  Roxbury. 
BENJAMIN  RODMAN,  New-Bedford. 
THOMAS  G.  FESSENDEN,  Boston. 
CHARLES  TAPPAN,  Boston. 
JACOB  TIDD,  Roxbury. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
AARON  D.  WILLIAMS,  Roxbury. 
J.  W.  WEBSTER,  Cambridge. 
GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER,  Boston. 
DAVID  HAGGERSTON,  Watertown. 
CHARLES  LAWRENCE,  Salem. 

PROFESSOR    OF    BOTANY    AND    VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Rev.  JOHN  L.  RUSSELL. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    HORTICULTURAL    CHEMISTRY. 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,  M.  D. 


siPj^sffDaMfi^  ©©jsssss'sp's'i^iig. 


COMMITTEE    ON    FRUITS. 


WILLIAM  KENRICK,  Chairman. 
ROBERT  MANNING, 
BENJA.  V.  FRENCH, 
EDWARD  M.  RICHARDS, 
JOHN  A.  KENRICK, 
JOHN  M.  IVES,  Salem, 


SAMUEL  A.  SHURTLEFF, 

SAMUEL  DOWNER, 

SAMUEL  POND, 

P.  B.  HOVEY, 

L.  P.  GROSVENOR. 


COMMITTEE    ON    PRODUCTS    OF    KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

D.  CHANDLER,  Chairman.  I  AARON  D.  WILLIAMS, 

JACOB  TIDD,  LEONARD  STONE, 

NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT,        |  RUFUS  HOWE. 

COMMITTEE    ON    FLOWERS,    SHRUBS,    ETC. 


SAMUEL  WALKER,  Chairman. 
G.  M.  HOVEY, 
JOSEPH  BRECK, 
S.  SWEETSER, 


D.  HAGGERSTON, 
SAMUEL  R  JOHNSON, 
M.  P.  WILDER. 


COMMITTEE  ON    THE    LIBRARY. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman,  1  J.  E.  TESCHEMACHER, 

JACOB  BIGELOW,  EZRA  WESTON.  Jr. 

T.  W.  HARRIS.  CHARLES  M.  HOVEY. 

ROBERT  T.  PAINE,  1 

COMMITTEE    ON    SYNONYMS  OF    FRUIT. 

JOHN  LOWELL,  Chairman  I   WILLIAM  KENRICK, 

ROBERT  MANNING,  |  SAMUEL  DOWNER. 


EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 


ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman 
CHEEVER  NEWHALL, 
BENJA.  V.  FRENCH, 


JOSEPH  T.  BUCKINGHAM, 
L.  P.  GROSVENOR. 


COMMITTEE    OF    FINANCE. 

ELIJAH  WO^Z,  Chairman.  I  BENJA.  V.  FRENCH 

CHEEVER  NEWHALL,  I 


S!iSJlSS5BJi3B.S 


ASSACHUSETTS     HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY 


Armstrong,  Samuel  T.  Boston. 
Aspinwall,  Augustus,  Brookline. 
Andrews,  John  H.  Salem. 
Andrews,  Ebenezer  T.  Boston. 
Anthony,  James,  Providence. 
Adams,  Samuel,  Milton. 
Andrews,  Ferdinand,  Lancaster. 
Atkinson,  Amos,  Brookline. 
Adams,  Daniel,  Newbery. 
Appleton,  Samuel,  Boston. 
Adams,  Charles  F.  Quincy. 
Adamson,  John,  Roxbury. 
Andrews,  William  T.  Boston. 

Bartlett,  Enoch,  Roxbury. 

Brewer,  Thomas,       " 

Brimmer,  George  W.  Boston. 

Bradlee,  Joseph  P.  " 

Breed,  Ebenezer,  " 

Breed,  Henry  A.  Lynn. 

Bigelow,  Jacob,  Boston. 

Breed,  Andrews,  Lynn. 

Bailey,  Kendall,  Charlestown. 

Brown,  James,  Cambridge. 

Buckminster,  Lawson,  Framtngham, 

Buckminster,  Edward  F.         " 

Bradford,  Samuel  D.  Boston. 

Breck,  Joseph,  " 

Bailev ,  Ebenezer,  " 

Bishop,  N.  H.  Medford. 

Brewer,  Eliab  Stone,  Boston. 

Badlam,  Stephen,  " 

Beal,  George  W.  duincy. 

Bootl,  William,  Boston. 

Brown,  J.  M.  " 

Brimmer,  Martin,  " 

Bangs,  Edward  r>.  " 

Balch,  Joseph,  Roxbury. 

Bond,  George,  Boston. 

Billings.  Joseph  H.  Roxbury. 

Brown,  Charles,  Boston. 
Bussey,  Benjamin,  Roxbury. 
Buckingham,  Joseph  T.  Cambridge. 
Bond,  George  W.  Boston. 
Bowen,  Charles,        " 

Cook,  Zebedee,  jr.  Boston. 

Codman,  John,  Dorchester. 

Clapp,  Nathaniel,      " 

Coolidge,  Joseph,  Boston. 

Copetand,  B  F.  Roxbury. 

Cogswell,  J.  G.  Northampton. 
Champney,  John,  Roxbury. 
Cowing,  Cornelius,      '' 
Cowing,  Rowland,  jr.  Boston. 


Carter,  William,  Cambridge. 
Curtis,  William,  Newton. 
Coolidge,  Josiah,  Cambridge. 
Cowan,  Wm.  H.  Brighton. 
Cruft,  Edward,  Boston. 
Chandler,  Daniel,  Lexington. 
CaUender,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Chase,  Hezekiah,  Lynn. 
Clapp,  John,  South  Readmg. 
Carter,  Horatio,  Lancaster. 
Games,  Nathaniel  G.  New  York. 

Curtis,  Edward,  Pepperill. 

Chandler,  Samuel,  Lexington. 

Capen,  Aaron,  Dorchester. 

Crowninshield,  Benjamm  W.  Boston. 

Cotting,  William,  West  Cambridge. 

Cabot,  Samuel,  Brookline. 

Coffin,  Hector,  Rock  Farm,  Newbury. 

Curtis,  Nathaniel,  Roxbury 

Clapp,  Isaac,  Dorchester. 

Crafts,  Ebenezer,  Roxbury. 

Coolidge,  Samuel  F.  Boston. 

Cowing,  N.  H.  Brookline. 

Crane,  Joshua,  Boston. 
Coolidge,  Thomas  B.  Boston. 
Child  Joshua, 

Dearborn,  H.  A.  S.  Boston. 
Davis,  Isaac  P.  " 

Downer,  Samuel,  Dorchester. 
Dudley,  David,  Roxbury. 
Doggett,  John,  Boston. 
Davenport,  Nathaniel,  Milton. 
Davis,  Charles,  Roxbury. 
Dorr,  Nathaniel,      " 
Dodge,  Pickering,  jr.  Salem. 
Derby,  E.  H.  " 

Dickson,  James  A.  Boston. 
Davis,  John,  " 

Downes,  John,  " 

Dyer,  E.  D.  ^,  "      ,. 

Davis,  N.  Morton,  Plymouth. 

Emmons,  Robert,  L.  Boston. 
Everett,  Edward,  Charlestown. 
^us\.is,Ja.mes,  South  Reading.      -. 
Ellis,  Charles,  Roxbury.  i 

Edwards,  Elisha,  Spring.fiela. 
Eldredge,  Edward,  Boston. 
Eager,  William,         " 
Endicolt,  Wm.  P.  Salem. 

French,  Benjamin  V.  Boston. 
Fessenden,  Thomas  G.     " 
Frolhingham,  Samuel,     " 


3'2 


Forrester,  John,  Salem. 
Fisk,  Oliver,  Worcester. 
Fosdick,  David,  Charleslotcn 
Fletcher  Richard,  Boston. 
Field  Joseph,  Weston. 
Fitch,  Jeremiah,  Bostoyi. 
Francis,  J.  B    Wanm'ck,  R.  I. 
Freeman,  Rnssell,  Sandwich. 
Fay,  Samuel  P.  P.  Cambridgeport- 
Faxon,  Nathaniel,  Boston. 
Fell,  Oliver  S. 

Gray,  John  C.  Boston. 
Greenleaf,  Thom;is,  Q,ui7icy, 
Gourgas,  J.  M.  Westoji. 
Green,  Charlen  W.  Roxbury. 
Gore,  Watson,  " 

Gannett,  T  B.  Cambridgeport. 
Gould,  Daniel,  Reading. 
Gardner,  W.  F.  Salem. 
Gardner,  Joshua,  Dorchester. 
Goodwin,  Thomas  J.  Charlestottn. 
Guild,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Gibbs,  Benjamin,  Ca7nbridgeport. 
Grant,  Benjamin  B.  Boston. 
Gould,  Benjamin  A.        " 
Gray,  John,  " 

Grosvenor,  L.  P.  " 

Harris,  Samuel  D.  Boston. 
Haskins,  Ralph,  Roxbury. 
Heard.  John,  jr.  Boston. 
Hill,  Jeremiah,         " 
Hollingsworth,  Mark,  Milton. 
Harris,  Wm.  T.  Cambridge. 
Holbrook,  Amos,  3Iilton. 
Howe,  Rufua,  Dorchester. 
Hayden,  John,  Brookline. 
Howes,  Frederick,  Salem. 
Haggerston,  David,  Watertown. 
Howland,  John,  jr.  New  Bedford. 
Hay\yard,  George,  Boston. 
Higffinson,  Henry,         " 
Hall,  Dudley,  Medford. 
Hartshorn,  Eliphalel  P.  Boston. 
Houghton,  Abel,  jr.  Lynn. 
Hovey,  P   B.  jr.  Cambridgeport. 
Hurd,  William,  Charlestown. 
Howe,  Hall.  J.  Boston. 
Hodges,  J.  L.  Plymouth, 
Hodge,  Isaac  L.  Plymouth. 
Hovey,  Charles  IVI    Cambridgeport. 
Hayward.  Charles,  Boston. 
Hayden,  Frederick,  Lincoln 
Hyde.  Samuel,  jr.  iVar^o?;. 
Hammond.  H   H.  Leximton. 
Howard,  John  C.  Brookline. 

Ives,  John  M.  Salem. 

Jaques,  Samuel,  jr.  Charleslotcn. 
Jackson,  Patrick  T.  Boston. 
Joy,  Joseph  G.  " 

Jackson,  James,  " 

Josselyn,  Lewis,  " 

Johonnot,  George  S.  Salem. 
Jones,  L.  D.  Xeie  Bedford. 

Kenrick.  William,  Neicton. 
King,  John,  Medford. 
Kidder,  S&mneX.' Charlestown. 
Kuhn,  George  il   Boston. 
Kendall,  Abel,  jr.      " 
Kenrick,  John  A.  Neirton. 
Kenrick,  Enoch  B.      " 

Lincoln,  Levi,  Worcester. 

Lincoln,  William,     " 


Lowell.  John,  Roxbury. 
Lee,  Thomas,  jr.    '• 
Lemist,  John,  " 

Lyman,  Theodore,  jr.  Boston. 
Lowell,  John  A.  " 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  " 

Lyman,  George  W.  " 

Loring,  W   J.  " 

Lowell,  John  jr.  " 

Lav/rence,  Charles,  Salem. 
Loland.  Daniel,  Sherburne, 
Leland!  J.  P. 
Low,  John  J.  Boston. 

Manning,  Robert,  Sale?n. 

Manners,  George,  Boston. 

Minns,  Thomas,         " 

Morrill,  Ambrose,  Lexington, 

Munroe,  Jonas,  " 

Mussey,  Benjamin,       " 

Motley,  Edward,  Boston. 

Ma-son,  Lowell,        " 

Montague,  Wm.  H.  " 

Morse,  S.  F.  " 

Means,  James,  " 

Mackay,  John,         '' 

Mead  Isaac,  Charlcstoten, 

Mead,  Samuel  O.  West  Cambridge. 

Mason,  Thomas,  Charlestoien. 

Miller,  Edward,  Boston. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,      " 

Murphy,  Dennis,  Roxtniry. 

Mason,  Thomas  H.  Charlestown. 

Nswhall,  Cheever,  Dorchester. 
Newhall,  George,  " 

Nichols,  Otis,  " 

Nutlall,  Thomas,  Cambridge. 
Newell,  Joseph  R.  Boston. 
Newhall.  Josiah,  Lynn  field. 
Newman,  Henry,  Roxbury. 
Newell,  Jo.scph  W.  Charlestojpn. 

Otis,  Harrison  G.  Boston. 
Oliver,  Francis  J.      " 
Oliver,  William,  Dorchester. 
Oxnard,  Henry,  Brookline. 

Perkins,  Thomas  H   Boston. 
Perkins,  Samuel  G.  " 

Putnam,  Jesse,  " 

Pratt,  George  W.  " 

Prescott,  William,  " 

Parsons,  Gorhani,  Brighton. 
Pettee,  Otis,  Newton. 
Prince,  John,  Roxbury. 
Phinney,  Elias,  Lexington. 
Prince.  John,  jr.  Salem. 
Peabody,  Francis,    " 
Perry,  G.  B.  East  Bradford. 
Perry,  John,  Sherburne. 
Pond,  Samuel,  Cambridgeport. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Boston. 
Pond,  Samuel  M.  Buckuport,  Me. 
Prescott.  C.  H.  Cornwallis,  N.  S. 
Parker,  Daniel  P.  Boston. 
Pratt,  William,  jr.       " 
Priest,  John  F.  " 

Philbrick,  Samuel,  Brookline. 
Prouty,  Lorenzo,  Boston. 
Pickman,  D.  L.  Salem. 
Phipps,  Rufus  T.  Charlcstoten. 
Pool,  VVard,  Danvers. 
Perkins, Thomas  H.  jr.  Beaton. 
Pond,  Samuel,  jr.  " 

Payne,  W.  E.  " 

Preston,  John,  " 

Putnam,  Ebenezer,  Salem. 


33 


Parker,  Isaac,  Boston. 
PhUlips,  S.  C.  Salem. 

Quincy,  Josiah,  jr.  Boston. 

Robbins,  E.  H.  jr.  Boston. 

Rollins,  William,        " 

Rice,  Jolm  P.  '« 

Rice,  Henry,  " 

Read,  James,  Roxbury. 

Robbins,  P.  G.      «' 

Rowe,  Joseph.  Milton. 

Rogers,  R.  S.  Salem. 

Rodman,  Benjamin,  iVete  Bedford. 

Rolch,  William,  jr.  " 

Richardson,  Nathan,  South  Reading. 

Rand,  Edward  S.  Newhuryport. 

Richards,  Edward  M.  Dedham. 

Russell,  J.  L.  Salem. 

Russell,  James,  Boston. 

Russell,  George,  M.  D.  Lincoln. 

Rogerson,  Robert,  Boston. 

Ruggles,  M.  H.  Troy. 

Read,  George,  Roxbury. 

Russell,  Joseph,  Boston. 

Silsby,  Enoch,  Boston. 

Sullivan,  Richard,  Brookline. 

Senior,  Charles,  Roxbury. 

Sumner,  William  H.  Dorchester. 

Sawyer,  M.  P.  Boston. 

Sharp,  Edward,  Dorchester. 

Smith,  Cyrus,  Sandwich. 

Sutton,  William,  jr.  Danvers. 

Story,  F.  H.  Salem. 

Stedman,  Josiah,  Newton. 

Steams,  Charles,  Springfield. 

Shurtleff,  Samuel  A.  Boston. 

Springer,  John,  Sterling. 

Saltonstall,  Leverett,  Salem. 

Shaw,  Lemuel,  Boston. 

Smith,  J.  M.  " 

Sisson,  Freeborn,  Warren,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Stephen,  H.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Swan,  Daniel,  Med/ord. 

Stone,  Leonard,  Watertown. 

Stone,  William,  " 

Stone,  Isaac,  " 

Story,  Joseph,  Cambridge. 

Sparhawk,  E.  C.        " 

Sheaf,  Henry,  " 

Stevens,  Isaac,  " 

Steams,  William,        " 

Sweetser,  Samuel,  Cambridgeport. 


Skinner,  John,  Charlestown. 

Tappan,  Charles,  Boston 
Tidd,  Jacob,  Roxbury. 
Thompson,  George,  Medford. 
Train,  Samuel,  " 

Thorndike,  Israel,  Boston. 
Thwing,  Supply  C.  Roxbury. 
Tucker,  Richard  D.  Boston. 
Tilden,  Joseph,  " 

Toothey,  Roderick,  Waltham. 
Thomas,  Benjamin,  Hingham. 
Taylor,  Charles,  Dorchester. 
Tremlett,  Thomas  B.     " 
Tyler,  George  W.  Charlestown. 

Vose,  Elijah,  Dorchester. 
Vila,  James,  Boston. 

Williams,  Nehemiah  D.  Roxbury. 
Wilder,  M.  P.  Boston. 
Williams,  Aaron  D.  Roxbury. 
Worthington,  William,  Dorchester. 
Webster,  J.  W.  Cambridge. 
White,  Abijah,  Watertown. 
Wight,  Ebenezer,  Boston. 
Winship,  Jonathan,  Brighton. 
Wilder,  S.  V.  S.  Bolton. 
Waldo,  Daniel,  Worcester. 
Wyeth,  Nathaniel,  jr.  Cambridge. 
West,  Thomas,  Haverhill. 
Willard,  Joseph,  Lancaster. 
Whitmarsh,  Samuel,  Sorthampton. 
Whitmarsh,  Thomas,  Brookline. 
Warren,  Jonathan,  jr.  Weston. 
Webster,  Nathan,  Haverhill. 
Wilson,  John,  Roxbury. 
White,  Stephen,  Boston. 
Webster,  Daniel,    " 
Ward,  Richard,  Roxbury. 
Weld,  Aaron  D.  jr.  Boston. 
Walker,  Samuel,  Roxbury. 
Winship,  Francis,  Brighton. 
Willelt,  Thomas,  Charlestown. 
Wolcott,  Edward,  Paietucket . 
Williams,  John,  Cambridgeport. 
Ward,  Malthus  A.  Salem. 
Winthrop,  Thomas  L.  Boston, 
Wheelwright,  Lot,  jr.        '♦ 
Wheelwright,  John  F.  Brighton. 
Weston,  Ezra,  jr.  Boston. 
Waldo,  Henry,  S.      " 
Winchester,  W.  P.    « 
Warren,  Jonas,  Weston. 


m©m©m.^m.'^  ^Emmimm^m. 


ADAMS,  Hon.  JOHN  QUINCY,  late  President  of  the  United  States. 
AITON,  WILLIAM  TOWNSEND,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 
ABBOT,  JOHN,  Esq.  Brunswick,  Me.  ^  iw  h 

ABBOT,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  W.H . 
BUEL  JESSE,  Esq.  President  of  the  Albany  Horticultural  Society. 
BODIN,    Le  Chevalier  SOULANGE,  Secretaire-General   de   la  Societe 
d'Horticulture  de  Paris.  r    u     u     .• 

BANCROFT,  EDWARD  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.  President  of  the  Horti- 
cultural and  Agricultural  Society  of  Jamaica. 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT,  Esq.  Great  Britain. 

BEEKMAN,  JAMES,  New  York. 

B.^RBOUR,  P.  P.  Virginia. 

BLAPIER,  LEWIS,  Philadelphia. 

COXE,  WILLIAM,  Esq.  Burlington,  New  Jersey.  ,        .      „    ,.  . ,, 

COLLINS,  ZACCHEUS,  Esq.  President  of  the    Pennsylvania   Horticul- 
tural Society,  Philadelphia. 

COFFIN,  Admiral  Sir  ISAAC,  Great  Britain. 

CHAUNCY,  ISAAC,  United  States  Navy,  Brooklyn,  New  York. 

PLAY    HENRY,  Kentucky.  „      .     w       t 

DICKSON    JAMES,  Esq.  Vice    President  of  the    London   Horticultural 

DE  cInDOLLE.Mous.  ANGUSTIN  PYRAMUS,  Professor  of  Botany 

in  the  Academy  of  Geneva. 
De  La  SAGRA,  Don  RAMON,  Cuba. 
*ELLlOTT,  Hon.  STEPHEN,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

PVFR.KTT    HOR.^CE,  Vermont.  .      •     i 

EvInScHARLES  ALLAN,  secretary  of  Kings  County  Agncul- 

tural  Society,  St  Johns,  N.  B.  .    r^     ,  ..    .t  St  Pe- 

FALDERMANN,  F.  Curator  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  at  St  Pe 

Fischer!  d';  Professor  of  Botany,  of  the    Imperial    Botanl.    Garden,  at 

St  Petersburg. 

*  r^ose  ^9fk9d.  thus  ♦  »re  deteased. 


36 

GALES,  JOSEPH,  Jr.  Vice  President  of  the  Washington  Horticultural 

Society,  Washington. 

•GOLDSBOROUGH,  ROBERT  H.,  U.  S.  Senator,  Maryland. 

GREIG,  JOHN,  Esq.  Geneva,  President  of  the  Domestic  Horticultural 
Society  of  the  Western  part  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

•GORE,  Mrs  REBECCA,  Waitham. 

GRIFFITH,  Mrs  MARY,  Charlies  Hope,  New  Jersey. 

*GIRARD,  STEPHEN,  Philadelpliia. 

GIBBS,  GEORGE,  Sunswick,  New  York. 

HERICART  DE  THURY,  Le  Vicomte,  President  de  la  Soci6te  d'Hojti- 
cullure  de  Paris. 

*HOSACK,  DAVID,  M.  D.  President  of  the  New  York  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. 

HOPKIRK,  THOMAS,  Esq.  President  of  the  Glasgow  Horticultura' 
Society. 

HUNTS,  LEWIS,  Esq.  Huntsburgh,  Ohio. 

HILDRETH,  S.  P.  Marietta,  Ohio.° 

INGERSOLL,  JAMES  R.  [President  of  the  Hor  ticultural  Society  of 
Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  President  of  the  United  States. 

JOHONNOT,  Mrs  MARTHA,  Salem. 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  ANDREW,  Esq.  President  of  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

LOUDON,  JOHN  CLAUDIUS,  Great  Britain. 

LUDWIG,  BARON  H.  CAROL  VON,  Cape  Town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

♦LAFAYETTE,  General,  La  Grange,  France. 

LASTEYRIE,  Le  Compt  de.  Vice  President  de  la  Societe  d'Horticullure 
de  Paris. 

LITCHFIELD,  FRANKLIN,  Consul  of  the  United  States  at  Porto  Ca- 
bello. 

LORRILLARD,  JACOB,  President  of  the  New  York  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, New  York. 

LONGSTRETH,  JOSHUA,  Philadelphia. 

LONGWORTH,  NICHOLAS,  Cincinnati. 

".MADISON,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  Presi<!ent  of  the  United  States,  Virginia 

WIONROE,  Hon.  JAMES,  late  President  of  rlio  United  States,  Virginia. 

MICHAUX,  ]\ron.^.  F.  ANDREW,  Paris. 

MENTENS,  LEWIS  JOHN,  Esq.  Brnxelles. 

"MITCHELL,  SAMUEL  L.,  M.  D.  New  York. 

MOSSELLMAN, ,  Esq.  Antwerp. 

MERCER,  Hon.  CHARLES  F.  Virginia. 

M'CAULEY,  D.  SMITH,  Consul  General  Uniicd  States,  Tripoli. 

McKIM,  Hon.   ISAAC,  M.  C    Baltimore,  Maryland. 

OTTENIT.LS,  Baron,  .Austrian  Minister  to  the  Ottoman  Porte. 

POITEAU,  Profe.-;sor  of  the  Instilut  Horticolc  do  Fremont. 

POWELL,  JOHN  HARE,  Powellton,  Pennsylvania. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM,  E.sq   Long  Island,  New  York. 


37 


PRATT,  HENRY,  Philadelphia. 

PALMER,  JOHN,  Esq.  Calcutta. 

ROSEBERRY,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Earl  of,  President  of  the  Caledo- 
niaa  Horticultural  Society. 

SABINE,  JOSEPH,  Esq.  Secretary  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

SHEPHERD,  JOHN,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Liverpool. 

*SCOTT,  Sir  WALTER,  Scotland. 

SKINNER,  JOHN  S.  Baltimore. 

TURNER,  JOHN,  Assistant  Secretary  of  London  Horticultural  Society. 

THACHER,  JAMES,  M.  D.  Plymouth. 

THORBURN,  GRANT,  Esq.  New  York. 

TALIAFERRO,  JOHN,  Virginia. 

THOURS,  M.  DU  PETIT,  Paris,  Professor  Poiteau  of  the  Institut  Horti- 
cole  de  Fromont. 

TOWSON,  NATHANIEL,  President  of  the  Washington  Horticultural 
Society,  Washington. 

VILMORIN,  Mens.  PIERRE  PHILLIPPE  ANDRE,  Paris. 

VAUGHAN,  BENJAMIN,  Esq.  Hallowell,  Me, 

VAN  MONS,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  M.  D.  Brussels. 

VAUGHAN,  PETTY,  Esq.  London. 

VAN  RENSELLAER,  STEPHEN,  Albany. 

VAN  ZANDT,  JOSEPH  R.Albany. 

VANDERBURG,  FEDERAL,  M.  D.  New  York. 

WELLES,  Hon.  JOHN,  Boston. 

WILLICK,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cal- 
cutta. 

WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  Genesee,  New  York. 

WARD,  MALTHUS  A.  Franklin  College,  Athens,  Georgia. 

WOLCOTT,  FREDERICK,  Litchfield,  Connecticut, 

YATES,  ASHTON,  Esq.  Liverpool. 


ADLUM,  JOHN,  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia. 
ASPINWALL,  Col.  THOMAS,  United  States  Consul,  London. 
APPLETON,  THOMAS,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  l>eghorn. 

ALPEY,  . 

AQUILAR,  DON  FRANCISCO,  of  M.ddonoda,  in  the  Banda  Orientnl 

Consul  of  the  United  Stales. 
BARNET,  ISAAC  COX,  Esq   United  States  Consul,  Paris. 
BRUSH,  Dr  NEHEMIAH,  East  Fieri  !a. 
BURTON,  ALEXANDER,  United  States  Consul  Cadiz. 
BULL,  E.  W.  Hariford,  Connecticut. 


38 

BROWN,  JOHN  W.  Fort  Gaines,  Georgia. 

CARR,  ROBERT,  Esq.  Philadelphia. 

COLVILLE,  JAMES,  Chelsea,  England. 

CARNES,  FRANCIS  G.  Paris. 

DEERING,  JAMES,  Portland,  Me. 

COBELLEW,  Dr  TINIO  VINCENT,  Horticultural  Garden,  Palermo. 

EMMONS,  EBENEZER,  M.  D.  Williamstown. 

FLOY,  MICHAEL,  New  York. 

FOX,  JOHN,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

FELLOWS,  NATHANIEL,  Cuba. 

FOSTER,  WILLIAM  REDDING,  Baltimore. 

GARDNER,  ROBERT  H.  Esq.  Gardiner,  Me. 

GIBSON,  ABRAHAM  P.  United  States  Consul,  St  Petersburg. 

GARDNER,  BENJAMIN,  United  States  Consul,  Palermo. 

HALL,  CHARLES  HENRY,  Esq.  New  York. 

HAY    JOHN    Architect  of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society. 

HALSEY,  ABRAHAM,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  New  York  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  New  York. 

HARRIS,  Rev.  T.  M.,  D.  D.  Boston. 

HUNTER,  ,  Baltimore. 

HOGG,  THO.MAS,  New  York. 

HENRY,  BERNARD,  Gibraltar. 

HITCHCOCK,  I.  I.  Baltimore. 

JOHNSON,  WiVI.  J  ,  M.  D.  Fort  Gaines,  Georgia.  ,    ,     „  , 

LANDRETH,  DAVID,  jr.  Esq   Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Horticultural  Society. 

LEONARD,  E.  S.  H.,  M.  D.  Providence. 

MAURY,  JAMES,  Esq.  Virginia.  ,  ,      .     ,.       , 

MILLER,  JOHN,  M.  D.  Secretary  of  the  Horticullural  and  Agricultural 
SociPlv,  Jamaica. 

MILLS,  STEPHEN,  Esq   Long  Island,  Now  York. 

MELVILLE,  ALLAN,  New  York. 

M'LEAY,  WILLIAM  SHARP. 

NEWHALL,  HORATIO,  M.  D.  Galena,  Illinois. 

OFFLEY    DAVID,  Esq   United  Statfs  Consul,  Smyrna. 

OMBROSI,  JAMES,  United  States  Consul,  Florence. 

PARKER,  JOHN,  Esq.  United  States  Consul,  Amsterdam. 

PAYSON,  JOHN  L.  Esq.  Messina. 

PORTER    DAVID,  Charge  de  Affaires,  Constantinople. 

PR1NCE,'WILLIAM  ROBERT,  Esq.  Long  Island,  New  York. 

prince'  ALFRED  STRATTON,  Long  Island. 

PERRY,  M.  C.  Un  tod  States  Navy,  Charlestown. 

PALMER,  JOHN  J.  New  York. 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  S.  United  States  Navy,  Bos'.on. 

REYNOLDS,  M.  D.  Schenectady,  New  York. 

ROGERS,  J.  P.  Hartford,  Conn. 

RICHARDS,  JOHN  H.  Paris. 


39 


ROTCH,  THOMAS,  Philadelphia. 

*SHALER,  WILLIAM,  United  States  Consul  General,  Cuba. 

SMITH,  DANIEL  D.  Esq.  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

SMITH,  GIDEON  B.  Baltimore. 

SHAW,  WILLIAM,  New  York. 

STRONG,  Judge,  Rochester,  New  York. 

STEPHENS,  THOMAS  HOLDUP,  United   States  Navy,  Middletown, 

Connecticut. 
SMITH,  CALEB  R.  Esq.  New  Jersey. 
SPRAGUE,  HORATIO,  United  States  Consul,  Gibraltar. 
SUMMEREST,  FRANCIS. 
STRANGEWAY,  WILLIAM  FOX,  British  Secretary  of  Legation  aj 

Naples. 
THORBURN,  GEORGE  C.  New  York. 
TILLSON,  JOHN,  jr,  Illinois. 

TENORE,  Professor,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Naples. 
THOMPSON,  ROBERT,  Esq.  London. 
WILSON,  WILLIAM,  New  York. 
WINGATE,  J.  F.  Bath,  Me. 
WINGATE,  JOSHUA,  Portland. 
WINTHROP,  JOSEPH  AUGUSTUS,  South  Carolina. 
WAEL,  EMILIEN  DE,  Antwerp. 


AN 


ADDRESS 


DELIVERED    BEFORE   THE 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY 


AT   THEIR 


NINTH    ANNIVERSARY, 


SEPTEMBER  20,  1837. 


BY   WILLIAM   LINCOLN, 

OF  WORCESTER. 


Bonton: 

BUTTON   AND  WENT  WORTH,   PRINTERS, 

Nos.  10  and  12  Exchange  Street. 

1837. 


BOSTON,  SEPTEMBER  23,  1837. 

Dear  Sir — At  a  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  held  this 
day,  the  President  in  the  chair,  the  following  votes  were  passed,  which  we  beg  leave 
to  communicate  : 

Voted,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  be  presented 
to  William  Lincoln,  Esq.  for  his  able  and  interesting  Address,  delivered  at  its  Anni- 
versary meeting,  on  the  20th  instant :  and  that  he  be  respectfully  requested  to  fur- 
nish a  copy  for  publication. 

Voted,  That  Messrs.  Isaac  P.  Davis,  L.  P.  Grosvenor,  and  Ezra  Weston,  Jr.,  be 
requested  to  carry  the  foregoing  vote  into  effect. 

We  are,  with  respect,  yours,  &c.. 


William  Lincoln,  Esq. 


I.  P.  DAVIS,  ^ 

L.  P.  GROSVENOR,  >  Committee. 

E.  WESTON,  Jr.       ) 


WORCESTER,  SEPTEMBER  26,  1837. 

Gentlemen — I  have  had  the  honor  and  pleasure  of  receiving  your  note,  en- 
closed in  a  beautiful  envelope  of  fruits  and  flowers.  The  good  opinion  the  Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural  Societ}'  have  been  pleased  to  express,  of  the  Address  deliv- 
ered on  their  Ninth  Anniversary,  is  so  valuable,  that  I  much  desire  to  avoid  the  risk 
of  the  loss  of  precious  approbation,  by  refusing  to  appeal  from  the  indulgence  ex- 
tended over  spoken  words,  to  the  deliberate  judgment  which  may  review  printed 
sheets.  But,  in  compliance  with  your  wish,  and  the  established  custom,  I  place  the 
manuscript  at  your  disposal. 

With  respectful  regard, 

I  am.  Gentlemen,  your  friend, 

WILLIAM  LINCOLN. 
Messrs.  I.  P.  Davis, 

L.  P.  Grosvenor, 
E.  Weston,  Jr. 


ADDRESS. 


Another  annual  period  of  our  course  is  finished. 
Once  more  we  have  met,  with  grateful  humility  to 
implore  the  continued  benediction  of  Providence  on 
the  cause  of  improvement ;  with  heartfelt  rejoicing 
to  review  the  useful  results  we  have  been  permitted 
to  accomplish ;  with  cheerful  confidence  to  renew 
united  efforts  for  the  common  benefit ;  and  again  to 
endeavor  to  fulfil  the  measure  of  duty,  by  doing  all 
the  good  in  our  power  to  every  fellow  being. 

The  close  of  a  year,  that  wide  space,  in  social  as 
in  human  existence,  is  an  era  of  very  familiar,  but 
of  peculiar  interest.  Whether  falling,  according  to 
the  computation  of  the  calendar,  amid  the  storms  of 
winter,  or  stealing  on  our  path  when  spring  unfolds 
the  multitude  of  buds,  and  unrols  the  broad  carpet 
of  verdure  over  valley  and  hill  side  ;  or  overtaking 
us  when  autumn  spreads  her  robe  of  many  colors 
over  the  green  dress  of  field  and  forest,  and  the 
plant  wraps  itself  up  for  its  long  sleep  ;  it  brings  a 
mingled  crowd  of  sad  and  joyous  reflections.  Each 
anniversary  gives  us  a  point,  where  we  may  pause, 
to  look  backward  over  the  past,  upon  the  progress 
we  have  made,  and  onward  through  the  future,  to 
estimate  the  extent  of  usefulness  which  separates  us 
from  the  termination  of  our  pilgrimage.  It  stands 
like  a  milestone  along  the  highway  of  time.     When 


we  reach  the  boundary  of  each  returning  period, 
there  is  the  indulgence  of  a  brief  stopping  place, 
where  we  may  repose  for  a  moment  before  we  are 
hurried  away  on  the  next  stage  of  our  rapid  journey. 

It  was  the  fanciful  conception  of  Linneus,  to  mea- 
sure the  flight  of  time  by  a  dial  of  flow^ers.  The 
graduated  circle  was  constructed  of  chosen  plants  ; 
clusters  of  blossoms  stood  for  the  figures  on  the 
plate  ;  and  the  coming  or  departing  hours  of  his 
well  improved  days  glided  on,  thus  marked,  as  if 
with  the  fragrance  of  their  own  good  works.  A 
happy  thought  has  perfected  the  invention  of  the 
great  naturalist,  and  blended  utility  with  its  beauty, 
by  gathering  the  richest  fruits  of  the  orchard  and 
the  fairest  flowers  of  the  garden  into  annual  exhibi- 
tions. As  the  shadow  of  the  declining  year  moves 
over  the  rare  collections,  the  index  points  to  the  in- 
creasing skill  which  matures  the  products  of  cultiva- 
tion, and  to  the  generosity  bestowing  on  the  public 
examples  of  excellence  for  the  imitation  of  all. 

Could  some  learned  interpreter  faithfully  trans- 
late to  the  ear  the  language  addressed  to  the  eye 
by  each  member  of  the  autumnal  convention  of  the 
offspring  of  the  earth,  no  other  words  could  be 
needed  to  illustrate  success,  itself  the  best  reward 
of  exertions ;  nor  could  other  discourse  enforce  the 
admonition  of  that  eloquent,  though  voiceless  con- 
gregation, that  continually  increasing  usefulness  may 
rightly  be  demanded  in  the  ratio  of  enlarging  capa- 
city to  benefit  the  community.  The  apple  and  pear 
offer  conclusive  arguments  :  the  plum  and  peach 
contain  convincing  reasons  :  the  grape  and  necta- 
rine present  unanswerable  pleading :    the  vases  of 


flowers  and  the  baskets  of  fruits  join  their  persua- 
sions :  and  all  unite,  to  win  admiration  and  seduce 
attention  to  the  pursuits  of  horticulture. 

A  native  feeling  responds  cordially  to  the  appeal 
of  the  loveliness  of  the  children  of  the  border. 
There  springs  in  every  heart  the  hope  to  crown  a 
life  of  earnest  industry  with  an  old  age  of  tranquil  re- 
pose. Amid  the  busy  stir  of  the  world,  those  who 
are  most  active  in  its  turmoil,  are  cheered  by  the 
prospect  of  a  serene  evening,  when  they  may  con- 
nect themselves  with  the  earth  by  the  affectionate 
relation  of  improvement.  Repressed  and  confined 
by  weary  avocations,  the  universality  of  the  senti- 
ment is  attested,  by  the  laburnum  and  honey-suckle 
nestling  among  the  walls  of  the  city,  by  the  myrtle 
and  geranium  nursed  on  the  carpeted  floors  of  the 
town,  by  the  rose  and  the  daisy  peeping  from  the 
windows  of  the  artisan's  home  and  the  manufactur- 
er's cottage. 

When  man's  first  abode  was  planted  in  Eden,  an 
inspired  precept  was  inculcated,  and  a  sacred  ex- 
ample held  out,  of  the  best  condition  of  existence, 
and  of  the  happiness  to  be  sought  among  the  types 
of  purity  and  the  emblems  of  innocence.  He  who 
will  walk  in  the  garden  with  humility,  may  yet  hear 
the  voice  of  God  in  its  bowers.  From  that  ground, 
still  springs  the  knowledge  of  good  without  the  bit- 
ter connexion  of  the  perception  of  evil.  The  tree 
of  life,  with  its  foliage  of  unfading  verdure,  may 
still  take  root  in  that  soil.  It  is  an  elevated  wor- 
ship to  trace  the  perfection  of  the  works  of  crea- 
tion's Architect.  On  the  perishing  forms  of  the  ma- 
terial frame,  is  mirrored  the  undying  freshness  of 


8 

the  better  land.  If  the  feebleness  of  finite  intellect 
can  ever  approach  to  any  remote  conception  of  the 
Divinity,  of  whose  wisdom  and  benevolence  the 
course  of  nature  is  the  dim  revelation,  it  must  be  by 
the  contemplation  of  the  order  and  harmony,  visi- 
ble evidence  of  his  presence  in  the  external  world. 
Coming  to  the  fair  fields  where  many  able  reap- 
ers have  already  banded  up  the  abundance  of  their 
sheaves  of  golden  grain,  I  can  only  hope  to  glean 
the  straws  neglected  by  predecessors,  whose  sickles 
gathered  full  harvests  of  wheat.  To  devote  the 
hour  to  the  discussion  of  the  character  of  deceased 
evils,  would  waste  the  time  of  those  who  detected 
and  reformed  errors.  The  explanation  of  amended 
systems  to  the  discoverers  of  improvements,  would 
not  be  profitable  employment.  To  detail  practical 
operations,  familiar  to  others  in  daily  use,  might 
seem  to  be  imitation  of  the  ingenious  persons  who 
treat  of  the  peculiarities  of  breeds  of  cattle  from  ob- 
servation of  the  deportment  of  the  sober  animal  fil- 
ling the  milk  pail  of  domestic  economy  and  residu- 
ary legatee  of  the  few  pet  cabbages  crowding  about 
the  door  step  :  or  who  grow  profound  in  agriculture 
by  virtue  of  raising  a  beet  and  a  turnip  in  two 
earthen  dishes  :  or  comprehend  the  mysteries  of  the 
varieties  of  fruits  in  consideration  of  the  handful  of 
pears  purchased  at  the  market  house.  Dissertations 
on  theories  would  be  impertinent  before  those  whose 
knowledge  is  derived  from  experience,  the  great 
teacher,  pouring  on  the  world  a  flood  of  light  to 
extend  the  vision  of  the  eye  of  observation.  Com- 
pelled to  abandon  the  broad  and  beaten  ways,  it 
only  remains  to  explore  some  unfrequented  by-paths, 


and  solicit  indulgence  for  some  imperfect  recollec- 
tions of  the  past,  and  brief  considerations  of  the 
present  condition  of  the  art  to  whose  prosperity  the 
festival  is  dedicated. 

The  first  step  of  civilized  man  on  the  New  Eng- 
land shore  is  so  recent,  that  the  outline  of  his  ear- 
liest footprint  is  still  uneffaced.  Through  the  anti- 
quity of  two  centuries,  we  may  view  the  origin  of 
cultivation  almost  as  distinctly,  as  if  we  could  turn 
back  the  wave  of  improvement  which  has  swelled 
over  the  continent,  until  it  again  sunk  down  into  the 
little  ripple  by  the  rock  of  Plymouth. 

Stoughton  eloquently  says,  "  God  sifted  a  whole 
nation,  that  he  might  send  choice  grain  over  into 
this  wilderness."  When  the  wheat  winnowed  from 
the  old  world  was  cast  upon  the  new,  the  earth  was 
not  entirely  unprepared  for  its  reception.  The 
smoke  curled  upward  in  blue  wreathes  over  the 
wigwam  of  the  Indian,  and  around  the  bark  tents 
were  spots  where  the  husbandry  of  the  native  in- 
habitants had  been  exercised.  He,  whose  cup  was 
filled  from  the  fountain,  whose  store  house  in  the 
wild  was  ample,  whose  hordes  of  deer  roved  through 
boundless  woods,  who  found  a  banquet  where  the 
oak  strewed  acorns  or  the  stream  poured  from  its 
urn,  needed  no  great  extent  of  arable  land  to 
supply  his  simple  wants.  Agriculture  must  have 
been  rude,  while  the  hatchet  of  stone  chipped  down 
the  trees,  and  the  spade  of  shell  scooped  in  the 
sod.  Yet  vast  tracts  of  ground  had  been  then 
opened  to  the  sun.  Agents  more  powerful  than 
human  strength  and  diligence  had  wrought  in  the 
2 


10 

wilderness.  "  There  be,"  says  William  Wood/ 
"  in  divers  places  near  the  plantations,  great,  broad 
meadows,  wherein  grow  neither  shrub  nor  tree,  ly- 
ing low  :  in  w^hich  plains,  grows  as  much  grass  as 
may  be  throAvn  out  with  a  scythe,  thick  and  long". . . . 
"It  being,"  he  continues,  "the  custom  of  the  In- 
dians, to  burn  the  woods,  in  November,  when  the 
grass  is  withered  and  leaves  dried  :  it  consumes 
all  the  underwood  and  rubbish,  which,  otherwise, 
would  overgrow  the  country,  making  it  unpassable, 
and  spoil  their  much  affected  hunting  :  so  that,  by 
these  means,  in  those  places  where  the  Indians  in- 
habit, there  is  scarce  a  bush  or  bramble,  or  any 
cumbersome  underwood  to  be  seen  in  the  more 
champaign  country." 

The  indolence,  if  not  the  good  taste,  of  the  abor- 
iginal lords  of  the  forest,  confided  the  charge  of  the 
nurture  of  the  vegetable  luxuries  of  their  sylvan 
homes,  to  the  dames  and  damsels  of  their  birchen 
household.  There  is  testimony,  that  the  maize,  the 
bean,  and  the  pumpkin,  grew  every  where  under 
their  patronage,  and  the  neatness  of  the  cultivation 
is  attested  by  a  faithful  observer.  "  Another  work," 
writes  Wood,  "  is,  their  planting  of  corn,  wherein 
they  excel  our  English  husbandmen,  keeping  it  so 
clean,  with  their  clam  shell  hoes,  as  if  it  were  a 
garden  rather  than  a  corn  field  ;  not  suffering  a 
choking  weed  to  advance  his  audacious  head  above 
their  infant  corn,  or  an  undermining  worm  to  spoil 
his  spurs." 

The  skill  of  those,  whose  white  sisters,  says  an 

(l)  New  England  Prospect,  being  a  true,  Iwely,  and  experimental  description  of 
that  pari  of  America,  commonhj  called  New  England.     London,  1634,  page  18. 


11 

old  writer,  are  "  so  delicately  conformed,  that  like 
the  humble  bird,  they  should  live  always  among 
flowers,"  produced  a  supply  ample  enough  for  the 
consumption  of  the  tribes,  and  a  surplus  to  impart 
to  the  English  emigrants. 

The  acquaintance  of  the  colonists  with  the  maize, 
began  at  an  early  period.  In  the  earliest  expedi- 
tion of  the  company  of  the  Mayflower,  November 
25,  1620,  the  explorers  discovered,  in  the  language 
of  Mourt,  an  eye  witness  and  most  credible  narra- 
tor, "a  heap  of  sand :  it  was  newly  done:  we 
might  see  how  they  paddled  it  with  their  hands  : 
which  we  digged  up,  and  in  it,  we  found  a  little  old 
basket,  full  of  fair  Indian  corn  :  and  digged  further, 
and  found  a  fine,  great,  new  basket,  full  of  very  fair 
corn,  of  this  year,  with  some  six  and  thirty  goodly 
ears  of  corn,  some  yellow,  and  some  red,  and  other 
mixt  with  blue  :    which  was   a  very  goodly  sight. "^ 

In  a  second  excursion,  larger  stores  were  dis- 
closed, "which,"  he  affirms  in  the  narrative,  "will 
serve  us  sufficiently  for  seed."  "And  sure,"  ex- 
claims the  excellent  annalist,  with  a  fervid  glow  of 
piety,  "  it  was  God's  good  providence  that  we  found 
this  corn  :  for  else  we  know  not  how  we  should 
have  done  :  for  we  knew  not  how  we  should  find  or 
meet  with  any  of  the  Indians  except  it  be  to  do  us  a 
mischief  Also  we  had  never,  in  all  likelihood,  seen 
a  grain  of  it,  if  we  had  not  made  our  first  journey : 
for  the  ground  was  now  so  frozen,  that  we  were  fain 
with  our  cutlasses  and  short  swords  to  hew  and 


(1)  Journal  of  a  Plantation  settled  at  Plymouth,  &,c.,  reprinted  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society's  Collections,  series  i,  vol.  viii,  page  210. 


12 

carve  the  ground  a  foot  deep,  and  then  wrest  it  up 
with  levers,  for  we  had  forgot  to  bring  our   tools."' 

The  harvests  which  ripen  on  the  fields  of  Massa- 
chusetts, in  defiance  of  the  premature  invasion  of 
the  frosts  of  winter,  may  be  lineal  descendants  of 
the  fair  corn  ears  borrowed  from  the  Indian,  as  the 
virtues  of  their  cultivators  are  the  heirlooms,  trans- 
mitted from  sire  to  son  along  the  generations  of  the 
planters  of  New  England. 

The  tobacco,  which  might  be  suspected  of  hav- 
ing imbibed  one  trait  of  our  national  character,  from 
the  obstinacy  of  its  resistance  to  the  counterblasts 
of  kings,  the  denunciations  of  lawgivers,  and  the 
anathemas  of  physicians,  still  holding  its  place  re- 
solutely, as  the  anodyne  of  care,  the  solace  of  sor- 
row, and  the  cheerful  companion  of  prosperity,  de- 
corated the  garden  and  furnished  the  pipe  of  the 
red  chieftain.'^ 

Before  the  Pilgrims  hewed  down  the  primeval 
forest  spreading  an  immeasurable  shade  over  the 
land  of  their  adoption,  they  laid  the  foundation  of 
civil  liberty  on  the  imperishable  basis  of  the  rock, 
provided  general  education  as  its  safeguard,  and 
planted  those  institutions,  which,  in  vigorous  matu- 
rity, bestow  ripened  benefits  on  us.  The  founders 
of  an  empire,  struggling  with  the  savageness  of 
man  and  nature,  and  contending  against  the  obsta- 
cles of  physical  and  moral  difficulty,  with  the  wing 
of  pestilence  overshadowing  their  dwellings,  and 
famine  scowling  around  their  young  village,  must 
have  been  more  occupied  with  the  stern  trials  and 
hard  realities  of  life,  than  in  drawing  its   luxuries 

(1)1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  vo\.vm.  pnge23i.     See  note  I.  (2)  See  nole  H. 


13 

around  their  habitations.  Yet  the  beet,  the  carrot, 
and  the  plants  of  common  culinary  use,  soon  sprang 
up  in  the  gardens  of  Plymouth.  The  acquisition 
of  the  comforts  and  conveniences  of  the  mother 
land  was  by  a  slow  process.  "  I  have  myself  heard 
some  say,"  writes  Wood  in  1634,  "  they  had  heard 
it  was  a  rich  land,  a  brave  country  :  but  when  they 
came  there,  they  could  see  nothing  but  a  few  canvas 
booths  and  old  houses  ;  supposing,  at  the  first,  to 
have  found  walled  towns,  fortifications,  and  corn- 
fields ;  as  if  towns  could  have  built  themselves,  or 
cornfields  have  grown  without  the  husbandry  of 
man." 

The  days  of  feebleness,  of  depression,  and  of  pov- 
erty, went  by.  The  colony  grew  strong  and  popu- 
lous :  and  as  its  vigorous  offsets  were  thrown  out, 
the  wilderness  began  to  blossom,  and  improvement 
urged  on  her  renovating  work  with  accelerated 
pace. 

The  record  of  history  contains  evidence,  that  the 
production  of  fruits  in  the  colony  of  the  Massachu- 
setts, commenced,  where  it  has  been  most  happily 
prosecuted,  around  Boston.  When  John  W^inthrop 
and  his  company  of  planters  reached  Charlestown, 
in  the  summer  of  1630,  an  honored  occupant  pos- 
sessed the  whole  peninsula  of  Shawmut.  William 
Blackstone  had  formed  his  garden,  at  the  foot  of  the 
three  mountains  :  on  the  firm  authority  of  Gov. 
Hopkins,  it  may  be  considered  as  established,  that 
this  pioneer  of  cultivation,  "had  been  there  so  long 
as  to  have  raised  apple  trees,  and  planted  an 
orchard''  the  first  of  Massachusetts.  The  virtue  of 
independence,  which  impelled  one  of  the  most  ex- 


14 

traordinary  men  of  his  age  to  retire  beyond  the  op- 
pression of  the  "  lord  bishops,"  in  its  excess,  de- 
generating into  the  vice  of  eccentricity,  drove  him 
from  the  society  of  the  "  lord  brethren."  About 
1635,  Blackstone  sought  asylum  for  his  own  unbend- 
ing spirit  from  collision  with  the  inflexible  senti- 
ments of  other  minds,  in  the  calm  solitude  of  Study 
Hill,  fast  by  the  good  stream  which  bears  his  name. 
"  There,"  says  Hopkins,  "  he  had  the  first  of 
that  sort  called  yellow  sweetings,  that  ever  were  in 
the  world  :  perhaps  the  richest  and  most  delicious 
apple  of  the  whole  kind."  When  the  infirmity  of 
age  came  over  the  venerable  hermit,  and  his  steps 
could  no  longer  sustain  the  accustomed  missions  of 
benevolence,  he  rode  forth  on  the  tamed  bull  train- 
ed to  supply  the  place  of  gayer  steed,  and  bore  w'ith 
him  the  first  fruits  of  Rhode  Island,  to  encourage 
by  the  distribution,  the  youthful  disciples,  whose 
faith  was  warmed  by  the  precepts  he  inculcated.^ 

Two  hundred  years,  save  one,  have  passed,  since 
John  Josselyn,  who  calls  himself  "  gentleman,"  but 
who  might  have  written  another  addition,  visited 
the  bay  of  Massachusetts.  That  he  possessed  an 
enlarged  capacity  of  vision  and  imagination,  we 
agree,  when  we  read,  that  in  his  day,  among  the 
rarities  of  New  England,  were  "  pond  frogs,  which 
chirp  in  the  spring  like  sparrows,  and  croak  like 
toads,  in  the  autumn,  sitting,  when  upright,  a  foot 

(1)  See  the  account  of  Providence  in  2  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  vol.  ix.  page  174,  and  the 
biography  of  Blackstone,  in  the  excellent  Histonj  of  Rehoboih,  hy  heonard  Bliss, 
Jun.,  Esq..  pag'e  2,  &c.,  and  in  Daggett's  Attlcboroiigh,  page  24.  The  place  of 
Blackstone's  residence  in  Rhode  Island  was  in  Cumberland,  near  the  east  bank  of 
the  river,  about  three  miles  above  Pawtucket,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  above  Valley 
Falls,  Oil  the  west  side  of  the  road  from  Pawtucket  to  Worcester. 


15 

high."  We  doubt  the  authority  of  the  Indian  hunt- 
ers, who  told  him,  "  that  up  in  the  country,"  there 
are  some  of  these  creatures  "  as  big  as  a  child  a 
year  old."  The  fidelity  of  the  voyager,  who  in- 
dorses such  statements,  cannot  be  received,  without 
corroborative  testimony  of  his  own  veracity.  In  1638, 
having  enjoyed  the  hospitality  of  Maverick,  "the 
tenth  day  of  October,"  he  says,  "I  went  aboard, 
and  we  fell  down  to  Nantascott . . .  The  next  day, 
Mr.  Luxon,  our  master,  having  been  ashore  upon 
the  governor's  island,  gave  me  half  a  score  very  fair 
pippins,  which  he  brought  from  thence  :  there  being 
not  one  apple  tree,  nor  pear,  planted  yet,  in  no  part 
of  the  country,  but  upon  that  island.'" 

Denying,  as  we  may  well  do,  that  no  apple  or 
pear  tree  had  been  before  reared,  there  is  reason  to 
admit,  that  his  knowledge  and  assertions  were  cor- 
rect, to  the  extent  of  his  having  made  trial  of  the 
exquisite  flavor  of  the  earliest  pippin  of  our  country. 

The  WiNTHROP  name,  connected  with  the  origin, 
has  been  stamped  upon  the  maturity  of  institutions, 
spreading  benign  influence  over  the  present,  and 
destined  to  extend  beneficent  action  through  com- 
ing time.  The  memory  of  the  first  governor  of 
Massachusetts  is  hallowed,  by  the  piety  and  learn- 
ing, the  integrity  and  benevolence,  the  wisdom  and 
prudence,  shining  in  his  daily  life  and  casting  their 
reflected  glow  on  succeeding  years.  Could  we 
trace  the  fruit  back  to  that  island  garden  where  the 
golden  apples  first  ripened  which  refreshed  the  tired 
spirit  of  the  father  of  the  colony,  we  might  yet  pay 

(1)3  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  vol.  iii.  page  231.     See  nnle  III. 


16 

one  poor  instalment  of  the  debt  of  gratitude,  by 
dedicating  the  tree  to  its  earliest  planter.^ 

The  testimony  of  the  venerable  fathers,  of  the 
vigor  of  improvement  and  the  exuberant  fertility 
around  Salem,  the  first  born  of  the  towns  of  the 
Massachusetts  colony,  is  most  express. 

"  The  aboundant  encrease  of  corne,"  writes  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Higginson,  in  1629, "~  "  proves  this  coun- 
trie  to  bee  a  w^onderment.  Thirtie,  fortie,  fiftie, 
sixtie,  are  ordinarie  here.  Yea,  Joseph's  encrease 
in  Egypt,  is  outstript  here,  with  us.  Our  planters 
hope  to  have  more  than  an  hundred  fould  this  yere. 
And  all  this  while,  I  am  within  compasse.  What 
will  you  say  of  two  hundred  fould  and  upwards  ? 
It  is  almost  incredible  what  great  gaine  some  of  our 

English  planters  have  had  by  our  Indian  corne" 

"  There  is  not  such  greate  and  plentifull  eares  of 
corne,  I  suppose,  any  where  else  to  bee  found,  but 
in  this  countrie  :  Because  also  of  varietie  of  colours, 
as  red,  blew,  and  yellow  :    and  of  one  corne  their 

springeth  four  or  five  hundred" "Our  governor  hath 

store  of  green  pease  growing  in  his  garden,  as  good 
as  ever  I  eat  in  England.  The  countrie  aboundeth 
naturally  with  store  of  rootes  of  great  varietie  and 
good  to  eat.  Our  turnips,  parsnips,  and  carrots, 
are  here,  both  bigger  and  sweeter  than  is  ordinary 
to  be  found  in  England.  Here  are  store  of  pom- 
pions,  cowcumbers,  and  other  things  of  that  nature, 
which  I  know  not" — "Excellent  vines  are  here, 
up  and  down  in  the  w^oodes.  Our  governor  hath  al- 
ready planted  a  vineyard  with  great  hope  of  en- 

(1)  See  note  IV. 
(2)  Nciv  England's  Plantation,  in  1  Mass,  Hut.  Col.  vol.  i,  page  US. 


17 

crease.  Also  mulberries,  plums,  rasberries,  cor- 
rants,  chesnuts,  filbercls,  walnuts,  smalnuts,  hurtle- 
berries,  and  hawes  of  whitethorn,  neere  as  good  as 
our  cherries  in  England ;  they  grow  in  plentie 
here." 

Governor  Endicott,  whose  horticultural  prosperi- 
ty is  thus  commemorated,  added  to  the  vineyard  and 
pea-garden,  at  some  later  period,  the  orchard,  of 
which  one  venerable  survivor  still  bears  the  patri- 
archal honors  of  two  centuries,  in  green  old  age.^ 

Master  Graves,  in  his  letter  appended  to  "  New 
England's  Plantation,''  gives  a  glowing  description 
of  the  luxuriance  of  vegetation,  in  1629. 

"  Thus  much  I  can  affirme  in  generall,  that  I 
never  came  to  a  more  goodly  country  in  all  my  life, 
all  things  considered.  If  it  hath  not  at  any  time 
been  husbanded,  yet  it  is  very  beautifull  in  open 
lands  mixed  with  goodly  woods,  and  again  open 
plains,  in  some  places  five  hundred  acres,  some 
places  more,  some  lesse,  not  much  troublesome  for 
to  cleare  for  the  plough  to  go  in  ;  no  place  barren 
but  on  the  tops  of  the  hills  :  the  grasse  and  weedes 
grow  up  to  a  man's  face  ;  in  the  lowlands  and  by 
fresh  rivers,  aboundance  of  grass,  and  large  med- 
dowes  without  any  trees  or  shrubbe  to  hinder  the 
scythe.  I  never  saw  such,  except  in  Hungaria,  unto 
which  I  alwayes  parallel  this  countrie,  in  allmost 
all  respects :  for  every  thing  that  is  here  eyther 
sowne  or  planted,  prospereth  far  better  than  in  Old 
England.  The  increase  of  corne  is  here  far  beyond 
expectation,  as  I  have  seene  here  by  experience  in 
barley,  the  which,  because  it  is  so  much  above  your 

(1)  See  note  V. 


18 

conception  I  shall  not  mention" — "  Vines  doe  grow 
here  plentifully  laden  with  the  biggest  grapes  that 

ever  I  saw :  some  I  have  seen  four  inches  about" 

"We  abound  with  such  things  which,  next  under  God, 
doe  make  us  subsist :  as  fish,  foule,  deere  ;  and  sun- 
drie  sorts  of  fruits,  as  musk  millions,  water  millions, 
Indian  pompions,  Indian  pease,  beanes,  and  many 
other  odde  fruits  that  I  cannot  name."^ 

Governor  Bradford,  whose  prudence,  piety,  and 
wisdom,  were  more  signalized  than  his  poetical  in- 
spiration, has  preserved  the  most  perfect  inventory 
of  the  treasures  of  the  gardens  of  our  forefathers, 
in  lines  whose  initial  letters  are  capitals,  and  which 
must  therefore  be  considered  as  verse.  No  skill  of 
pronunciation  can  reduce  to  rhythmical  melody  the 
roughness  of  his  catalogue  of  the  cultivated  plants 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  first  twenty  years  of  New 
England's  improvement.- 

"  And  truly  it  was  admirable  to  know, 

"  How  greatly  all  things  here  began  to  grow. 

"  All  sorts  of  grain  which  our  own  land  doth  yield, 

"  Were  hither  brought,  and  sown  in  every  field  : 

"  As  wheat  and  rye,  barle)',  oats,  beans,  and  pease, 

"  Here  all  thrive,  and  they  profit  from  them  raise. 

"  All  sorts  of  roots  and  herbs  in  gardens  grow, 

"  Parsnips,  carrots,  turnips,  or  what  you'll  sow  ; 

"  Onions,  mellons,  cucumbers,  radishes, 

"  Skirits,  beets,  coleworts,  and  fair  cabbages. 

"  Here  grow  fine  flowers,  many,  and  'mongst  those, 

"  The  fair  white  lily,  and  sweet  fragrant  rose. 

"Many good  wholesome  berries  here  j'ou'll  find, 

'•'  Fit  for  man's  use,  almost  of  every  kind. 

"  Pears,  apples,  cherries,  plums,  quinces,  and  peach, 

"  Are  noic  no  dainties,  you  may  have  of  each. 

"  Nuts  and  grapes  of  several  sorts  are  here, 

"  If  you  will  take  the  pains  them  to  seek  for." 

(1)1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  vol.  1,  page  124. 
(2)  Descriptive  and  Historical  Account  of  New  England,  published  from  William 
Bradford's  MS.  in  1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  vol.  3,  page  77.     The  date  when  this  whimsi- 
cal tract  was  written,  is  not  certainly  ascertained.     From  internal  evidence  it  may 
be  presumed  to  have  been  composed  about  1640. 


19 

It  would  be  delightful  to  trace,  step  by  step,  the 
progress  of  cultivation  as  it  has  advanced  on  our 
native  land,  with  slow  but  certain  course,  strewing 
the  earth  with  beauty.  But  there  are  limits  to  the 
patient  endurance  of  long  suffering,  if  there  be  no 
boundaries  to  kind  indulgence.  Turning  reluctantly 
from  the  pleasant  memories  of  the  past,  let  us  look 
at  the  brightness  of  the  present. 

Never  before  have  the  means  and  facilities  of  im- 
provement been  more  easily  accessible  or  more  free- 
ly diffused.  In  other  centuries,  philosophy  was  shut 
up  in  cloistered  cells,  or  held  cold  and  formal  exer- 
cises in  the  halls  of  universities,  or  gave  lectures  in 
solitary  groves  to  her  favorite  followers.  In  our 
own  age,  science  has  come  down  from  her  dignified 
retirement,  and  walks  abroad  among  the  daily  haunts 
of  men.  The  best  treatises  on  horticulture  are  spread 
wide  open  by  the  way  sides,  in  the  well  ordered  gar- 
dens. The  flowers  hold  weekly  levees,  and  the 
fruits  deliver  Saturday  lectures,  in  the  high  places  of 
the  metropolis,  the  central  heart,  circulating  influ- 
ences, for  good  or  for  evil,  through  the  whole  social 
body.  The  lessons  of  experience  are  faithfully  re- 
corded by  the  pen  of  the  poet  of  "  Terrible  Trac- 
toration,"  and  his  able  associates  in  the  observation 
of  nature,  or  registered  in  the  journals  of  those  who 
distribute  good  seeds  for  the  mind  and  the  soil.  The 
rich  stores  of  two  magazines,  invite  to  those  reposi- 
tories where  living  beauty  addresses  the  under- 
standing. In  the  nurseries  of  the  Winships,  the 
Kendricks,  and  of  Manning,  there  are  whole  volumes 
of  examples  :  long  lines  of  information  are  ranged 
along  their  walks :    and  the   interesting  leaves  of 


20 

their  compositions  are  illustrated  with  plates  of  frank 
hospitality.  Amid  the  vines  of  modern  times  we 
can  scarcely  hope  that  the  grapes  which  allure  us 
are  sour  :  and  as  we  look  on  the  orchards,  we  cease 
to  wonder  that  the  temptation  of  the  fair  apples 
should  have  seduced  the  mother  of  mankind. 

Yet,  the  wide  extension  of  the  frontier  lines  of 
art,  is  but  the  beginning  of  a  far  off  end.  Every 
fact  of  acquired  knowledge  is  a  prolific  seed  :  buried 
in  the  good  soil,  it  rests  dormant  for  a  time  :  then  it 
is  quickened  and  shoots  up,  bearing,  in  the  fullness 
of  days,  hundred  fold  increase  :  the  grains  of  its 
production  again  scattered,  in  due  season,  are  re- 
productive beyond  the  power  of  numbers  to  repre- 
sent. Each  discovered  principle,  stands  like  an 
arch,  sustaining  the  structure  of  an  immediate  ben- 
efit, while  through  the  curve  beneath  is  opened  a 
vista  of  good  extending  through  the  eternity  of  the 
future.  Truth  is  inclosed  within  truth,  as  each  ex- 
panding petal  of  the  rose-bud  folds  another  bright 
leaf  beneath. 

It  is  humiliating  to  human  pride  to  confess  how 
narrow  is  the  span  of  our  real  possessions.  The 
natural  sight  can  scarcely  embrace  with  distinctness 
one  single  square  mile  of  the  area  of  the  earth's 
surface  :  the  intellectual  vision  rano;es  with  certain- 
ty  over  a  space  comparatively  less  broad.  To  the 
eye  of  the  body,  the  horizon  seems  to  close  down 
upon  the  hills  that  overshadow  our  own  homes  :  as 
we  advance  towards  the  receding  circle  of  the  skies, 
beyond  the  most  distant  step  of  our  journey,  spread 
continents  and  oceans  of  unvisited  lands  and  unex- 
plored waters.     To  the  eye  of  the  mind,  the  hori- 


21 

zon  of  perception  is  circumscribed  by  a  line  at  no 
remote  distance.  Some  perfected  results,  some  in- 
itial principles,  many  rudiments,  have  been  obtain- 
ed ;  beyond  them,  expands  the  boundless  extent  of 
science  through  the  infinite  of  material  and  spiritual 
existence. 

The  most  flimiliar  operations  of  vegetation  yet 
remain  unexplained  mysteries.  In  the  flower  pots, 
next  to  the  wife  and  children,  the  best  ornaments  of 
the  parlor,  there  is  an  intricate  radiation  of  fibres  : 
above  them  rises  the  plant,  with  a  complex  organi- 
zation of  veins  and  arteries  circulating  the  vital  fluid 
to  the  remotest  extremities.  A  delicate  apparatus 
of  valves  and  cisterns,  with  invisible  chemistry,  de- 
composes the  atmosphere  and  supplies  respiration. 
Who  can  tell  us  the  process  draining  invigorating 
streams  from  the  elements  and  pouring  nourishment 
through  thread-like  conduits  ?  What  mechanism 
converts  lifeless  dust  into  living  forms  more  graceful 
and  tints  more  glowing  than  human  genius  ever 
struck  from  the  marble  or  spread  on  the  canvass  ? 

The  effects  of  soil,  exposure,  and  temperature, 
upon  the  qualities  of  plants  yet  remain  undefined. 
While  the  orange  withers  beneath  the  touch  of  frost, 
the  moss  which  relieves  the  rein-deer's  hunger  flour- 
ishes beneath  the  ice,  and  the  pines  raise  their  green 
heads  above  the  snows  in  perennial  verdure.  The 
Mezereon  spreads  its  purple  cups  to  the  earliest 
breath  of  spring,  while  the  Witch  Hazel,  when  all  the 
companions  of  its  summer  hours  have  faded,  fringes 
with  a  yellow  drapery  the  desolated  fields  of  the 
waning  year.  Some  species  of  plants  seem  frozen 
into  animation,  while  others  can  only  exist  in  the 


22 

fiercest  heat  of  the  hot  bed.  We  know  not  the  cause 
of  the  diversity,  although  we  may  admire  with  grati- 
tude its  beneficent  operation. 

Theory  and  practice  have  too  long  held  coquetish 
courtship :  it  is  time  they  should  lie  united  by  an 
undissoluble  union,  that  the  crucible  may  lie  side  by 
side  with  the  spade,  and  analysis  complete  the  re- 
sults of  experience. 

Discoveries  may  be  made  by  accident,  as  the  seeds 
of  good  may  be  wafted  by  the  waves,  or  borne  by 
the  winds  to  our  feet.  But  unless  some  providential 
concurrence  of  circumstances  speed  them  on  their 
way,  they  must  besought  out  with  careful  diligence, 
and  gathered  by  patient  toil.  The  close  observation 
of  nature,  more  w^onderful  in  its  minuteness  than  its 
majesty,  opens  new  regions  for  reflection  and  be- 
stows new  resources  for  improvement.  We  need 
the  keen  examination,  which  explores  the  forests 
rising  on  the  down  of  the  leaf;  counts  the  tribes 
that  pasture  on  its  surface  ;  distinguishes  the  ser- 
pents which  roll  in  the  drop  of  water  from  the  mon- 
sters that  float  on  the  sharp  edge  of  the  acid  ;  num- 
bers the  herds  that  range  the  declivity  of  the  fig  ; 
and  measures  the  angles  subtended  by  the  crystals 
of  the  snow  flake. 

Instead  of  the  fallacious  pursuit  of  wealth  among 
the  pines  of  the  East  or  the  wide  prairies  of  the 
West,  he  who  would  dig  the  treasures  from  our  own 
fields,  or  draw  forth  the  riches  of  the  realms  of  sci- 
ence, might  secure  possessions  better  than  have  ever 
brightened  the  dreams  of  speculation. 

Already  have  active  minds  and  willing  hands  ef- 
fected changes  which  almost  approach   to  creations. 


23 

The  simple  cup  of  an  unsightly  weed  has  been  trans- 
formed into  the  most  delicate  of  the  favorites  of  the 
garden.  Austere  fruits  have  been  compelled  to 
adopt  delicious  flavors.  The  emigrants  of  the 
equator,  the  tropics,  and  the  circles,  have  been  nat- 
uralized inmates  of  bower,  of  border,  and  of  green- 
house. The  reformers  of  the  vegetable  kingdom 
have  pushed  their  innovations  to  the  very  verge  of 
revolution.  The  queenly  Rose,  who  for  ages  has 
reigned  over  the  realm  of  the  beautiful  with  the  un- 
disputed sovereignty  of  loveliness,  may  soon  be 
compelled  to  divide  the  empire  of  the  year  with  her 
rising  rival,  the  Dahlia.  The  Poppy,  which  spreads 
its  gorgeous  flowers  over  the  territory  of  one  of  the 
proprietors  of  Cambridge,  may  be  enabled  to  add 
the  fragrance  of  a  perfumed  breath  to  the  splendor 
of  its  brilliant  coloring.  The  broad  good  humored 
disk  of  the  sunflower,  which  the  Duke  of  Saxe 
Wiemar  wrongly  supposed  was  the  principal  orna- 
ment of  the  garden  scenery  of  Worcester,'  may  yet 
turn  to  the  light  a  globe  of  yellow  leaves  as  com- 
pact as  the  circling  florets  of  the  Snowball. 

The  soil  of  New  England  is  sterile  when  compar- 
ed with  the  exuberant  fertility  of  regions  blessed 
with  higher  external  advantages.  The  harvest  wind 
does  not  here  roll  to  the  green  margin  of  the  field 
so  heavy  waves  of  grain  as  those  which  it  heaves 
on  the  plains  of  the  west.  The  productiveness  of 
our  territory  is  derived   from   the  hardy  industry 

(1)  This  great  error  of  the  German  traveller,  is  contained  in  the  following  passage, 
extracted  from  his  description  of  Worcester,  in  1825  ; 

'•  The  gardens  we  passed  had  rather  a  wild  appearance.  They  cultivate  kitchen 
vegetables,  a  few  water  mellons,  and  fruit :  we  saw  no  flowers  excepting  the  sun- 
flower."    Travels.     Philadelphia,  1828,  vol.  \,  page  53. 


24 

which  covers  every  thing  it  touches  with  beaut} ,  and 
the  vigorous  enterprise  converting  the  very  granite 
of  its  mountains  and  the  ice  of  its  lakes  into  re- 
sources of  wealth  :  its  best  production  is  a  people, 
reasoning  and  determining  for  themselves,  loving 
their  native  land,  honoring  the  memory  of  their 
brave  ancestors,  fearing  no  danger  but  the  peril  of 
doing  wrong,  obeying  no  power  but  the  supremacy 
of  their  own  laws  and  their  own  consciences,  bend- 
ing in  humble  submission  to  God,  but  to  God  alone. 

"'Tis  a  rough  land  of  earlli,  and  stone,  and  tree, 

"Where  breathes  no  castled  lord  or  cabined  slave  ; 
"  Where  thoughts,  and  tongues,  and  hands,  are  bold  and  free, 

"  And  friends  will  find  a  welcome,  foes  a  grave  j 
"And  where  none  kneel,  save  when  to  heaven  Ihey  pray, 

'•■  Nor  even  then,  unless  in  their  own  wa}'." 

IIalleck. 

The  climate  of  New  England  is  stern  and  severe. 
The  wintry  blasts  extend  their  stormy  inclemency 
far  over  the  ancient,  prescriptive  dominion  of  the 
sunny  months,  and  turn  their  destroying  edges  on 
vegetation.  But  we  would  not  exchange  the  chil- 
ling breath  of  the  arctic  circles  for  the  luxurious 
temperature  of  milder  zones. 

"  Ours,  arc  not  Tempe's,  nor  Arcadia's  spring, 

"  Nor  the  long  summer  of  Cathayaii  vales, 
"  The  vines,  the  flowers,  the  air,  the  skies,  that  fling 

"Such  wild  enchantment  o'er  Boccaccio's  tales 
"  Of  Florence  and  the  Arno.     Yet  the  wing 

"  Of  life's  best  angel,  Health,  is  on  the  gales 
"Through  sun  and  snow;  and  in  the  autumn  time 

"Earth  hath  no  purer  and  no  lovelier  clime." 

}lAr>I.KCK. 

We  want  not  the  splendor  of  Italian  skies,  or  the 
enervating  softness  of  southern  gales,  even  though 
they  may  winnow  fragrance  from  the  groves  of  the 


25 

olive  and  the  orange.  The  moral  and  intellectual, 
and  physical  vigor  of  the  race  nurtured  amid  snow- 
crowned  heights  and  frost  bound  streams,  is  better  than 
the  indolent  repose  and  delicate  refinement  of  realms 
fanned  by  more  genial  breezes.  Truth,  knowledge, 
independence,  are  the  fruits  ripened  on  our  northern 
hills :  they  require  the  peculiar  effects  of  cold  to  give 
the  maturity  of  their  most  excellent  flavor. 

The  ruggedness  of  soil,  and  the  asperity  of  cli- 
mate, may  afford  to  the  cultivator,  as  many  triumphs 
of  skill,  as  trials  of  resolution.  That  flexibility  of 
constitution  which  has  supported  the  human  race 
in  wide  wanderings  from  the  plains  where  the  ark 
rested,  extending  through  the  vegetable  popula- 
tion, may  enable  us  to  assemble  together  the  pro- 
ductions of  every  parallel  of  latitude,  and  to  draw 
from  the  medicinal  herbs,  remedies  for  every  dis- 
ease, and  from  the  esculent  plants,  luxuries  for  ev- 
ery taste.  These  are  achievements  yet  to  be  ac- 
complished by  the  Gardener.  The  notion  is  as  false 
as  it  is  common,  that  he  is  occupied  only,  with  legis- 
lation in  the  kingdom  of  cabbages,  or  in  educating 
turnips,  or  bestowing  elegant  accomplishments  on 
squashes.  It  is  a  most  unworthy  conception  of  a 
noble  art,  which  limits  its  ends  and  uses,  to  supply- 
ing the  table  with  delicacies  and  the  vase  with  dec- 
orations, or  expediting  the  mysteries  and  furnishing 
materials  for  the  miracles  of  the  great  culinary  ar- 
tists. It  would  be  as  correct  to  suppose,  that  the 
element  of  fire  expended  its  boundless  energy  in 
warming  the  mess  of  pottage,  or  brightening  the  par- 
lor grate. 

4 


26 

The  earth  is  the  inheritance  of  man,  from  the 
broad  expanse  of  field  and  forest  to  the  narrow 
freehold  of  his  last  repose.  The  Agriculturalist  is 
proprietor  of  the  great  domain,  of  which  the  Gar- 
dener occupies  the  little  enclosures.  When  he  who 
tills  the  soil,  shall  realize,  correctly,  the  responsible- 
ness  and  the  dignity  of  his  station,  he  will  need  no 
other  restraint  from  pride,  no  other  excitement  to 
exertion.  All  the  members  of  society  stretch  ten- 
drils for  support  to  him.  While  some  are  standing  as 
sentinels  on  the  wall  of  the  constitution  ;  while  some 
hold  watch  and  ward  around  the  laws,  the  ramparts 
of  equal  rights  ;  while  the  guardians  of  health  are 
pouring  oil  on  the  wounds  of  misfortune ;  and  the  mes- 
sengers of  heaven  are  proclaiming  the  glad  tidings 
of  the  gospel  ;  while  some  are  ameliorating  life  by 
the  arts,  and  others  improving  its  condition  by  the 
sciences  ;  he  will  solicit  from  the  earth  a  supply  so 
full,  and  make  a  distribution  so  free,  that  plenty 
may  cover  every  board,  and  content  smile  around 
every  fire  side. 


N  o  T  p:  s . 


I.     First  discovery  of  Indian  Corn  bt  the  Pilgrims. 

The  testimony  of  Morton,  whose  JVew  England  Memorial  has  been 
preserved  in  the  best  possible  form,  in  Judge  John  Davis's  excellent 
edition,  corroborates  the  narrative  of  Mourt. 

"  Proceeding  fm-ther,  they  found  new  stubble,  where  Indian  Corn 
had  been  planted  the  same  year ;  also,  they  found  where  lately  a  house 
had  been  ;  where  some  planks  and  a  great  kettle  were  remaining,  and 
heaps  of  sand,  newly  paddled  with  their  hands,  which  they  digged  up, 
and  found  in  them  diverse  fan-  Indian  baskets  filled  with  com  ;  some 
whereof  was  in  ears,  fair  and  good,  of  diverse  colors,  which  seemed  to 
them  a  very  goodly  sight,  having  seen  none  before;  of  which  varie- 
ties they  took  some  to  cany  to  then-  friends  on  shipboard,  like  as 
the  Israelitish  spies  brought  fi-om  Eshcol  some  of  the  good  fruits  of 
the  land." — Davis's  Morton,  page  40. 

The  place  where  the  corn  was  found,  which  received  the  appropri- 
ate appellation  of  Cornhill,  is  in  Trm-o. 

The  relation  of  Mourt  has  been  adopted  in  the  text  for  its  mmute 
fidelity,  and  his  authority  for  the  date,  stated  according  to  new  style, 
preferred,  as  being  that  of  an  elder  writer  than  Morton. 


n.     The  Tobacco  Plant. 


The  tobacco  plant  seems  to  have  been  cultivated  by  the  northern 
Indians.  The  seeds  were  found  in  the  wigwams  of  Plymouth  Colo- 
ny, by  the  first  settlers.  It  was  present  when  the  great  sagamore  of 
the  Massachusetts  and  the  magistrates  of  the  new  born  state,  met,  in 
April,  1621,  to  link  the  chain  of  friendship.  The  ceremonial  of 
the  reception  of  Massasoit  on  the  frontier  had  passed,  and  the  king 
had  been  escorted  into  the  plantation  with  all  the  parade  which  could 
be  exiiibited  in  that  day,  to  honor  the  reception  of  a  prince  :  "  then," 
says  Mourt, "  instantly  came  our  governor,  [Carver,]  with  a  di'um  and 
ti-umpet  after  him,  and  some  few  musketeers  ;  after  salutations,  our 
governor  kissed  his  hand  ;  the  king  kissed  him ;  and  so  they  sat  down. 
The  governor  called  for  some  strong  water,  and  drunk  to  him,  and  he 


28 

di'unk  a  great  draught,  that  made  him  sweat  all  the  while  after." 
1  Massachusetts  Historical  Society^s  Collections,  vol.  viii.  page  230.  The 
gratitude  of  the  sachem  was  stirred,  on  feeling  the  superior  potency 
of  the  beverage  of  the  white  man  to  the  cool  flow  of  the  fountains  of 
the  wilderness,  and  he  requited  the  libation,  by  the  exchange  of  solid 
tor  fluid  exhilaration.  From  the  little  bag  of  tobacco,  which  hung  be- 
hind his  neck,  he  took  that,  which,  says  Mourt,  "  he  drank,  and  gave 
us  to  drink ; "  a  potation,  probably,  as  sudorific  to  the  stranger  as  the 
fiery  liquid  he  bestowed. 

The  expression,  "  drinking  tobacco,''^  is  of  frequent  use  in  old  writers. 
Gerard  says,  "  some  use  to  drink  it  m  wantonnesse,  or  rather  custom, 
and  cannot  forbeai'e  it ;  no,  not  in  the  middest  of  their  dinner." 

One  of  the  most  bitterly  eloquent  maledictions  ever  pronounced,  was 
king  James's  anathema  of  smoking.  "  It  is  a  custom,  loathsome  to  the 
eye,  hateful  to  the  nose,  harmful  to  the  brain,  dangerous  to  the  lungs, 
and  in  the  black  fume  thereof,  nearest  resembling  the  horrible  Stygian 
smoke  of  the  pit  that  is  bottomless."  His  royal  majesty  is  pleased  to 
express  the  opinion,  "  that  tobacco  was  the  lively  image  and  pattern 
of  hell ;  for  that  it  hath  by  allusion,  on  it,  all  the  parts  and  vices  of 
the  world,  whereby  hell  may  be  gained,  to  wit : " 

"  First,  It  was  a  smoke  ;  so  are  the  vanities  of  this  world." 

"  Secondly,  it  delighteth  them  who  take  it ;  so  do  the  pleasures  of  the 
world  delight  the  men  of  the  world." 

"  Thirdly,  it  maketh  men  drunken  and  light  in  the  head  ;  so  do  the 
vanities  of  the  world:  men  are  di-imken  therewith." 

^'^  Fourthly,  he  thattaketh  tobacco,  saith  he  caimot  leave  it,  it  doth  be- 
witch :  even  so  the  pleasures  of  the  woi'ld  make  men  loath  to  leave 
them,  they  are,  for  the  most  part,  so  enchanted  with  them." 

"  AnAfuiiher,  besides  all  this,  it  is  lilve  hell  in  the  very  substance  of 
it ;  for  it  is  a  stinking,  loathsome  thing  ;  and  so  is  hell." 

Considering  how  to  entertain  the  prince  of  the  powers  of  the  air,  the 
king  indicates  a  sumptuous  banquet,  with  courses  worthy  of  the  hos- 
pitality of  a  monarch  ;  declaring,  that,  "were  he  to  invite  the  devil  to 
dinner,  be  should  have  three  dishes :  1,  a  pig ;  2,  a  pole  of  Img  and 
mustard ;  3,  a  pipe  of  tobacco  for  digestion." 


VI.    Wood's  account  of  the  gardens  and  orchards  of  Massachu- 
setts, ABOUT  1633  ;  AND  Josseltn's  description,  about  1670. 

The  earliest,  printed,  descriptive  accountof  Massachusetts,  is  that  of 
William  Wood,  who  came  to  this  country  in  1629,  and  returned  to 
England,  August  15,  1633.     The  fii-st  edition  of  his  "  JVe«:>  England's 


29 


Prospect^''  was  published  iii  London,  in  1634.  This  interesting  tract 
is  written  •with  elegance,  and  contains  the  observations  of  an  intel- 
ligent and  sagacious  observer,  A  vein  of  graceful  humor  pervades 
the  work,  and  renders  its  relations  as  amusing  as  they  are  authentic. 

He  describes  the  settlements  existmg  at  the  tune  of  his  visit,  with 
apparent  fidelity.  Dorchester  is  said  to  have  "  vei-y  good  arable  ground, 
and  hay  grounds,  fan-  cornfields,  and  pleasant  gardens,  with  kitchen 
gardens."  "  The  inhabitants  "  of  Roxbury  "  have  fau*  houses,  store  of 
cattle,  impaled  cornfields,  and  fruitful  gardens."  Of  Boston,  he  WTites : 
"  This  place  hath  very  good  land,  afl:brding  rich  cornfields,  and  fruit- 
ful gardens,  having,  likewise,  sweet  and  pleasant sprmgs."  He  speaks 
of  the  Governor's  Island,  "  where  is  planted  an  orchard  and  a  vine- 
yard." Of  Lynn,  it  is  assei-ted,  "there  is  more  English  tillage  than  in 
New  England  and  Virginia  besides  :  which  proved,  as  w^ell  as  could 
be  expected,  the  corn  being  veiy  good,  especially  the  bai'ley,  lye  and 
oats." 

During  the  sojourn  of  Josselyn  with  Maverick,  where  East  Boston 
has  been  built  ui  modern  days,  the  voyager  exi>erienced  the  unhappy 
flavor  of  one  of  the  woodland  productions  of  New  England, 

In  his  journal,  October  9,  1638,  he  says :  "  In  the  afl:ernoon,  I  walked 
uito  the  woods  on  the  back  side  of  the  house,  and  happening  mto  a 
fine  broad  walk,  winch  was  a  sledge  way,  I  wandered,  till  I  chanced  to 
spy  a  fi-uit,  as  I  thought,  like  a  pine  apple,  plated  with  scales  ;  it  was 
as  big  as  the  crowai  of  a  woman's  hat ;  I  made  bold  to  step  unto  it 
with  an  intent  to  have  gathered  it ;  no  sooner  had  I  touched  it,  but 
hundi-eds  of  wasps  were  about  me  ;  at  last  I  cleared  myself  from  them, 
being  stung  only  by  one  upon  the  upper  lip  :  glad  was  I  that  I  'scaped 
so  well ;  but,  by  that  time  I  was  come  into  the  house,  my  lip  was 
swelled  so  extremely,  that  they  hardly  knew  me,  but  by  my  gar- 
ments."—3  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  vol,  iii,  page  231. 

Ill  the  journal  of  Josselyn's  second  voyage  and  residence,  begun  in 
1663,  this  writer,  of  great  credulity  and  little  authority,  states  many  par- 
ticulars of  the  gardens  and  orchards  of  New  England. 

" Gilliflowers,"  he  says,  "thrive  exceedingly  there,  and  are  veiy 
large  ;  the  collibuy,  or  humming  bird,  is  much  pleased  with  them."  .  . 
"  Radishes  I  have  seen  there  as  big  as  a  man's  arm."  .  .  "  Our  wheat,  i.e., 
summer  wheat,  many  times  changeth  into  rye."  ..."  Flax  and  hemp 
flourish  gallantly." 

"  Oiu"  fruit  trees  prosper  abundantly,  apple  trees,  pear  trees, 
quince  trees,  cheny  trees,  plum  trees,  barberry  trees.  I  have  ob- 
served, with  admiration,  that  the  kernels  sown,  or  the  succors 
planted,  produce  as  fan-  and  good  fruit,  without  gratfing,  as  the  tree 
from  whence  they  were  taken.  The  country  is  replenished  with  fair 
and  large  orchards.  It  was  affirmed  by  Mr.  Woolcut,  a  magistrate  in 
Connecticut  colony,  at  the  captain's  messe,  of  which  I  was,  aboard  the 


30 

ship  I  came  home  in,  that  he  made  five  hundred  hogsheads  of  syder 
out  of  his  own  orchard  in  one  year.  Syder  is  very  plentiful  in  the 
countrey,  ordinarily  sold  for  ten  shillings  a  hogshead.  At  the  tap- 
houses in  Boston,  I  have  had  an  ale  quart,  spiced  and  sweetened  with 
sugar,  for  a  groat." 

"  The  quuices,  chcnies,  damsons,  set  the  dames  a  work  ;  maiunalade 
and  preserved  damsons  are  to  be  met  with  in  every  house." 

Among  the  islands  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  he  mentions  "  the  Gov- 
ernor's Garden,  where  the  fii'st  apple  trees  in  the  comitrey  were  plant- 
ed, and  a  vineyard." 

He  describes  Dorchester  as  "  lun  iug  houses  to  the  number  of  two 
hundred  and  more,  beautified  with  fair  orchai'ds  and  gardens."  Rox- 
bury,  as  beuig  "  a  fan  and  handsome  comitrey  town,  the  streets  large, 
the  inliabitants  rich,  replenished  with  orchards  and  gardens."  Ded- 
ham,  as  "  aboundmg  with  garden  fruit."  Charlestown,  as  having  a 
"  market  place  not  far  from  the  water  side,  surrounded  with  houses, 
forth  of  which  issue  two  streets  orderly  built,  and  beautified  with  or- 
chards and  gardens."  Lynn  and  Ipswich  are  said  to  have  similar  or- 
naments.    3  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  vol.  iii.  pages  320,  336. 


IV.       GOVERKOR    WiM'HROp's    GaRDEN. 

Gov.  John  Winthrop,  m  consideration  of  the  intended  marriage  of 
his  son  Adam,  with  Elizabeth  Glover,  grajited  the  Governor's  Island 
to  Hem-y  Dmister,  President  of  Harvard  College,  in  trust,  for  the  use 
of  Adam  and  his  wife,  and  their  joint  heirs,  remainder  to  Adam  and 
his  heirs,  by  an  indenture,  dated  February  1,  1641-2.  The  resei-va- 
tion  to  tlie  governor,  and  his  wife  Margaret,  of"  one  third  of  the  ap- 
ples, pears,  grapes,  and  plums  yearlj^  growmg,"  shows  that  the  orchard 
was  flom'ishing  at  that  time. — Savage's  JVinthrop,  vol.  1,  page  68. 


V.     The  Endicott  Pear  Tree. 


Tradition  connects  the  planting  of  the  Endicott  pear  tree  and  the 
foundation  of  Salem,  with  the  same  date,  1628.  Historical  evidence 
renders  it  certam,  that  the  existence  of  the  tree  could  not  have  been 
so  early  as  the  origin  of  the  first  town  of  Massachusetts. 

The  late  reverend  and  learned  Doct.  William  Bentley,  "  desnous," 
in  his  own  words, "  to  honor  the  man,  who,  above  all  others,  deserved 


31 

the  name  of  the  father  of  New  England,"  addressed  three  letters  to 
President  John  Adams,  in  relation  to  the  antiquity  of  the  survivor  of 
the  orchard  of  Governor  John  Endicott.  These  manuscripts  are  pre- 
served in  the  archives  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  and 
have  been  kindly  communicated  by  Rev.  Doct.  Thaddeus  M.  Harris. 

Doct.  Bentley,  in  his  letter,  dated  October  10,  1809  writes  thus : 

"The  tree  is  near  the  site  of  the  first  mansion  of  the  governor,  and 
the  land  and  tree  always  have  been,  and  now  (1809)  are,  the  property 
of  his  direct  heirs,  being  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  John  Endicott, 
nearly  four  score  years  of  age,  and  of  the  sixth  generation.  To  as- 
certain its  age,  near  it,  stood  a  dial,  which  was  fixed  upon  a  pedestal, 
which,  the  governor  said,  bore  the  age  of  the  tree.  That  dial  has 
been,  for  years,  in  my  possession.  It  is  in  copper,  square,  horizontal, 
three  inches,  a  very  fair  impression,  and  in  the  highest  order.  It  was 
marked  "  William  Boyer,  London,  Clockinaker,  fecit,  1.  1C30.  £.,"  the 
initials  of  the  Governor's  name." 

As  collateral  testimony  of  the  age  of  the  tree,  reference  is  made  to 
a  letter  from  the  comjiany  in  England  to  Governor  Endicott,  April  17, 
1629,  printed  in  Hazzard's  Collections,  vol.  i.  page  262,  in  which  is 
written  :  "  As  for  fruit  stones  and  kernels,  the  time  of  the  year  fits 
not  to  send  them  now  ;  so  we  purpose  to  do  it  per  next."  The  infer- 
ence is  made,  that  this  intention  was  executed,  and  that  the  seed,  from 
which  sprung  the  venerable  tree,  was  sown  in  the  spring  of  1630. 

It  is  very  improbable,  that  the  first  fruits  of  New  England  were 
reared  from  seeds  originally  strewed  on  our  soil.  The  emigrants  were 
well  informed,  by  their  own  experience  as  cultivators,  of  the  accele- 
rating operation  of  the  process  of  transplanting ;  and  they  could  not 
avoid  understanding,  that  its  application  would  aid  the  formation  of 
orchards  on  the  fields  of  the  new  world,  as  it  had  done  on  those  of 
the  eastern  continent.  The  early  maturity  of  the  Winthrop  Pippins 
shows,  that  the  trees  of  the  governor  of  Massachusetts  nu/s/  have  been 
imported  from  the  nurseries  of  Europe,  and  gives  solid  ground  for  the 
conclusion,  that  Endicott  would  have  availed  himself  of  the  same 
means  of  anticipating  the  slow  course  of  vegetation,  by  bringing  to 
his  plantation,  trees  of  such  advanced  age  as  to  bestow  immediate  pro- 
ductions, instead  of  waiting  through  a  quarter  of  a  century,  until  seeds 
yielded  then*  increase. 

One  chcumstauce  conflicts  with  the  traditions  of  the  era  when  the 
pear  ti'ee  was  fii'st  fixed  on  the  site  it  occupies.  The  farm  where  it 
stands,  situated  in  that  part  of  the  ancient  territoiy  of  Salem,  now 
Danvers,  was  not  granted  to  John  Endicott,  until  July  3,  1632.  It  is 
improbable  that  the  excellent  governor  would  have  commenced  the 
cultivation,  before  he  had  obtained  the  legal  right  of  possession  of  the 
land.  A  year,  at  least,  must  have  gone  by,  before  the  forest  could 
have  been  cleared  away,  and  the  soil  prepared  for  the  reception  of  an 


32 

orchard.  Tlie  tree  could  not  have  well  been  set  before  1633  or  1634. 
As  the  apple  trees  of  Winthrop  were  in  bearing,  as  early  as  1638,  it 
is  probable  that  they  had  priority  in  their  planting  to  the  pears  of  En- 
dicott, 

In  1796,  Doct.  Bentley  visited  the  Endicott  farm,  and  gives  the  fol- 
lowing description  of  the  oldest  living  fruit  tree  of  Massachusetts:  "It 
now  bears  the  name  of  the  Endicott  Pear,  but  in  the  family,  the  Sugar 
Pear.  This  is  the  tree  which  stood  not  far  behind  the  dial,  and  has 
its  age  reported  from  it.  It  is  in  front  of  the  site  of  the  house,  and 
rises  in  three  trunks  from  the  groimd,  and  is  considerably  high.  It  is 
much  decayed,  within,  at  the  bottom,  which  gives  it  the  apj)earance 
of  three  trunks;  but  the  branches  at  top  are  sound." 

Most  interesting  descriptions  of  the  present  condition  of  the  aged 
tree,  have  been  procured  by  the  kind  attention  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  John 
Brazer,  of  Salem.  The  first  account  has  been  furnished  by  the  lineal 
descendants  of  Governor  Endicott :  the  second  is  communicated  by 
Professor  John  Lewis  Russell. 

^'■Account  of  the  present  condition  of  the  Endicott  Pear  TreeP 
"  This  "  Old  Pear  Tree"  is  situated  on  the  southern  side  of  a  gen- 
tle slope  of  land,  and  sheltered  by  it,  in  some  measure,  from  the 
piercing  northerly  and  northwest  winds,  in  what  was  once  the  garden 
of  Gov.  Endicott.  The  surrounding  soil  is  a  light  loam,  with  a  sub- 
stratum of  clay.  Its  appearance,  at  this  time,  is  rather  dwarfish,  being 
only  18  feet  high,  and  55  feet  in  the  circumference  of  its  branches. 
The  trunk  exhibits  all  the  marks  of  extreme  old  age,  being  entirely 
hollow,  and  mostly  open  on  the  south  side,  Avith  just  sufficient  bark 
to  convey  sap  to  the  branches.  It  is  7  feet  4  inches  in  circumference 
i;eai*  the  roots,  and  is  divided  into  three  parts ;  two  of  which  are 
connected,  to  the  height  of  about  18  inches;  the  other  is  entirely  dis- 
tinct, from  the  ground  upwai'ds.  There  is  bark  only  on  tiie  outside 
of  these  divisions,  until  they  reach  the  height  of  7  or  8  feet,  wliere 
they  are  completely  encircled  with  it,  and  form  distinct  limbs,  with 
numerous  lateral  branches,  all  of  which  appear  m  a  perfectly  sound 
and  healthy  state.  Two  suckers  have  sprung  up  from  the  roots,  one 
on  the  northeast,  and  the  other  on  the  southwest  side,  each  10  or  12 
feet  in  length,  and  I  presume  it  is  known,  that  this  tree  has  never 
been  grafted,  but  is  natural  fruit." 

"No  doubt,  the  dilapidated  condition  of  the  trunk  is  owing,  in  some 
measure,  to  the  want  of  care  during  the  most  part  of  the  two  first 
centuries  of  its  existence,  being  situated  in  an  open  field,  without 
any  protection,  and  often  browsed  by  cattle,  and  injured  by  storms. 
This  patriarch,  within  the  last  forty  years,  has  often  suffered  severely 
from  easterly  and  southerly  gales.  In  October,  1804,  it  was  nearly 
laid  prostrate,  being  shorn  of  all  its  branches,  and  its  trunk  split  and 


33 


divided  in  the  manner  before  spoken  of.  In  the  heavy  gale  of  Sep- 
tember, 1815,  it  was  again  doomed  to  a  similar  fate ;  almost  all  its 
limbs  at  that  time  were  either  split  or  broken,  and  it  appeared  doubt- 
ful, for  some  time,  if  it  would  ever  recover, — Ijut  such  was  its  won- 
derful tenacity  of  life,  that  it  rose  again,  phoenix  like,  as  it  were,  from 
its  very  ashes.  At  this  time,  the  soil  was  looseued  about  its  roots, 
and,  for  the  first  time  probably  since  its  mtroduction  into  this  coun- 
try, there  was  a  large  quantity  of  manure  spread  around  it.  About 
the  year  1823  it  was  protected  by  a  fence,  to  prevent  the  cattle  from 
injm'ing  it  It  continues  to  produce  fruit  yearly,  and  the  avei'age 
quantity  for  several  years  past  has  been  about  two  bushels." 

"  With  proper  care  and  attention  this  tree  may  yet  continue  many 
years,  and  will  serve  to  remind  us,  by  its  own  ti'ials,  strength,  vigor 
and  durability,  of  the  enteqjrize,  hardships,  perseverance,  and  untiring 
zeal  of  our  ancestors  in  the  fii'st  settlement  of  this  our  cherished 
land ;  and  may  we  be  permitted  to  encourage  the  hope  that  it  may 
prove  the  precursor  of  the  dm-ability  of  om-  present  free  and  lib- 
eral institutions.  W.  P.  E. 

Salem,  November,  1837.  C.  M.  E." 

"THE  ENDICOTT  PEAR  IREE." 


NORTH    ASPECT. 


"The  Endicott  Pear  Tree  is  evidently  of  great  age.  Its  main  trunk 
is  entirely  hollow,  and  much  shattered.  About  a  foot  fi-om  the  ground 
it  divides  into  two  distinct  stems,  which,  although  mere  shells,  yet 
have  produced  exceedingly  strong  limbs.  The  actual  thickness  of 
live  wood  on  the  main  bi-anch,  which  faces  the  west,  does  not  exceed 
six  inches.  The  eastern  bi'anch  is  much  sounder,  and  supports  the 
greater  part  of  the  spraj',  which  denoted  the  power  of  producing  an 
abimdance  of  fruit.  Proceeding  from  the  root  are  two  suckers,  of 
nearly  the  same  size,  one  on  the  eastei'n,  and  the  other  on  the  west- 


34 

em  side  of  the  tree,  and  which  are  not  more  than  15  or  20  years  old. 
No  perceptible  difference  can  be  discovered  betAveen  them  and  the 
tree  itself,  by  comparing  the  wood.  This  seems  to  denote  the  fact  of 
the  ti'ee  being  a  seedling  variety.  Indeed,  its  rude  and  spiny  charac- 
ter seems  to  denote  a  native  of  the  soU.  If  imported  by  Governor 
Endicott,  which  is  according  to  famUy  tradition,  it  must  have  been  a 
seedling  vai'iety,  and  not  grafted,  none  of  the  usual  appearances  of  a 
grafted  tree  being  visible." 

"  Its  genex'al  form  is  low  and  spi-eading,  about  twenty  feet  high,  and 
nearly  the  same  in  extent  of  branches.  The  chcumference  of  the 
stem  near  the  ground,  is  seven  feet  and  five  inches." 


NINTH    ANNIVERSARY 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY. 


The  Annual  Exhibition  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society,  which  has  just  closed,  commenced  on  Wednesday,  the 
20th  instant,  and  continued  during  four  days,  until  Saturday. 
The  new  and  spacious  Hall  of  the  Society,  No.  23,  Tremont 
street,  was  tastefully  and  appropriately  decorated  on  the  occasion. 

REPORT    ON    FRUITS. 

The  great  centre  table  was  graced  with  two  large  and  beauti- 
ful orange  trees,  from  the  green  houses  of  the  Hon.  John  Lowell. 
Large  pine-apples  in  a  fine  growing  state,  and  grape-vines  loaded 
with  large  clusters  in  a  growing  state,  in  decorated  pots,  by  Mr. 
Haggerston,  from  the  houses  of  Mr.  Cushing,  attracted  very 
particular  attention  ;  as  did  also  the  beautifully  arranged  clusters 
of  grapes  and  other  rich  fruits,  by  Mr.  Cowan,  from  the  spacious 
houses  of  the  Hon.  T.  H.  Perkins. 

On  no  former  occasion  have  we  witnessed  so  great  a  display 
of  the  most  useful,  as  well  as  ornamental  productions  of  nature, 
thus  brought  to  so  great  a  degree  of  perfection  by  the  skill  of 
man  :  of  flowers,  many  new  and  splendid  varieties,  of  an  infinite 
variety  of  form,  color  and  shade:  of  fruits  also,  many  new  and 
superior  kinds,  never  before  witnessed   at  any  former  exhibition. 

The  days  of  the  exhibition  were  unusually  fine,  and  the  con- 
course of  visiters  far  exceeded  that  of  any  former  year,  including 
a  good  proportion  of  the  fair,  and  the  fairest  of  the  fair ;  and  the 
brilliant  display,  on  this  occasion,  might  well  serve  to  remind  us 
of  Eden. 

The  following  is  a  more  particular  account  of  the  fruits  which 
were  sent  for  exhibition:  — 

By  Mr.  Haggerston,  from  the  extensive  green  and  hot  houses 
of  J.  P.  Cushing,  Esq.,  Belmont  Place,  in  Watertown  :     Pears — 


36 

Williams's  Bonchretien  and  Cushing's  :  Grapes — Black  Ham- 
burgh, White  Sweetwater  or  Chasselas,  White  Frontignac,  and 
a  vine,  trained  spirally  in  an  ornamented  pot,  and  loaded  with 
fruit;  all  of  which  were  very  beautiful:  Pine-apples  of  large 
size,  growing  finely  in  ornamented  pots,  the  first  ever  witnessed 
at  our  exhibitions;  Sogo  Palm,  a  noble  and  most  useful  plant, 
and  the  same  which  produces  the  Sago  of  Commerce;  a 
plant  as  valuable   in  the  tropica!  regions  as  is  corn  with  us. 

By  John  Lemist,  Esq.,  of  Roxbury  :   a  fine  plant  of  Sago  Palm. 

By  Mr.  W.  H.  Cowan,  gardener  to  the  Hon.  T.  H.  Perkins, 
from  his  fruit  houses  in  Brookline :  Grapes — Frankendale, 
Black  Hamburgh,  Black  Cluster,  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria, 
White  Frontignac,  Grizzly  Frontignac,  Black  Frontignac,  Sy- 
rian, White  Chasselas,  Golden  Chasselas  :  Peaches — Noblesse, 
New  Royal  George,  Freestone  Heath,  Hill's  Madeira,  President, 
George  IV  :  Nectarines — Elrouge,  Red  Roman  and  Broom- 
field,  all  finest  specimens  of  the  most  skilful  cultivation  :  also, 
a  variety  of  Pearmain,  newly  introduced,  a  handsome  red  fruit; 
varieties  of  3Insk  Melon. 

By  Mr.  Jacob  Tidd,  of  Roxbury  :  two  bunches  of  Regner 
de  Nice  Grapes,  the  largest  bunch  weighing  6  1-2  pounds. 

By  Aaron  Mitchell,  Esq.,  of  Nantucket :  a  bunch  of  White 
Chasselas  Grapes,  and  two  bunches  of  Black  Hamburgh,  from  a 
girdled  vine — very  large  and  beautiful,  each  bunch  weighing 
two  pounds,  raised  by  his  gardener,  Mr.  Wellwood  Young. 

By  Mrs.  T.  Bigelow,  from  her  green  house  in  Medford : 
Lemons  and  Oranges,  very  beautiful :  Yellow  Rareripe  seedling 
Peaches,  very  fine  :  also,  fine  looking  French  Apples,  name  un- 
known;  and  Seven  Years  Pumpkins,  very  large,  so  called  from 
the  great  length  of  time  they  will  keep. 

By  Hon.  E.  Vose,  President  of  the  Society  :  Pears — Napo- 
leon, Urbaniste,  Wurtemberg,  eminently  beautiful ;  Williams's 
Bonchretien  or  Bartlett,  Andrews,  Wilkinson,  Lewis,  Easter 
Beurre  or  Bergamotte  de  la  Pentecote,  Passe  Colmar  :  Peaches 
— Grosse  Mignonne.  All  these  fruits  were  fine  specimens  of 
finest  kinds.  Also,  Lady  Haley's  Nonsuch,  a  beautiful  fruit, 
and  Acorn  Squash,  very  fine,  and  keeps  well  a  year. 

By  Enoch  Bartlett,  Esq.,  of  Roxbury,  Vice-President  of  the 
Society  :  Pears — Williams's  Bonchretien  or  Bartlett,  and 
Wurtemberg,  both  kinds  eminently  beautiful ;    also,  Cushing, 


37 

Striped  Doyenne  or  Verte  Longue,  and  Fulton .  Apples-~^ 
Gravenstien,  Havvthorndean,  Monstrous  Pippin ;  also,  long  Cu- 
cumbers, from  Trieste. 

By  Mr.  Manning,  from  his  garden  in  Dearborn-street,  in  Sa- 
lem :  Pears — 34  kinds,  many  of  them  new,  and  such  as  have 
never  yet  been  seen  with  us  before  :  Jalousie,  Harvard,  Saun- 
ders Beurre,  Belle  Lucrative,  Beurre  Von  Marum,  Beurre  Knox, 
Napoleon,  Maria  Louise;  Beurre  Duval,  just  come  into  bearing 
and  bears  well ;  Surpasse  Virgalieu,  Figue  de  Naples,  Saint 
Ghislain,  Summer  Rose,  Valle  Franche,  Pastorale,  Fulton, 
Beurre  Bosc,  Wilkinson,  Autumn  Superb,  Henry  IV.,  Styrian, 
Urbaniste,  Verte  Longue  or  Mouille  Bouche,  Green  Pear  of 
Yair,  Julienne;  Gloria,  not  the  Gloria  of  any  former  exhibition, 
a  fine  looking  fruit  from  Mr.  Parsons's  tree,  sent  by  Mr.  Knight; 
Beurre  Spence,  a  celebrated  new  kind,  now  unripe,  the  tree 
bore  this  year  for  the  first  time ;  Chair  a  dame,  Dearborn's 
Seedling,  Beurre  Colmar  D'Automne,  Pope's  Scarlet  Major, 
Naumkeag;  Jackman's  Melting,  a  new  fruit  of  a  dark  red  color, 
very  oblong  and  conical,  or  calabash  formed,  (it  is  doubtful 
whether  this  is  the  right  name;)  also  two  varieties  of  Pears  with- 
out names,  the  one  of  a  yellow,  and  the  other  of  a  red  color. 
Many  of  these  kinds  being  now  unripe,  will  be  reported  again 
on  a  future  occasion  :  Apples — Swaar,  a  name  which  signifies 
heavy,  a  fine  looking  fruit,  fine  and  productive ;  Gravenstein, 
fine ;  New  Red  Crab  ;  Plums — Green  Gage,  German  Prune  ; 
French  long  Blue,  name  lost,  a  large,  oblong,  blue  fruit,  very 
productive  and  fine  ;  Diamond  Plum,  a  large,  blue,  and  beautiful 
fruit,  the  flavor  good;  a  branch  of  the  tree  bore  for  the  first  time 
exceedingly  full ;  Sharp's  Emperor,  another  new  fruit,  very 
large,  pale  yellow  in  the  shade,  and  red  next  the  sun,  and  beau- 
tiful ;  a  small  limb  of  the  young  tree  bore  this  year  a  large  crop 
for  the  first  time. 

By  Mr.  Downer,  from  his  place  in  Dorchester  :  Pears — 
Duchesse  D'Angouleme,  Seckel,  Beurre  Diel,  Wurtemberg, 
very  beautiful ;  Urbaniste,  Bleecker's  Meadow,  Andrews,  Dix, 
Cushing,  Fulton,  Harvard,  Lewis,  Washington,  Passe  Colmar, 
Bezi  Vaet,  Saint  Ghislain,  Moorfowl's  Egg,  Iron  :  Apples — 
Pumpkin  Sweeting,  Porter,  Nonsuch,  Sweeting,  Seaver  Sweet- 
ing, River  Apple,  Lady  Apple,  Pie  Apple,  Spitzenberg,  Pear- 
main,  Rhode  Island  Greenings,   Yellow  and  Red  Siberian  Crab 


38 

Apples,  and  branches  loaded  with  the  fruit  of  the  same : 
Peaches — Rareripes.  The  fruits  of  Mr.  Downer  were  of  the 
finest  kinds. 

By  B.  V.  French,  Esq.,  from  his  pluce  in  Braintree  :  Pears — 
Williams's  Bonchretien,  fine;  Arch  Duke  of  Austria,  which  has 
been  before  noticed,  form  turbinate,  faintly  striped  and  beautiful, 
the  quality  but  ordinary  ;  Tillington,  Bleecker's  Meadow  :  Ap- 
ples— Porter,  Monstrous  Pippin,  or  Gloria  Mundi,  Yellow  Bell- 
flower,  Garden  Stiiped,  Dutch  Codlin,  River  Apple,  Ruggles 
Apple,  Siberian  Crab,  and  branches  of  the  same,  covered  with 
the  fruit,  very  ornamental :  Plums — Coe's  Golden  Drop,  and 
Smith's  Orleans,  both  superior  kinds :  Squashes — Autumnal 
Marrow,  fine  large  specimens  of  this  fine  kind :  Sugar  Beds, 
very  large  and  handsome,  of  a  white  color  and  of  the  true  kind, 
the  seeds  received  from  France. 

By  Mr.  E.  M.  Richards,  from  his  garden  in  Dedham  :  Pears — 
Seckel,  Verte  Longue  or  Mouthwater,  Grise  Bonne  :  Apples — 
Benoni,  William's  Favorite,  American  Summer  Pearmain,  Red 
Juneating,  Orange  Sweeting,  Hawthorndean,  Summer  Gilli- 
flower,  and  other  kinds,  all  very  handsome  :  Peaches — of  five 
fine  varieties. 

By  Mr.  Thomas  Mason,  of  the  Charlestown  Vineyard,  from 
his  peach  houses  :  Peaches — Early  Royal  George,  and  Royal 
Kensington  :  Nectarines — El  Rouge,  Brignon,  and  Broomfield : 
Grapes — From  his  grape  houses  ;  Black  Plamburgh,  Black  St. 
Peters,  Lombardy,  Sweetwater  or  White  Chasselas,  and  Golden 
Chasselas.  All  the  fruits  of  Mr.  Mason  were  fine,  and  afford 
good  evidence  of  his  skill  as  a  cultivator  :    Also,  Lima  Srpiashes. 

By  Mr.  S.  Pond,  from  his  garden  in  Cambridgeport :  Pears 
— Williams's  Bonchretien,  Andrews',  Julienne,  handsome  speci- 
mens :  Plums — Semiana  or  Imperatrice  Violette,  a  fine  produc- 
tive kind. 

By  Ebenezer  Breed,  Esq.,  from  his  fruit  houses  in  Charles- 
town  :  Pears — Wurtemberg,  Seckle,  Williams's  Bonchretien, 
Swan's  Egg  :  Grapes — Black  Hamburgh,  all  of  the  same  fine 
quality  which  this  gentleman  has  usually  offered  for  exhibition. 
Valparaiso  Squash. 

By  Judge  Heard,  from  his  estate  in  Watertown  :  Roxbury 
Russeting  Apples,  of  the  growth  of  1836. 


39 

By  Mr.  Hamilton  Davidson,  of  Charrestown  :  A  handsome 
basket  of  Williams's  Bonchretien  and  Rouselette  de  Rheims 
Pears,  and  Musk  3Iclons ;  the  basket  decorated  with  branches 
of  fruit  of  the  Red  Siberian  Crab :  Also,  fine  specimens  of 
Cucumbers. 

By  Mr.  Thomas  Willot,  of  Roxbury  :  A  large  basket  of  fruit, 
singularly  decorated,  and  surmounted  by  a  branch  of  a  tree  and 
fruit,  enveloped  in  the  house  of  the  hornet  tribe.  The  fruits, 
consisting  of  Pears — Williams's  Bonchretien,  and  Wurtemberg  ; 
Apples — York  Russett,  Black  Gilliflower,  Blue  Pearmain  and 
Baldwin ;  Rareripe  Peaches,  and  Green  fleshed  Blelon,  were  all 
very  fine. 

By  Mr.  Dennis  Murphy,  of  Roxbury  :  Grapes — Black  Ham- 
burgh, from  his  grapery,  very  fine  :  Pears — Williams's  Bon- 
chretien, and  Dearborn's  Seedling  :  Plums — White  Magnum 
Bonum,  and  Smith's  large  Orleans. 

By  Mr.  R.  Ward,  of  Roxbury  :  Pears — Williams's  Bonchre- 
tien, and  Seckel :  a  basket  of  fine  Peaches  and  White  Gage 
Plums. 

By  Mr.  John  D.  W.  Williams,  from  his  estate  in  Roxbury  : 
Pears — Williams's  Bonchretien,  very  fine,  and  Apples. 

By  Mr.  Samuel  Phipps,  of  Dorchester  :  Specimens  of  beau- 
tiful Nectarines. 

By  Messrs.  Winships,  from  their  garden  and  nurseries  in 
Brighton  :  Branches  and  clusters  of  the  Sheparclia,  very  beau- 
tiful ;  also,  Passijlora  eclulis,  with  its  curious  and  beautiful  blos- 
soms, and  eatable  fruit. 

By  Dr.  S.  A.  Shurtleff :  Clingstone  Peaches,  also  Tremont 
Peach,  a  fine  looking,  large  native  seedling,  from  his  residence 
in  Tremont-street. 

By  Mr.  John  A.  Kenrick,  from  his  garden  and  nurseries  in 
Newton  :  Pears — Williams's  Bonchretien,  Mogul  Sumner  ; 
Peaches — Early  York  Rareripe,  Prince's  Red  Rareripe,  and 
Yellow  Red  Rareripe  :  Apples — Hubbardston  Nonsuch,  Bald- 
win, Kenrick's  Red  Autumn,  Pumpkin  Sweeting,  Fenner  Sap- 
sons. 

By  Mr.  Samuel  R.  Johnson,  from  his  garden  in  Charlestown  : 
White  Sweetwater,  or  Chasselas,  and  White  Frontignac  Grapes, 
both  very  fine,  from  out  of  door  culture.  The  White  Gage 
Plums,  which  Mr.  Johnson  exhibited,  are  found  to  be  identically 


40 

the  same  with  Prince's  Imperial  Gage,  a  kind  wonderfully  pro- 
ductive. These  were  from  his  celebrated  tree,  the  fruit  large 
and  very  fine.  The  tree,  though  not  large,  is  annually  loaded 
with  fruit,  and  produced  this  year,  by  estimation,  three  barrels. 
His  Bolmer's  Washington  Plums  of  the  largest  size,  measured 
seven  inches  in  circumference.  The  tree  produced  about  1200 
fruits  this  season,  of  superior  size ;  though  this  kind  is  not  re- 
puted so  productive. 

By  Mr.  Sweetser,  from  his  garden  in  Cambridgeport  :  Mogul 
Sumner  Pears. 

By  Mr.  Alexander  McLennen,  from  "  Oaklands,"  in  Water- 
town,  the  garden  of  William  Pratt,  Esq. :  Black  Hamburgh 
Grapes,  fine  specimens  of  his  skill  as  a  cultivator  :  Also,  Green 
Persian  Melons. 

By  Mr.  Jonathan  Warren,  of  Weston  :  Apples — African,  a 
dark  red  fruit  ;  American  Nonpareil  :  Also,  Hercules  Club 
Gourd,  very  curious  form,  cylindrical,  about  three  inches  in  di- 
ameter, and  two  or  three  feet  long. 

By  Mr.  John  T.  Wheelwright,  from  his  garden  in  Newton  : 
Pears — St.  Michael,  Bonchretien  and  Pound  :  Apples — York 
Russetting  :    Peaches — Two  baskets  of  fine  fruit. 

By  Messrs.  E.  Dana  &  Co.,  No.  109,  Faneuil  Hall  Market: 
Pears — apparently  the  Urbaniste. 

By  Mr.  John  Hill,  No.  103,  Faneuil  Hall  Market,  from  the 
farm  of  Mr.  David  Hill,  in  West  Cambridge  :.  Peaches — Red 
Rareripes,  fine ;  Lemon  Peach,  very  large  and  beautiful,  and 
evidently  a  synonyme  of  the  Yellow  Red  Rareripe. 

By  Mr.  A.  D.  Williams,  from  his  farm  in  Roxbury  :  Or- 
leans Apple,  a  large  and  beautiful  yellow  fruit :  Pears — 
Williams's  Early,  juice  abundant,  and  of  exceeding  fine  flavor. 

By  John  Brown,  Esq.,  of  Concord  :    Purple  Detroit  Apples. 

By  Mr.  Wm.  B.  Sweet,  of  Roxbury:  Varieties  of  Apples, 
Pears  and  Plums. 

By  William  Oliver,  Esq.,  from  his  residence  in  Dorchester: 
Pears — St.  Ghislain,  Seckel,  and  Brocas  Bergamot. 

By  Mr.  James  Hunnewell,  of  Charlestown :  Grapes — Sweet- 
water, of  fine  appearance,  and  grown  in  the  open  air  from  a  vine 
which  yields  103  bunches  this  year ;  Isabellas,  very  fine,  from  a 
vine  which  produced  300  bunches  last  year. 

By  Mr.  John  Rayner,  of  Boston  :    St.  Michael  Pears. 


41 

By  Mr.  J.  Newhall,  of  New  Ipswich,  N.  H. :  Ripe  Figs  of 
open  culture ;  the  fruit  was  formed  the  previous  year,  and  ma- 
tured in  this ;  the  small  unripe  figs  were  of  the  third  crop  of 
this  season. 

By  Mr.  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  from  his  garden  in  Brighton : 
Pears — Seckel,  from  a  bud  of  two  years'  growth :  Apples — 
Porter,  Seek-no-further,  Golden  Russetts,  Joseph  Sweetings, 
Lady  Apple,  Siberian  Crab  Apple  :  Peaches — Warren's  Native 
Peach,  and  Royal  Kensington  :  Tomatoes — beautiful  specimens 
of  this  truly  invaluable  vegetable,  which  should  be  an  inhabitant 
of  every  garden  :     Also,  a  very  large  Savoy  Cabbage. 

By  Mr.  Jacob  Deane,  of  Mansfield :  Apples — Seek-no-further, 
Wine  Apple,  Pumpkin  Sweeting,  very  large;  Hay  boy,  a  large 
flat  fruit,  of  a  dark  yellow  color,  very  sweet,  fine  and  productive ; 
Superb  Sweet,  a  red  striped  fruit  of  medium  size,  very  delicious 
and  productive,  and  highly  esteemed  by  him  ;  Spice  Sweeting, 
a  large  and  eminently  beautiful  fruit,  and  now  nearly  ripe,  of  a 
round  form,  skin  smooth,  of  a  delicate  straw  color,  with  a  blush 
next  the  sun,  flavor  sweet,  spicy  and  delicious;  the  tree  is  stated 
to  be  a  most  abundant  bearer :    Peaches — large  early  Peach. 

By  John  Mackay,  Esq.,  of  this  city,  from  his  farm  in  Weston : 
Pears — Seckel,  two  baskets  :  Apples — Pearmain,  Hawthorn- 
dean,  very  beautiful ;  Porter  and  Williams's  Favorite,  the  two 
last  named  very  fine. 

By  Joseph  Balch,  Esq.,  of  Roxbury:  Seedling  Peaches,  very 
fine  :  Pears — Gushing  and  Williams's  Bonchretien,  both  hand- 
some fruits. 

By  Mr.  E.  P.  Hathorne,  of  Boston :  Sweetwater  Grapes,  the 
produce  of  out-of-door  cultivation. 

By  Mr.  E.  Hathorne  :  Cream  Apples,  from  Salem,  a  middle 
sized  fruit,  from  Ossipee  originally,  of  a  fine  flavor. 

By  Mr.  J.  M.  Ives,  from  his  garden  in  Dearborn-street,  in 
North  Salem :  Autumnal  Marrow  Squashes,  an  oval  yellow 
fruit,  of  the  finest  grain  and  sweet  flavor,  the  best  summer  squash 
yet  known,  and  one  of  the  finest  for  keeping,  as  they  are  easily 
preserved  till  June. 

By  Mr.  Guild,  from  his  summer  residence  in  Brookline : 
Specimens  of  Turnip  Cabbage,  a  singular  production,  of  a  glo- 
bular form,  solid  like  a  turnip,  and  said  to  be  fine. 

By  Doct.  J.  C.  Howard,  of  Brookline :  Grapes — large  fine 
6 


42 

clusters  of  Black  Hamburgh ;  also,  fine  Sweetwater,  the  produce 
of  open  culture. 

By  Mr.  John  Lewis  Russell,  of  Salem :  Apples — High  Top 
Sweeting;  also.  Long  Stem  Apple,  raised  by  Mr.  Andrew 
Gushing,  of  South  Hingham :  Pears — Gushing,  the  fruit  of 
extra  size,  raised  by  Gapt.  Gharles  Shute,  of  South  Hingham, 
from  a  sucker  of  the  original  tree,  now  about  thirty  years  old. 
Also,  another  fruit,  without  name,  pear  shaped,  skin  covered 
with  very  dark  yellow  russet,  from  a  tree  nearly  a  century  old, 
from  Mr.  David  Gushing,  of  South  Hingham. 

By  Mr.  G.  Ford,  of  Dorchester  :     Large  Blue  Pumpkins. 

By  Mr.  Gole  L.  Kendall,  of  Gharlestown :  Summer  Squash, 
from  Constantinople,  a  large,  oblong,  pale,  ribbed  vegetable. 

By  Mr.  A.  H.  Safford,  of  Gambridgeport :  Pine-apple  Squash, 
so  called,  very  large  and  oblong. 

A  curious  Cucumber  was  offered  for  exhibition,  about  seven 
or  eight  feet  long ;  its  form  reminded  many  of  a  serpent ;  it  was 
from  Mrs.  Boott,  Lowell. 

By  John  Breed,  Esq.,  from  Belle  Isle :     A  remarkably  large, 
blue  Squash,   of  an   oblong   or   truncated    form,    weighing   80 
pounds,  apparently  of  the  Valparaiso  kind. 
For  the  Gommittee, 

WILLIAM  KENRIGK,  Chairman. 

REPORT    ON    FLOWERS. 

It  has  again  become  our  duty  to  make  a  Report  of  the  An- 
nual Exhibition  of  Flowers,  at  the  Rooms  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society.  The  contributors  were  numerous ;  the 
contributions  were  liberal ;  and  many  of  the  specimens,  of  sur- 
passing beauty.  As  a  detailed  report  of  the  fruits,  and  some 
general  remarks  of  the  flowers,  have  already  appeared  in  the 
report  of  Mr.  William  Kenrick,  Ghairman  of  the  Gommittee  on 
Fruits ;  and  as  it  is  understood  a  detailed  report  of  the  Plants 
and  Flowers  will  be  given  in  the  respective  magazines  of  Messrs. 
Breck  «Sz.Go.,  and  the  Messrs.  Hovey,  we  shall  report  in  general 
terms. 

The  plants  from  the  Hon.  John  Lowell,  of  Roxbury,  in  addi- 
tion to  two  very  splendid  Orange  Trees,  were  in  fine  order,  and 
were  much  admired. 


43 

The  Palms  and  other  plants  from  the  garden  of  J.  P.  Gushing, 
Esq.,  of  Watertown,  by  Mr.  D.  Haggerston,  added  much  to  the 
general  effect  of  the  exhibition.  Mr.  Haggerston  also  supplied 
the  tables  with  several  rich  vases,  and  a  profusion  of  cut  flowers, 
wreaths,  &:-c. 

From  the  Hon.  T.  H.  Perkins,  of  Brookline,  by  his  gardener, 
Mr.  W.  H.  Cowan,  a  splendid  display  of  cut  Flowers,  arranged 
on  stands  with  great  taste.  Mr.  Cowan  deserves  our  thanks  for 
his  very  liberal  supply. 

The  beautiful  Acacias,  and  other  plants,  in  all  about  70  speci- 
mens, from  Marshall  P.  Wilder,  Esq.,  of  Dorchester,  were  very 
fine.     The  delicate  foliage  of  the  Acacias  was  much  admired. 

John  Lemist,  Esq.,  of  Roxbury,  decorated  our  tables  with 
some  of  his  choice  and  rare  plants, — Sago  Palms,  Heaths,  d&c. 

John  D.  W.  Williams,  Esq.,  of  Elm  Hall,  Roxbury,  sent  some 
very  choice  specimens  by  his  gardener.  The  plants  were  not 
only  rare,  but  they  were  in  a  state  of  high  cultivation.  The 
best  specimens  of  China  Asters,  in  the  rooms,  were  from  Mr. 
Williams. 

Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  Woodland,  Brookline  :  A  splendid  Plant; 
Dahlias,  and  other  cut  flowers,  bouquets,  &lc. 

B.  V.  French,  Esq.,  from  his  garden  at  Braintree :  A  large 
supply  of  cut  flowers,  evergreens,  &c. 

From  the  garden  of  Mr.  John  Richardson,  of  Dorchester  :  A 
variety  of  cut  flowers. 

By  Mr.  J.  Towne,  of  Boston  :  Several  extremely  fine  speci- 
mens of  choice  and  rare  Heaths. 

Mr.  Samuel  Sweetser,  of  Cambridge  :  Some  charming  flow- 
ers in  pots. 

The  Messrs.  Winship,  of  Brighton  :  Two  wagon  loads  of  pot 
plants  and  cut  flowers,  some  of  them  of  great  beauty.  Mr.  Sto- 
ry will  please  accept  our  thanks  for  his  kind  attention,  and  for 
his  liberal  supply  of  evergreens. 

By  Mr.  William  Wales,  of  Dorchester  :  Twenty  fine  speci- 
mens of  green  house  plants.  We  noticed  particularly  a  very 
fine  Heath,  and  a  yellow  Tea  Rose ;  there  were  several  other 
plants  in  Mr.  Wales'  collection  of  great  beauty.  Also,  a  splen- 
did bouquet. 

Several  fine  plants  from  the  Messrs.  Hovey  :  A  yellow  Tea 
Rose  of  great  beauty. 


44 

From  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge,  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Carter  : 
A  large  supply  of  plants,  many  of  them  fine  specimens. 

Mr.  Mason,  of  Charlestown  :  A  choice  variety  of  pot  plants, 
some  rare  and  fine.  Also,  a  liberal  supply  of  cut  flowers,  and 
some  handsome  bouquets,  &c. 

Mr.  D.  Murphy,  of  Roxbury,  furnished  upwards  of  twenty 
choice  plants ;  two  splendid  bouquets,  and  some  cut  flowers. 

Dahlias.  The  display  of  Dahlias  was  extremely  fine,  and 
greatly  surpassed  our  expectations.  To  give  a  list  of  the  names 
of  all  the  varieties  exhibited,  would  exceed  our  limits;  we  shall 
therefore  confine  ourselves  to  the  names  of  a  few  in  the  collec- 
tion of  the  principal  growers,  viz  :  — 

In  the  collection  of  M.  P.  Wilder,  Esq.  :  Conqueror  of  Eu- 
rope, Dodd's  Mary,  Dodd's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  Mrs.  Broad- 
wood,  Elphinstone's  Purple  Perfection,  Lavinia,  Bride  of  Aby- 
dos.  King  Otho,  Stone's  Yellow  Perfection,  Golden  Sovereign, 
Desdemona,  Q,ueen  Elizabeth,  Hermione,  Sir  Henry  Fletcher, 
Lady  Fordwich,  Gem,  M'Kenzie's  Contender,  King  of  Beauties, 
Marquis  of  Northampton,  Douglass'  Glory,  Dictator,  Widnall's 
Clio,  Inwood's  Ariel,  Criterion,  Jupiter,  Garnier's  Princess  Vic- 
toria, &c. 

In  the  collection  of  the  Messrs.  Hovey  :  Princess  Victoria, 
Marchioness  of  Tavistock,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  Mary,  Con- 
queror of  Europe,  Sulphurea  elegans,  Mrs.  Broadwood,  Juliet, 
Elphinstone's  Purple  Perfection,  Gem,  Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Her- 
mione, Golden  Sovereign,  Rosa  Superba,  Red  Rover,  Stone's 
Yellow  Perfection,  Bride  of  Abydos,  King  Otho,  Lavinia,  Ariel, 
Beauty  of  Dulwich,  Fisherton's  Rival,  Star,  Jupiter,  Glory,  Mrs. 
Wilkinson,  Lady  Fordwich,  Exemplar,  Crojsus,  &c. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  S.  R.  Johnson :  British  Queen, 
Elphinstone  Polyphemus,  Duchess  of  Buccleugh,  Augusta,  Mrs. 
Wilkinson,  Rainbow,  Widnall's  Clio,  Princess  Victoria  (Gar- 
nier's) ;  Douglass'  Criterion,  Metropolitan  Perfection,  Brown's 
Desdemona,  Gaines'  Harlequin,  Royal  Adelaide,  Rosea  Speci- 
osa,  Widnall's  Perfection,  Smith's  Napoleon,  Lady  Brougham, 
Newbey's  Duke  of  Bedford,  Jupiter,  Mountjoy's  Burgundy, 
Angelina,  Lady  Fordwich,  Duchess  of  Bedford,  Countess  of 
Berresford,  Erccta. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  S.  Sweetser  :  Apollo,  Augusta, 
(Douglass');  Beauty  of  Sheffield,  Bride  of  Abydos,  Beauty  of 


45 

Stow,  Countess  of  Cork,  Countess  of  Liverpool,  Criterion, 
(Douglass');  Desdemona,  (Brown's) ;  Douglass'  Glory,  Granta, 
Jupiter,  Golden  Sovereign,  Jackson  Rival,  Lady  Fordwich,  La- 
vinia.  Metropolitan  Calypso,  Mrs.  Wilkinson,  Napoleon, 
(Smith's) ;  Othello,  Pindarius,  Queen  of  Dahlias,  Springfield 
Rival,  Stone's  Yellow  Perfection,  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  D.  Maclntire  :  Juliet,  Dodd's  Mary, 
Mrs.  Broadwood,  Mary  Q-ueen  of  Scots,  Conqueror  of  Europe, 
Golden  Sovereign,  Stone's  Yellow  Perfection,  Red  Rover,  Star, 
Rising  Sun,  Young's  Black  Ajax,  Exemplar,  Marquis  of  North- 
ampton, Dictator,  Bride  of  Abydos,  Angelina,  Douglass'  Glory. 
There  were  also  some  very  fine  specimens  of  the  Dahlia,  and 
splendid  bouquets,  from  Messrs.  John  A.  Kenrick,  J.  Breck  & 
Co.,  Howard,  Carter,  Winship,  W.  Kenrick,  Weld,  Mason, 
Murphy,  Wilson,  and  Walker. 

The  celebrated  Cobbett  states  that  he  was  asked,  (and  the 
question  has  often  been  put  to  ourselves,)  what  is  the  use  of 
flowers?  Mr.  Cobbett  replied  by  asking  another  question. 
What  is  the  use  of  any  thing  ?  We  shall  answer  the  inquiry  in 
the  language  of  Miller,  "  Who  would  wish  to  live  without  flow- 
ers? Where  would  the  poet  fly  for  his  images  of  beauty,  if 
they  were  to  perish  forever  ?  Are  they  not  the  emblems  of 
loveliness  and  innocence — the  living  types  of  all  that  is  pleasing 
and  graceful?  We  compare  young  lips  to  the  rose;  and  the 
white  brow  to  the  radiant  lily ;  the  winning  eye  gathers  its  glow 
from  the  violet,  and  the  sweet  voice  is  like  a  breeze  kissing  its 
way  through  the  flowers.  We  hang  delicate  blossoms  on  the 
silken  ringlets  of  the  young  bride,  and  strew  her  path  with  fra- 
grant bells,  when  she  leaves  the  church.  We  place  them  around 
the  marble  of  the  dead,  in  the  narrow  coffin  ;  and  they  become 
symbols  of  our  affections ;  pleasures  remembered,  and  hopes 
faded,  wishes  flown,  and  scenes  cherished  the  more  that  they 
can  never  return.  Still  we  look  to  the  far  off"  spring  in  other 
valleys ;  to  the  eternal  summer  beyond  the  grave,  when  the  flow- 
ers which  have  faded  shall  again  bloom  in  starry  fields,  where 
no  rude  winter  can  intrude.  They  come  upon  us  in  spring  like 
the  recollections  of  a  dream,  which  hovered  above  us  in  sleep, 
peopled  with  shadowy  beauties,  and  purple  delights,  fancy  broi- 
dered.  Sweet  flowers !  that  bring  before  our  eyes  scenes  of 
childhood ;  faces  remembered  in  youth,  when  Love  was  a  stran- 


46 

ger  to  himself!  The  mossy  banks  by  the  way  side,  where  we 
so  often  sat  for  hours  drinking  in  the  beauty  of  the  primroses 
with  our  eyes;  the  sheltered  glen,  darkly  green,  filled  with  the 
perfume  of  violets,  that  shone  in  their  intense  blue,  like  another 
sky  spread  upon  the  earth ;  the  laughter  of  merry  voices ;  the 
sweet  song  of  the  maiden — the  downcast  eye,  the  spreading 
blush,  the  kiss  ashamed  at  its  own  sound — are  all  brought  back 
to  the  memory  by  a  flower." 

For  the  Committee, 

SAMUEL  WALKER,  Chairman. 


OFFICERS 

OF    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

ELECTED  OCTOBER  7th,  1837. 


PRESIDENT. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Dorchester. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

ENOCH  BARTLETT,  Roxbury. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
THEODORE  LYMAN,  Jr.,  Waltham. 
JOHN  PRINCE,  Roxbury. 

TREASURER. 

SAMUEL  WALKER,  Roxbury. 

CORRESPONDING    SECRETARY. 

ROBERT  TREAT  PAINE,  Boston. 

RECORDING    SECRETARY. 

EZRA  WESTON,  Jr.,  Boston. 

COUNSELLORS. 

AUGUSTUS  ASPINWALL,  Brookline. 
THOMAS  BREWER,  Roxbury. 
HENRY  A.  BREED,  Lynn. 
GEORGE  W.  BRIMMER,  Boston. 
JOSEPH  S.  CABOT,  Salem. 
E.  HERSY  DERBY,  Salem. 
N.  MORTON  DAVIS,  Plymouth. 
NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT,  Milton. 
THOMAS  G.  FESSENDEN,  Boston. 
DAVID  HAGGERSTON,  Watertown. 
JOSEPH  G.  JOY,  Boston. 


48 


WILLIAM  KENRICK,  Newton. 
JOHN  LEMIST,  Roxbury. 
WILLIAM  LINCOLN,  Worcester. 
THOMAS  LEE,  Brookline. 
CHARLES  LAWRENCE,  Salem. 
WILLIAM  PRATT,  Jr.,  Watertown. 
BENJAMIN  RODMAN,  New  Bedford. 
SAMUEL  A.  SHURTLEFF,  Boston. 
M.  P.  SAWYER,  Boston. 
JACOB  TIDD,  Roxbury. 
CHAPvLES  TAPPAN,  Boston. 
AARON  D.  WILLIAMS,  Roxbury. 
JONATHAN  WINSHIP,  Brighton. 
WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON,  Dorchester. 
THOMAS  WHITMARSH,  Northampton. 

PROFESSOR    OF    BOTANY    AND    VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Rev.  JOHN  L.  RUSSELL. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 

T.  W.  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    HORTICULTURAL    CHEMISTRY. 

J.  W.  WEBSTER,  M.  D. 


g'aFi^.Mle)ai?g■(^  ^©iMmi'iiW'^mi 


COMMITTEE    ON    FRUITS. 

WILLIAM  KENRICK,  Chairman.  l  JOHN  M.  IVES, 
ROBERT  MANNING,  i  P.  B.  HOVEY,  Jr., 

SAMUEL  DOWNER,  I  LEMUEL   P.  GROSVENOR, 

BENJA.  V.  FRENCH,  J.  L.  L.  F.  WARREN, 

EDWARD  M.  RICHARDS,  I  SAMUEL  POND. 

JOHN  A.  KENRICK,  i 

COMMITTEE    ON   THE    PRODUCTS    OP    KITCHEN    GARDEN. 


SAMUEL  POND,  Chairman. 
DANIEL  CHANDLER, 
JACOB  TIDD, 


NATHANIEL  DAVENPORT, 
AARON  D    WILLIAMS, 
RUFUS  HOWE. 


COMMITTEE    ON    FLOWERS,    SHRUBS,    ETC 

SAMUEL  WALKER,  Chairman.  \  DAVID  HAGGERSTON, 
CHARLES  M.  HOVEY, 
JOSEPH  BRECK, 
SAMUEL  SWEETSER, 


SAMUEL  R.  JOHNSO>f, 
MARSHAL  P.  WILDER, 
WILLIAM  CARTER. 


COMMITTEE    ON    THE    LIBRARY. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  aiairman.  ,  CHARLES  M.  HOVEY, 

ROBERT  T.  PAINE,  |  M.  P.  WILDER, 

WILLIAM  KENRICK,  i  THOMAS  G.  FESSENDEN. 

EZRA  WESTON,  Jr.,  I 

COMMITTEE    ON    SYNONYMS    OF    FRUIT. 

JOHN  LOWELL,  Chairman.       |  WILLIAM  KENRICK, 
ROBERT  MANNING,  |  SAMUEL  DOWNER. 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman.  ,  EDWARD  M.  RICHARDS, 

CHEEVER  NEWHALL,  ENOCH  BARTLETT. 

BENJA.  V.  FRENCH,  | 

COMMITTEE    ON    FINANCE. 

ELIJAH  VOSE,  Chairman.  I  LEMUEL  P.  GROSVENOR. 

BENJA.  V.  FRENCH,  I 

7 


'sm.'m'Mm^^wm  MLmm.Mmm.i 


MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


MEMBERS    FOR    LIFE. 


Armstrong,  Samuel  T.  Bostnn. 
Aspinwall,  Augustus,  Brookline. 
Bradford,  .Samuel  U.  Boston. 
Breed,  Andrews,  Lynn. 
Breed,  Henry  A.    " 
Brewer,  Eliab  Stone,  Fort  Oaines,  Oeo. 
Chase,  Hezekiah,  Lynn. 
Crafts,  Ebenezer,  Roxbnry. 
Edwards,  Elisha,  Sprinirfield. 
French,  Benjamin  V.  Braintree. 
Gardner,  W.  F.  Salem. 
Hedge,  Isaac  L.  Plymouth. 
Howland,  John,  Jr.,  JVew  Bedford. 
Lincoln,  Levi,  fVorcester. 
Lincoln,  William,     " 
Lyman,  Theodore,  Jr.  Boston. 
Newhall,  Cheever,  Dorchester. 
Newman,  Henry,  Roxbnry. 


Paine,  Robert  T.  Boston. 
Parker,  Daniel  P.     " 
Parsons,  Gorham,  Brighton. 
Perry,  John,  Shcrhurne. 
Prcscott,  C.  H.  CuniiralUs,  JV.  S. 
Rotcli,  William,  JVew  Bedford. 
Silsby,  Enoch,  Bradford. 
Smith,  Stephen  H.  Providence,  R.  I. 
Springer,  John,  Sterling. 
Story,  F.  H.  Salem. 
Story,  Joseph,  Cambridge. 
Thorndikc,  Israel,  Boston. 
Waldo,  Daniel,  Worcester. 
Webster,  Nathan,  Harerhilf. 
West,  Thomas,  " 

AVinthrop,  Thomas  L.  Boston. 
Wolcott,  Edward,  Pawtucket. 
Worthington,  William,  Dorcltester. 


ANNUAL    MEMBERS. 


Adams,  Benjamin,  Boston. 
Adams,  Charles  F.  Quincy. 
Adams,  Daniel,  JVewbury. 
Adams,  Samuel,  Milton. 
Adamson,  John,  Roxbury. 
Andrews,  Ebenezer  T.  Boston. 
Andrews,  Ferdinand,  Lancaster. 
Andrews,  William  T.  Boston. 
Anthony,  James,  Providence. 
Appleton,  Samuel,  Boston. 
Atkinson,  Amos,  Brookline. 

Badlam,  Stephen,  Boston. 
Bailey,  Ebenezer,    " 
Bailey,  Kendall,  Charlestown, 
Balch,  Joseph,  Roxbury. 
Bangs,  Edward  I).  IVorcester. 
Bartlett,  Kmnh,  Uoxbury. 
Beal,  Georg(>  W.  Qtiiiicy. 
Bigelow,  Jacob,  Boston. 
Billings,  Joseph  H.  Roxbury. 
Bishop,  Nathaniel  II.  Medford. 
Bond,  George,  Boston. 
Bond,  George  W.  " 
Boott,  William,     " 
Bowen,  Charles,  JVewton. 
Bradlee,  Joseph  P.  Boston. 
Brock,  Joseph,  Brighton. 
Breed,  Ebenezer,  Cltarlestown. 
Brewer,  Thomas,  Roxbury. 
Brimmer,  George  W.  Boston. 
Brown,  James,  Cambridge. 


Brown,  J.  M.  Boston. 
Buckingham,  Joseph  T.  Cambridge. 
Buckniinster,  Lawson,  Framingham. 
Buckminster,  Edward  F.         " 
Burridge,  JIartin,  Medford. 
Bussey,  Benjamin,  Roxbury. 

Cabot,  Joseph  H.  Salem. 
Cabot,  Samuel,  Brookline. 
Callender,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Ca])en,  Aaron,  Dorchester. 
Carter,  Horatio,  Lancaster. 
Carter,  William  E.  Cambridge. 
Chamberlin,  Edward,  Jr.  Boston. 
Champney,  John,  Roxbury, 
Chandler,  Daniel,  Thompson's  Island. 
Chandler,  Samuel,  Lexington. 
Clapp,  Isaac,  Dorchester. 
Clapi>,  John,  South  Reading. 
Clapp,  Joshua,  Boston. 
Clapp,  Nathaniel,  Dorchester. 
CobI),  Elijah,  Boston. 
Codman,  John,  Dorchester. 
Cogswell,  Joseph  G.  JVew  York  City. 
Coolidge,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Coolidge,  Samuel  F.  " 
Coolidge,  Thomas  B. " 
Copeland,  B.  F.  Roxbury. 
Cotting,  William,  West  Cambridge. 
Cowan,  William  H.  Brighton. 
Cowing,  Cornelius,  Roxbury. 
Cowing,  Howland,  Jr.  " 


51 


Cowing,  N.  H.  Brookline. 
Crane,  Joshua,  Boston. 
Crowningshield,  Benjamin  W.  Boston. 
Curtis,  Edward,  Pepperell. 
Curtis,  Nathaniel,  Roxbury. 
Curtis,  William,  JVewtvn. 

Daniell,  Josiah,  Boston. 
Daniell,  Otis,  " 

Davenport,  Nathaniel,  Milton, 
Davis,  Cliarles,  Roxbury. 
Davis,  E.  S.  Lynn. 
Davis,  Isaac  P.,  Boston, 
Davis,  N.  Morton,  Plymoutli. 
Dearborn,  II.  A.  S.  Roxbury. 
Derby,  E.  H.  Salem. 
Dickson,  James  A.  Boston. 
Dodge,  Pickering,  Salem. 
Doggett,  John,  Boston, 
Dorr,  Nathaniel,  Roxbury. 
Downer,  Samuel,  Dorchester. 
Downes,  John,  Boston, 
Dyer,  E.  D.  " 

Dudley,  David,  Roxbury, 
Duncan,  James,  Haverhill, 

Eager,  William,  Boston. 
Eastburn,  John  H.    " 
Eldredge,  Edward,  " 
Ellis,  Charles,  Roxbury, 
Emmons,  Robert  L.  Boston, 
Endicott,  William  P.  Salem, 
Eustis,  James,  South  Reading. 
Eustis,  William  T.  Boston. 
Everett,  Edward,  " 

Faxon,  Nathaniel,  Boston. 
Fay,  Samuel  P.  P.  Cambridge, 
Felt,  Oliver  S.  Boston, 

Fessenden,  Tliomas  G.  " 
Field,  Joseph,  " 

Pitch,  Jeremiah,  " 

Fletcher,  Richard,  " 

Freeman,  Russell,  Sandwich, 
Frothingham,  Samuel,  Boston, 

Gannett,  T.  B.   Cambridge, 
Gardner,  Joshua,  Dorchester, 
Gibbs,  Benjamin,  Cambridge, 
Goodwin,  Thomas  J. 
Gore,  Watson,  Roxbury, 
Gould,  Benjamin  A.  Boston. 
Gould,  Daniel,  Reading. 
Gourgas,  J.  M.  Weston. 
Gray,  John,  Boston. 
Gray,  John  C.     " 
Green,  Charles  W.  Roxbury. 
Groenleaf,  Thomas,  Quincy. 
Grosvenor,  L.  P.  Boston. 
Guild,  Benjamin,      " 

Haggerston,  David,  fVatertovm. 
Hall,  Dudley,  Medford. 
Hammond,  H.  H.  Lexington. 
Harris,  William  T.  Cambridge. 
Hartshorn,  Eliphalet  P.  Boston. 
Haskins,  Ralph,  Roxbury. 
Hayden,  Frederic,  Lincoln. 
Hayden,  John,  Brookline. 
Hayward,  Charles,  Boston. 
Hayward,  George,         " 
Heard,  John,  " 

Higginsnn,  Henry,        " 
Hill,  Jeremiali,  " 

Hodges,  James  L.  Taunton. 
Holbrook,  Amos,  Milton. 
Hollingsworth,  Mark,  " 
Houghton,  Abel,  Jr.  Lynn. 


Hovey,  Charles  M.  Cambridge. 
Hovey,  P.  B.,  Jr.  " 

Howard,  John  C.  Brookline. 
Howe,  Hall  J.  Boston. 
Howe,  Rufus,  Dorchester. 
Hov/es,  Frederick,  Salem. 
Hunnewell,  James,  Charlestown. 
Hurd,  William  " 

Hyde,  Samuel,  Jr.  JVewton. 

Ives,  John  M.  Salem, 

Jackson,  Charles  T.  Boston, 
Jackson,  James,  " 

Jackson,  Patrick  T.       " 
Jaqucs,  Samuel,  Jr.  Charlestown, 
Johnson,  Otis,  Lynn. 
Johonnot,  George  S.  Salem. 
Jones,  Llewellyn  D.  Great  Britain, 
Josselyn,  Lewis,  Boston. 
Joy,  Joseph  G.  " 

Kenrick,  Enoch  B.  JVewton, 
Kenrick,  John  A.  " 

Kenrick,  William,        " 
Kidder,  Samuel,  Charlestown, 
King,  John,  Medford, 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  Boston, 
Lawrence,  Charles,  Salem. 
Lee,  Thomas,  Jr.  Roxbury. 
Leland,  Daniel,  Sherburne. 
Leiand,  J.  P.  " 

Lemist,  John,  Roxbury. 
Loring,  William  J.  Boston. 
Low,  John  J.  " 

Lowell,  John,  Roxbury. 
Lowell,  John  A.  Boston. 
Lyman,  George  W.  " 

Mackay,  John,  Boston. 
Manners,  George,  " 
Manning,  Robert,  Salem. 
Mason,  Thomas,  Charlestown. 
Mason,  Thomas  H.         " 
Mead,  Isaac,  " 

Mead,  Samuel  O.  TVest  Cambridge. 
Miller,  Edward,  Boston. 
Moffat,  Joseph  L.      " 
Morrill,  Ambrose,  Lexington. 
Motley,  Edward,  Boston. 
Munroe,  Jonas,  Lexington. 
Murphy,  Dennis,  Roxbury. 
Mussey,  Benjamin,  Lexington. 

Newell,  Joseph  R.  Boston. 
Newell,  Joseph  W.  Charlestown, 
Newhall,  George,  Dorchester. 
Newhall,  Josiah,  Lynnfidd. 
Nichols,  Otis,  Dorchester. 
Nuttall,  Thomas,  Cambridge. 

Oliver,  Francis  J.  Boston. 
Oliver,  William,  Dorchester,^ 
Otis,  Harrison  G.  Boston, 
Oxnard,  Henry,  Brookline, 

Parker,  Isaac,      Boston, 
Parris,  Alexander,      " 
Parsons,  Theophilus," 
Payne,  William  E.    " 
Peabody,  Francis,  Salem. 
Perkins,  Samuel  G.  Boston. 
Perkins,  Thomas  H.     " 
Perry,  Rev'd  G.  B.,  East  Bradford. 
Pettee,  Otis,  JVewton. 
Philbrick,  Samuel,  Brookline. 
Phillips,  Stephen  C.  Salem. 


52 


Phinney,  Elias,  Leiingtmi. 
Phipps,  Rufus  T.  Charlcstown. 
Phipps,  Samuel,  Darcliester. 
Pickmaii,  Dudley  L.  Salem. 
Pond,  Sanuiel,  Cambridge. 
Pond,  Samuel,  Jr.  Boston. 
Pond,  Samuel  ;M.  Bucksport,  Me. 
Pool,  Ward,  Daiivers. 
Pratt,  George  VV.  Boston. 
Pratt,  William,  Jr.  WateHuwn. 
Prescott,  William,  Boston. 
Preston,  John,  " 

Priest,  John  F.  " 

Prince,  John,  Rozbm-y. 
Prince,  John,  Salem. 
Prouty,  Lorenzo,  Boston. 
Putnam,  Ehenczer,  Salem. 

Quincy,  Josiah,  Jr.  Boston. 

Rand,  Edward  S.  JVeieburifport. 

Read,  George,  Roxburij. 

Read,  James,  Boston. 

Rice,  Henry,       " 

Rice,  John  P.      «' 

Richards,  Edward  M.  Dedham. 

Richardson,  Nathan,  South  Reading. 

Robbing,  Edward  H.  Boston. 

Robbing,  P.  G.  Roibury. 

Rodman,  Benjamin,  JVew  Bedford. 

Rogers,  R.  S.  Salem. 

Rogerson,  Robert,  Boston. 

Rollins,  William,       " 

Rovvc,  Joseph,  Milton. 

Ruggles,  Micah  H.  Fall  River. 

Russell,  George,  M.  D.  Lincoln. 

Russell,  John  L.  Salem. 

Russell,  Joseph,  Boston. 

Saltonstall,  Leverett,  Salem. 
Sawyer,  M.  P.  Boston. 
Senior,  Charles,  Roibury. 
Sharp,  Edward,  Dorchester. 
Shaw,  Francis  G.  Boston. 
Shaw,  Lemuel,  " 

Sheafe,  Henry,  " 

Shurtleff,  Samuel  A.  " 
Sisson,  Freeborn,  Warden,  R.  I. 
Skinner,  Francis,  Boston. 
Skinner,  John,  Charlcstown. 
Smith,  Cyrus,  Sandwich. 
Smith,  J.  W.  Boston. 
Sparhawk,  E.  C.  Cambridge. 
Stearns,  Charles,  Springfield. 


Stearns,  William,  Boston. 
Stedman,  Josiah,       " 
Stevens,  Isaac,  " 

Stone,  Leonard,  IVatcrtown. 
Stone,  William,        " 
Sullivan,  Ricliard,  Brookline. 
Sumner,  William  H.  Roibury. 
Sutton,  William,  Jr.  Dancers. 
Swan,  Daniel,  Medford. 
Sweetser,  Samuel,  Cambridge. 

Tappan,  Charles,  Boston, 
Thaxter,  Levi,  Watcrtoirn. 
Thomas,  Benjamin,  llingham. 
Thompson,  George,  Mcilford. 
Tidd,  Jacob,  Roxbury. 
Tilrten,  Joseph,  Boslon. 
Train,  Samuel,  Medford. 
Tremlelt,  Thomas  B.  Dorchester. 
Tucker,  Richard  D.  Boston. 
Tyler,  George  W.  Charlcstown. 

Vila,  James,  Boston. 
Vose,  Elijah,  Dorchester. 

Walker,  Samuel,  Roibury. 
Ward,  Richard,  " 

Warren,  J.  L.  L.  F.  Brighton. 
Warren,  Jonas,     Weston. 
Warren,  Jonathan,  Jr.  " 
Webster,  Daniel,  Boston. 
Webster,  John  W.  Cambridge. 
Weld,  Aaron  D.,  Jr.  Boston. 
Weston,  Ezra,  Jr.  " 

Wheelwright,  John  F.    " 
Wheelwright,  Lot,  Jr.    " 
White,  Abijah,  fVatertown. 
White,  Stephen,  Boston. 
Whitmarsh,  Samuel,  JVorthampton. 
Whitmarsh,  Thomas,  " 

Whitney,  Benjamin  I).  Cambridge. 
Wight,  Ebenezer,  Dedham. 
Wilder,  .Marshal  P.  Dorchester. 
Wilder,  S.  V.  S.  Bolton. 
Willard,  Joseph,  Boston. 
Williams,  Aaron  D.  Rorbury. 
Williiiins,  John,  Canibridn-e. 
Williiims,  Nehemiah  D.  Roibury. 
Wilson,  John,  " 

Wiiulicster,  William  P.  Boston. 
Winsliip,  Francis,  Brighton. 
Winship,  Jonathan,       " 
Wyeth,  Nathaniel,  Cambridge. 


ISOMTOmj^lE'S"  MI5^S>ElgIgai 


HON.  JOHN  Q.  ADA3IS,  Quiney. 

WILLIAM  T.  AITON,  Esq.,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 

JOHN  ABBOT,  Esq.,  Brunswick,  Me. 

BENJAMIN  ABBOT,  LL  D.,  Exeter,  N.  H. 

JESSE  BUEL,  Esq.,  Albany. 

LE  CHEVALIER  SOULANGE  BODIN,  Secretaire-General  de  la  Societe 
d'Horticulture  de  Paris. 

EDWARD  N.  BANCROFT,  M.  D.,  President  of  the  Horticultural  and  Agricul- 
tural Society  of  Jamaica. 

ROBERT  BARCLAY,  Esq.,  Great  Britain. 

JAMES  BEEKMAN,  Esq.,  New  York. 

HON.  P.  P.  BARBOUR,  Virginia. 

ZACCHEUS  COLLINS,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

ADMIRAL  SIR  ISAAC  COFFIN,  Great  Britain. 

ISAAC  CHAUNCY,  Esq.,  Washington. 

HON.  HENRY  CLAY,  Kentucky. 

JAMES  DICKSON,  Esq.,  Vice-President  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

MONS.  ANGUSTIN  PYRAMUS  DE  CANDOLLE,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the 
Academy  of  Geneva. 

DON  RAMON  DE  LA  SAGRA,  Cuba. 

HON.  HORACE  EVERETT,  Vermont. 

CHARLES  A.  EVANSON,  Esq.,  St.  Johns,  N.  B. 

F.  FALDERMANN,  Curator  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  at  St.  Petersburg. 

DR.  F.  E.  FISCHER,  Professor  of  Botany  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  at 
St.  Petersburg. 

JOSEPH  GALES,  Jr.  Esq.,  Washington. 

JOHN  GREIG,  Esq.,  Geneva,  State  of  New  York. 

MRS.  MARY  GRIFFITH,  Charlies  Hope,  New  Jersey. 

HERICART  DE  THURY,  Le  Vicomte,  President  de  la  Societe  d'Horticulture 
de  Paris. 

THOMAS  HOPKIRK,  Esq.,  President  of  the  Glasgow  Horticultural  Society. 

LEWIS  HUNTS,  Esq.,  Huntsburgh,  Ohio. 

S.  P.  HILDRETH,  M.  D.,  Marietta,  Ohio. 

JAMES  R.  INGERSOLL,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

GEN.  ANDREW  JACKSON,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

MRS.  MARTHA  JOHONNOT,  Salem. 

THOMAS  A.  KNIGHT,  Esq.,  President  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

JOHN  C.  LOUDON,  Esq.,  London. 

BARON  H.  CAROL  VON  LUDWIG,  Cape  Town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

LE  COMPTE  DE  LASTEYRIE,  Vice-President  de  la  Societe  d'Horticulture 
de  Paris. 

FRANKLIN  LITCHFIELD,  Esq.,  Porto  Cabello. 

JACOB  LORRILLARD,  Esq.,  New  York. 


54 

JOSHUA  LONGSTRETH,  Esq  ,  Philadelphia. 

NICHOLAS  LONGWORTH,  Esq.,  Cinciiinaii. 

MONS.  F.  A.  MICHAUX,  Paris. 

LEWIS  J.  MURTENS,  Esq.,  Brussels. 

3IOSSELL3IAN,  Esq.,  Antwerp. 

HON.  CHARLES  F.  MERCER,  Virginia. 

D.  S.  M'CAULEY,  Esq.,  Tripoli. 

HON.  ISAAC  3IcKIM,  Baltimore,  ftlaryland. 

MRS.  CHARLOTTE  MARRY  ATT,  Wimbledon,  near  London. 

BARON  OTTENFELS,  Austrian  Minister  to  the  Ottoman  Porte. 

MONS.  POITEAU,  Professor  of  the  Institut  Horticole  de  Froraont. 

JOHN  H.  POWELL,  Esq.,  Powellton,  Pennsylvania. 

WILLIAM  PRINCE,  Esq.,  Long  Island,  New  York. 

HENRY  PRATT,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

JOHN  PALMER,  Esq.,  Calcutta. 

ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Earl  of  Roseberry,  President  of  the  Caledonian  Horticul- 
tural Society. 

JOHN  SHEPHERD,  Esq.,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Liverpool. 

JOHN  S.  SKINNER,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 

JOHN  TURNER,  Esq.,  Assistant  Secretary  of  London  Horticultural  Society. 

JAMES  THACHER,  M.  D.,  Plymouth. 

GRANT  THORBURN,  Esq.,  New  York. 

HON.  JOHN  TALIAFERRO,  Virginia. 

M.  DU  PETIT  THOURS,  Paris,  Professor  Poiteau  of  the  Institut  Horticole  de 
Fromont. 

NATHANIEL  TOWSON,  Esq.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

MONS.  P.  P.  A.  VILMORIN,  Paris. 

J.  B.  VAN  MONS,  M.  D.,  Brussels. 

PETTY  VAUGHAN;  Esq.,  London. 

HON.  STEPHEN  VAN  RENSELLAER,  Albany. 

JOSEPH  R.  VAN  ZANDT,  Esq.,  Albany. 

FEDERAL  VANDERBURG,  M.  D.,  New  York. 

HON.  JOHN  WELLES,  Boston. 

NATHANIEL  WILLICK,  M.  D.,  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  Calcutta. 

JAMES  WADSWORTH.Esq.,  Geneseo,  New  York. 

MALTHUS  A.  WARD,  Professor  Franklin  College,  Athens,  Georgia. 

FREDERICK  WOLCOTT,  Esq  ,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 

ASHTON  YATES,  Esq.,  Liverpool. 


JOHN  ADLUM,  Esq.,  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia. 

THOMAS  ASPINWALL,  Esq.,  London. 

THOMAS  APPLETON,  Esq.,  Leghorn. 

DON  FRANCISCO  AQUILAR,  of  Moldonoda,  in  the  Banda  Oriental. 

ISAAC  C.  BARNET,  Esq.,  Paris. 

DR.  NEHEMIAH  BRUSH,  East  Florida. 

ALEXANDER  BURTON,  Esq.,  Cadiz. 


55 


£.  W.  BULL,  Esq.,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

JOHN  VV.  BROWN,  Esq.,  Fort  Gaines,  Georgia. 

ROBERT  CARR,  Esq.,  Pliiladelphia. 

JAMES  COLVILLE,  Esq.,  Chelsea,  England. 

FRANCIS  G.  CARNES,  Esq.,  Paris. 

JAMES  DEERING,  Esq  ,  Portland,  Me. 

DR.  TINIO  V.  COBELLEVV,  Horticultural  Garden,  Palermo. 

EBENEZER  EMMONS,  M.  D.,  Williamstown. 

MICHAEL  FLOY,  New  York. 

JOHN  FOX,  Esq.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

NATHANIEL  FELLOWS,  Esq.,  Cuba. 

WILLIA3I  R.  FOSTER,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 

;lOBERT  H.  GARDNER,  Esq.,  Gardiner,  Me. 

ABRAHAM  P.  GIBSON,  Esq..  St.  Petersburg. 

CHARLES  H.  HALL,  Esq.,  New  York. 

JOHN  HAY,  Esq  ,  Architect  of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society. 

ABRAHAM  HALSEY,  Esq.,  New  York. 

REV.  T.  M.  HARRIS,  D.  D.,  Boston. 

HUNTER,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 

THOMAS  HOGG,  New  York. 

BERNARD  HENRY,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

1. 1.  HITCHCOCK,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 

WM.  J.  JOHNSON,  M.  D.,  Fort  Gaines,  Georgia. 

DAVID  LANDRETH,  Jr.  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

E.  S.  H.  LEONARD,  M.D.,  Providence. 

JAMES  MAURY,  Esq.,  Virginia. 

JOHN  MILLER,  M.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Horticultural  and  Agricultural  Society, 

Jamaica. 
STEPHEN  MILLS,  Esq.,  Long  Island,  New  York. 
DR.  JAMES  MEASE,  Philadelphia. 
ALLAN  MELVILLE,  Esq.,  New  York. 
WILLIAM  S.  M'LEAY,  Esq. 
rORATIO  NEWHALL,  M  D.,  Galena,  Illinois. 
DAVID  OFFLEY,  Esq.,  Smyrna. 
JAMES  OaiBROSI,  Esq.,  Florence. 
JOHN  PARKER,  Esq  ,  Amsterdam. 
JOHN  L.  PAYSON,  Esq.,  Messina. 

HON.  DAVID  PORTER,  Charge  de  Affaires,  Constantinople. 
WILLIAM  R.  PRINCE,  Esq.,  Long  Island,  New  York. 
ALFRED  S.  PRINCE,  Esq.,  Long  Island. 
M.  C.  PERRY,  Esq.,  U  S.  Navy. 
JOHN  J.  PALMER,  Esq.,  New  York. 
WILLIAM  S.  ROGERS,  Esq.,  United  States  Navy. 
M.  D.  REYNOLDS,  Esq.,  Schenectady,  New  York. 
J,  S.  ROGERS,  Esq.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
JOHN  H.  RICHARDS,  M.  D.,  Paris. 
THOMAS  R.  ROTCH,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
DANIEL  D.  SMITH,  Esq.,  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 
GIDEON  B.  SMITH,  Baltimore. 
WILLIAM  SHAW,  Esq.,  New  York. 
JUDGE  STRONG,  Rochester,  New  York. 


56 


THOMAS  H.  STEPHENS,  Esq.,  United  States  Navy,  Middlctown,  Connecticut. 

CALEB  R.  SMITH,  Esq.,  New  Jersey. 

HORATIO  SPRAGUE,  Esq.,  United  States  Consul,  Gibraltar. 

FRANCIS  SUMMEREST,  Esq. 

WILLIAM  F.  STRANGE  WAY,  Esq.,  British  Secretary  of  Legation  at  Naples. 

GEORGE  C.  THORBURN,  New  York. 

JOHN  TILLSON,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Illinois. 

PROFESSOR  TENORE,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Naples. 

PROFESSOR  TINIO,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Palermo, 

ROBERT  THOMPSON,  Esq.,  London. 

WILLIAM  WILSON,  Esq.  New  York. 

J.  F.  WINGATE,  Esq.,  Bath,  Me. 

JOSHUA  WINGATE,  Esq.,  Portland. 

JOSEPH  A.  WINTHROP,  Esq.,  South  Carolina. 

MONS.  EMILIEN  DE  WAEL,  Antwerp. 


ADDRESS 


DELIVERED 


ON    THE    DEDICATION. 


CEMETERY  AT  MOUNT  AUBURN, 


SEPTEMBER  24,  183J. 


BY    JOSEPH    STORY. 


TO    WHICH    IS    ADDED    AN    APPENDIX,    CONTAINING    A    HISTORICAL    NOTICE 

AND    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    PLACE,    WITH    A    LIST    OF    THE 

PRESENT    SUBSCRIBERS. 


BOSTON 

JOSEPH  T.  &  EDWIN  BUCKINGHAM. 
1831. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of   the  Horticultural  Society,  Sep- 
tember 24,  1831,— it  was 

"  Voted,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be  given  to  the  Hon.  Judge  Story 
for  his  eloquent,  feeling,  and  highly  pertinent  Address,  and  that  he  be  re- 
quested to  furnish  a  copy  foi  the  press." 

H.  A.  S.  DEARBORN,  Chairman. 


Cambridge,  Sept.  24,  1831. 
Dear  Sir — 

I  resign  the  manuscript  of  my  Address  to  the  disposal  of  the  Committee 
of  Arrangements,  with  my  grateful  acknowledgements  for  the  indulgence 
with  which  they  are  pleased  to  view  my  labors.  I  ought  to  add,  that  it  was 
necessarily  prepared  in  great  haste,  and  without  any  thought  of  publi- 
cation. 

I  have  the  honor  to  remain, 

With  the  highest  respect, 

Your  obliged  servant, 

JOSEPH  STORY. 

The  Hon.  Henry  A.  S.  Dearborn, 
Of  the  Committee  of  Anangeinents. 


ADDRESS. 


My  Friends, 

The  occasion,  which  brings  us  together,  has  much 
in  it  calculated  to  awaken  our  sensibilities,  and  cast  a 
solemnity  over  our  thoughts. 

We  are  met  to  consecrate  these  grounds  exclusively 
to  the  service  and  repose  of  the  dead. 

The  duty  is  not  new  ;  for  it  has  been  performed 
for  countless  millions.  The  scenery  is  not  new  ;  for 
the  hill  and  the  valley,  the  still,  silent  dell,  and  the 
deep  forest,  have  often  been  devoted  to  the  same 
pious  purpose.  But  that,  which  must  always  give  it 
a  peculiar  interest,  is,  that  it  can  rarely  occur  except 
at  distant  intervals  ;  and,  whenever  it  does,  it  must 
address  itself  to  feelings  intelligible  to  all  nations,  and 
common  to  all  hearts. 

The  patriarchal  language  of  four  thousand  years 
ago  is  precisely  that,  to  which  we  would  now  give 
utterance.  We  are  "  strangers  and  sojourners"  here. 
We  have  need  of  "  a  possession  of  a  burying-place, 
that  we  may  bury  our  dead  out  of  our  sight."  Let 
us  have    "  the  field,  and  the  cave  w^hich  is  therein  ; 


and  all  the  trees,  that  are  in  the  field,  and  that  are  in 
the  borders  round  about;"  and  let  them  "  be  made 
sure  for  a  possession  of  a  burying-place." 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  living  thus  to  provide  for  the 
dead.  It  is  not  a  mere  office  of  pious  regard  for  oth- 
ers ;  but  it  comes  home  to  our  own  bosoms,  as  those 
who  are  soon  to  enter  upon  the  common  inheritance. 

If  there  are  any  feelings  of  our  nature,  not  bound- 
ed by  earth,  and  yet  stopping  short  of  the  skies, 
which  are  more  strong  and  more  universal  than  all 
others,  they  will  be  found  in  our  solicitude  as  to  the 
time  and  place  and  manner  of  our  death  ;  in  the  de- 
sire to  die  in  the  arms  of  our  friends  ;  to  have  the 
last  sad  offices  to  our  remains  performed  by  their  af- 
fection ;  to  repose  in  the  land  of  our  nativity  ;  to  be 
gathered  to  the  sepulchres  of  our  fathers.  It  is  al- 
most impossible  for  us  to  feel,  nay,  even  to  feign,  in- 
difference on  such  a  subject. 

Poetry  has  told  us  this  truth  in  lines  of  transcend- 
ant  beauty  and  force,  which  find  a  response  in  every 
breast  ; — 

For  who,  to  dumb  Forgetfulness  a  prey, 
This  pleasing,  anxious  being  e'er  resigned. 

Left  the  warm  precincts  of  the  cheerful  day. 
Nor  cast  one  longing,  lingering  look  behind  ? 

On  some  fond  breast  the  parting  soul  relies  ; 

Some  pious  drops  the  closing  eye  requires  ; 
E'en  from  the  tomb  the  voice  of  Nature  cries  ; 

E'en  in  our  ashes  live  their  wonted  fires. 

It  is  in  vain,  that  Philosophy  has  informed  us,  that 
the  whole  earth  is  but  a  point  in  the  eyes  of  its  Cre- 
ator,— nay,  of  his  own  creation  ;  that,  wherever  we 


Bre, — abroad  or  at  home, — on  the  restless  ocean,  or 
the  solid  land, — we  are  still  under  the  protection  of 
his  providence,  and  safe,  as  it  were,  in  the  hollow  of 
his  hand.  It  is  in  vain,  that  Religion  has  instructed 
us,  that  we  are  but  dust,  and  to  dust  we  shall  return, — 
that  whether  our  remains  are  scattered  to  the  corners 
of  the  earth,  or  gathered  in  sacred  urns,  there  is  a 
sure  and  certain  hope  of  a  resurrection  of  the  body 
and  a  life  everlasting.  These  truths,  sublime  and 
glorious  as  they  are,  leave  untouched  the  feelings,  of 
which  I  have  spoken,  or,  rather,  they  impart  to  them 
a  more  enduring  reality.  Dust  as  we  are,  the  frail 
tenements,  which  enclose  our  spirits  but  for  a  season, 
are  dear,  are  inexpressibly  dear  to  us.  We  derive 
solace,  nay,  pleasure,  from  the  reflection,  that  when 
the  hour  of  separation  comes,  these  earthly  remains 
will  still  retain  the  tender  regard  of  those,  whom  we 
leave  behind  ; — that  the  spot,  where  they  shall  lie, 
will  be  remembered  with  a  fond  and  soothing  reve- 
rence ; — that  our  children  will  visit  it  in  the  midst  of 
their  sorrows  ;  and  our  kindred  in  remote  generations 
feel  that  a  local  inspiration  hovers  round  it. 

Let  him  speak,  who  has  been  on  a  pilgrimage  of 
health  to  a  foreign  land.  Let  him  speak,  who  ha« 
watched  at  the  couch  of  a  dying  friend,  far  from  his 
chosen  home.  Let  him  speak,  who  has  committed 
to  the  bosom  of  the  deep,  with  a  sudden,  startling 
plunge,  the  narrow  shroud  of  some  relative  or  com- 
panion. Let  such  speak,  and  they  will  tell  you,  that 
there  is  nothing,  which  wrings  the  heart  of  the 
dying, — aye,   and    of    the  surviving, — with    sharper 


agony,  than  the  thought,  that  they  are  to  sleep  their 
last  sleep  in  the  land  of  strangers,  or  in  the  unseen 
depths  of  the  ocean. 

"  Bury  me  not,  I  pray  thee,"  said  the  patriarch 
Jacob,  "  bury  me  not  in  Egypt  :  but  I  will  lie  with 
my  fathers.  And  thou  shalt  carry  me  out  of  Egypt ; 
and  bury  me  in  their  burying-place."  —  "  There  they 
buried  Abraham  and  Sarah  his  wife  ;  there  they  bu- 
ried Isaac  and  Rebecca  his  wife  ;  and  there  I  buried 
Leah." 

Such  are  the  natural  expressions  of  human  feeling, 
as  they  fall  from  the  lips  of  the  dying.  Such  are  the 
reminiscences,  that  forever  crowd  on  the  confines  of 
the  passes  to  the  grave.  We  seek  again  to  have  our 
home  there  with  our  friends,  arid  to  be  blest  by  a 
communion  with  them.  It  is  a  matter  of  instinct, 
not  of  reasoning.  It  is  a  spiritual  impulse,  which 
supersedes  belief,  and  disdains  question. 

But  it  is  not  chiefly  in  regard  to  the  feelings  be- 
longing to  our  own  mortality,  however  sacred  and 
natural,  that  we  should  contemplate  the  establish- 
ment of  repositories  of  this  sort.  There  are  higher 
moral  purposes,  and  more  affecting  considerations, 
which  belong  to  the  subject.  We  should  accustom 
ourselves  to  view  them  rather  as  means,  than  as 
ends  ;  rather  as  influences  to  govern  human  conduct, 
and  to  moderate  human  suffering,  than  as  cares  inci- 
dent to  a  selfish  foresight. 

It  is  to  the  living  mourner — to  the  parent,  weeping 
over  his  dear  dead  child — to  the  husband,  dwell- 
ing in  his  own  solitary  desolation — to  the  widow, 


whose  heart  is  broken  by  untimely  sorrow — to  the 
friend,  who  misses  at  every  turn  the  presence  of  some 
kindred  spirit — It  is  to  these,  that  the  repositories 
of  the  dead  bring  home  thoughts  full  of  admonition, 
of  instruction,  and,  slowly  but  surely,  of  consolation 
also.  They  admonish  us,  by  their  very  silence,  of  our 
own  frail  and  transitory  being.  They  instruct  us  in 
the  true  value  of  life,  and  in  its  noble  purposes,  its 
duties,  and  its  destination.  They  spread  around  us, 
in  the  reminiscences  of  the  past,  sources  of  pleasing, 
though  melancholy  reflection. 

We  dwell  with  pious  fondness  on  the  characters  and 
virtues  of  the  departed  ;  and,  as  time  interposes  its 
growing  distances  between  us  and  them,  we  gather 
up,  with  more  solicitude,  the  broken  fragments  of 
memory,  and  weave,  as  it  were,  into  our  very  hearts, 
the  threads  of  their  history.  As  we  sit  down  by 
their  graves,  we  seem  to  hear  the  tones  of  their  af- 
fection, whispering  in  our  ears.  We  listen  to  the 
voice  of  their  wisdom,  speaking  in  the  depths  of  our 
souls.  We  shed  our  tears  ;  but  they  fare  no  longer 
the  burning  tears  of  agony.  They  relieve  our  droop- 
ing spirits,  and  come  no  longer  over  us  with  a  death- 
ly faintness.  We  return  to  the  world,  and  we  feel 
ourselves  purer,  and  better,  and  wiser,  from  this  com- 
munion with  the  dead. 

I  have  spoken  but  of  feelings  and  associations  com- 
mon to  all  ages,  and  all  generations  of  men — to  the 
rude  and  the  polished — to  the  barbarian  and  the  civ- 
ilized— to  the  bond  and  the  free — to  the  inhabitant 
of  the  dreary  forests  of  the  north,  and  the  sultry  re- 


gions  of  the  south — to  the  worshipper  of  the  sun,  and 
the  worshipper  of  idols — to  the  Heathen,  dwelling 
in  the  darkness  of  his  cold  mythology,  and  to  the 
Christian,  rejoicing  in  the  light  of  the  true  God. 
Every  where  we  trace  them  in  the  characteristic  re- 
mains of  the  most  distant  ages  and  nations,  and  as 
far  back  as  human  history  carries  its  traditionary  out- 
lines. They  are  found  in  the  barrows,  and  cairns, 
and  mounds  of  olden  times,  reared  by  the  uninstruct- 
ed  affection  of  savage  tribes  ;  and,  every  where,  the 
spots  seem  to  have  been  selected  with  the  same  ten- 
der regard  to  the  living  and  the  dead  ;  that  the  mag- 
nificence of  nature  might  administer  comfort  to  hu- 
man sorrow,  and  incite  human  sympathy. 

The  aboriginal  Germans  buried  their  dead  in  groves 
consecrated  by  their  priests.  The  Egyptians  gratified 
their  pride  and  soothed  their  grief,  by  interring  them 
in  their  Elysian  fields,  or  embalming  them  in  their 
vast  catacombs,  or  enclosing  them  in  their  stupendous 
pyramids,  the  wonder  of  all  succeeding  ages.  The 
Hebrews  watched  with  religious  care  over  their  places 
of  burial.  They  selected,  for  this  purpose,  orna- 
mented gardens,  and  deep  forests,  and  fertile  valleys, 
and  lofty  mountains  ;  and  they  still  designate  them 
with  a  sad  emphasis,  as  the  "  House  of  the  Living." 
The  ancient  Asiatics  lined  the  approaches  to  their 
cities  with  sculptured  sarcophagi,  and  mausoleums, 
and  other  ornaments,  embowered  in  shrubbery,  traces 
of  which  may  be  seen  among  their  magnificent  ruins. 
The  Greeks  exhausted  the  resources  of  their  exquis- 
ite   art   in  adorning    the   habitations    of    the   dead. 


They  discouraged  interments  within  the  limits  of 
their  cities  ;  and  consigned  their  reliques  to  shady 
groves,  in  the  neighborhood  of  murmuring  streams 
and  mossy  fountains,  close  by  the  favorite  resorts  of 
those,  who  were  engaged  in  the  study  of  philoso- 
phy and  nature,  and  called  them,  with  the  elegant 
expressiveness  of  their  own  beautiful  language,  Ceme- 
teries,* or  "  Places  of  Repose."  The  Romans, 
faithful  to  the  example  of  Greece,  erected  the  mon- 
uments to  the  dead  in  the  suburbs  of  the  eternal  city, 
(as  they  proudly  denominated  it,)  on  the  sides  of  their 
spacious  roads,  in  the  midst  of  trees  and  ornamental 
walks,  and  ever-varying  flowers.  The  Appian  way 
was  crowded  with  columns,  and  obelisks,  and  ceno- 
taphs to  the  memory  of  her  heroes  and  sages  ;  and, 
at  every  turn,  the  short  but  touching  inscription  met 
the  eye,  — Siste  Viator, — Pause  Traveller, — inviting 
at  once  to  sympathy  and  thoughtfulness.  Even  the 
humblest  Roman  could  read  on  the  humblest  grave- 
stone the  kind  offering — "  May  the  earth  lie  lightly  on 
these  remains  !"t  And  the  Moslem  Successors  of  the 
emperors,  indifferent  as  they  may  be  to  the  ordinary 
exhibitions  of  the  fine  arts,  place  their  burying-grounds 
in  rural  retreats,  and  embellish  them  with  studious 
taste  as  a  religious  duty.  The  cypress  is  planted  at 
the  head  and  foot  of  every  grave,  and  waves  with  a 
mournful  solemnity  over  it.  These  devoted  grounds 
possess  an  inviolable  sanctity.  The  ravages  of  war 
never  reach  them  ;  and  victory  and  defeat  equally  re- 
spect the  limits  of  their  domain.      So  that  it  has  been 

*  ;^o('/(£repia — literally,  places  of  sleep.         f  "  Sit  tibi  terra  levis." 

2 


10 

remarked,  with  equal  truth  and  beauty,  that  while  the 
cities  of  the  living  are  subject  to  all  the  desolations 
and  vicissitudes  incident  to  human  affairs,  the  cities 
of  the  dead  enjoy  an  undisturbed  repose,  without 
even  the  shadow  of  change. 

But  I  will  not  dwell  upon  facts  of  this  nature. 
They  demonstrate,  however,  the  truth,  of  which  I 
have  spoken.  They  do  more  ;  they  furnish  reflec- 
tions suitable  for  our  own  thoughts  on  the  present 
occasion. 

If  this  tender  regard  for  the  dead  be  so  absolutely 
universal,  and  so  deeply  founded  in  human  affection, 
why  is  it  not  made  to  exert  a  more  profound  influence 
on  our  lives  ?  Why  do  we  not  enlist  it  with  more  per- 
suasive energy  in  the  cause  of  human  improvement  ? 
Why  do  we  not  enlarge  it  as  a  source  of  religious 
consolation  ?  Why  do  we  not  make  it  a  more  efficient 
instrument  to  elevate  Ambition,  to  stimulate  Genius, 
and  to  dignify  Learning  ?  Why  do  we  not  connect  it 
indissolubly  with  associations,  which  charm  us  in  Na- 
ture and  engross  us  in  Art  ?  Why  do  we  not  dispel 
from  it  that  unlovely  gloom,  from  w  hich  our  hearts 
turn  as  from  a  darkness,  that  ensnares,  and  a  horror, 
that  appalls  our  thoughts  ? 

To  many,  nay,  to  most  of  the  heathen,  the  bury- 
ing-place  was  the  end  of  all  things.  They  indulged 
no  hope,  at  least,  no  solid  hope,  of  any  future  inter- 
course or  re-union  with  their  friends.  The  farewell 
at  the  grave  was  a  long,  and  an  everlasting  farewell. 
At  the  moment,  when  they  breathed  it,  it  brought  to 
their  hearts  a  startling  sense  of  their  own  wretched- 


11 

ness.  Yet,  when  the  first  tumults  of  anguish  were 
passed,  they  visited  the  spot,  and  strewed  flowers,  and 
garlands,  and  crowns  around  it,  to  assuage  their  grief, 
and  nourish  their  piety.  They  delighted  to  make  it 
the  abode  of  the  varying  beauties  of  Nature  ;  to  give 
it  attractions,  which  should  invite  the  busy  and  the 
thoughtful ;  and  yet,  at  the  same  time,  afford  ample 
scope  for  the  secret  indulgence  of  sorrow. 

Why  should  not  Christians  imitate  such  examples  ? 
They  have  far  nobler  motives  to  cultivate  moral  sen- 
timents and  sensibilities ;  to  make  cheerful  the  path- 
ways to  the  grave  ;  to  combine  with  deep  meditations 
on  human  mortality  the  sublime  consolations  of  re- 
ligion. We  know,  indeed,  as  they  did  of  old,  that 
"  man  goeth  to  his  long  home,  and  the  mourners  go 
about  the  streets."  But  that  home  is  not  an  ever- 
lasting home  ;  and  the  mourners  may  not  weep  as 
those,  who  are  without  hope.  What  is  the  grave  to 
Us,  but  a  thin  barrier  dividing  Time  from  Eternity, 
and  Earth  from  Heaven  ?  What  is  it  but  "  the  ap- 
pointed place  of  rendezvous,  where  all  the  travellers 
on  life's  journey  meet"  for  a  single  night  of  repose — 

"  'T  is  but  a  night — a  long  and  moonless  night, 
We  make  the  Grave  our  Bed,  and  then  are  gone.' 

Know  we  not 

"  The  time  draws  on 

When  not  a  single  spot  of  burial  earth, 
Whether  on  land,  or  in  the  spacious  sea. 
But  must  give  up  its  long  committed  dust 
Inviolate  ?" — 

Why  then  should  we  darken  with  systematic  caution 
all  the   avenues  to  these  repositories  ?  Why  should 


12 

we  deposit  the  remains  of  our  friends  in  loathsome 
vaults,  or  beneath  the  gloomy  erypts  and  cells  of  our 
churches,  where  the  human  foot  is  never  heard,  save 
when  the  sickly  taper  lights  some  new  guest  to  his 
appointed  apartment,  and  "  lets  fall  a  supernumerary 
horror"  on  the  passing  procession  ?  Why  should  we 
measure  out  a  narrow  portion  of  earth  for  our  grave- 
yards in  the  midst  of  our  cities,  and  heap  the  dead 
upon  each  other  with  a  cold,  calculating  parsimony, 
disturbing  their  ashes,  and  wounding  the  sensibilities 
of  the  living  ?  Why  should  we  expose  our  burying- 
grounds  to  the  broad  glare  of  day,  to  the  unfeeling 
gaze  of  the  idler,  to  the  noisy  press  of  business,  to 
the  discordant  shouts  of  merriment,  or  to  the  baleful 
visitations  of  the  dissolute  ?  Why  should  we  bar  up 
their  approaches  against  real  mourners,  whose  deli- 
cacy would  shrink  from  observation,  but  whose  ten- 
derness would  be  soothed  by  secret  visits  to  the  grave, 
and  holding  converse  there  with  their  departed  joys  ? 
Why  all  this  unnatural  restraint  upon  our  sympathies 
and  sorrows,  which  confines  the  visit  to  the  grave  to 
the  only  time,  in  which  it  must  be  utterly  useless — 
when  the  heart  is  bleeding  with  fresh  anguish,  and  is 
too  weak  to  feel,  and  too  desolate  to  desire  conso- 
lation ? 

It  is  painful  to  reflect,  that  the  Cemeteries  in  our 
cities,  crowded  on  all  sides  by  the  overhanging  hab- 
itations of  the  living,  are  walled  in  only  to  preserve 
them  from  violation.  And  that  in  our  country  to^viis 
they  are  left  in  a  sad,  neglected  state,  exposed  to 
every  sort  of  intrusion,  with  scarcely  a  tree  to  shelter 


13 

their  barrenness,  or  a  shrub  to  spread  a  grateful  shade 
over  the  new-made  hillock. 

These  things  were  not  always  so  among  christians. 
They  are  not  worthy  of  us.  They  are  not  worthy  of 
Christianity  in  our  day.  There  is  much  in  these 
things,  that  casts  a  just  reproach  upon  us  in  the  past. 
There  is  much,  that  demands  for  the  future  a  more 
spiritual  discharge  of  our  duties. 

Our  Cemeteries  rightly  selected,  and  properly  ar- 
ranged, may  be  made  subservient  to  some  of  the  high- 
est purposes  of  religion  and  human  duty.  They  may 
preach  lessons,  to  which  none  may  refuse  to  listen, 
and  which  all,  that  live,  must  hear.  Truths  may 
be  there  felt  and  taught  in  the  silence  of  our  own 
meditations,  more  persuasive,  and  more  enduring, 
than  ever  flowed  from  human  lips.  The  grave 
hath  a  voice  of  eloquence,  nay,  of  superhuman 
eloquence,  which  speaks  at  once  to  the  thoughtless- 
ness of  the  rash,  and  the  devotion  of  the  good  ;  which 
addresses  all  times,  and  all  ages,  and  all  sexes  ;  which 
tells  of  wisdom  to  the  wise,  and  of  comfort  to  the 
afflicted ;  which  warns  us  of  our  follies  and  our 
dangers ;  which  whispers  to  us  in  accents  of  peace, 
and  alarms  us  in  tones  of  terror ;  which  steals  with 
a  healing  balm  into  the  stricken  heart,  and  lifts  up 
and  supports  the  broken  spirit ;  which  awakens  a 
new  enthusiasm  for  virtue,  and  disciplines  us  for  its 
severer  trials  and  duties  ;  which  calls  up  the  images 
of  the  illustrious  dead,  with  an  animating  presence  for 
our  example  and  glory ;  and  which  demands  of  us,  as 
men,  as  patriots,  as  christians,  as  immortals,  that   the 


14 

powers  given  by  God  should  be  devoted  to  his  ser- 
vice, and  the  minds  created  by  his  love,  should  return 
to  him  with  larger  capacities  for  virtuous  enjoyment, 
and  with  more  spiritual  and  intellectual  brightness. 

It  should  not  be  for  the  poor  purpose  of  gratifying 
our  vanity  or  pride,  that  we  should  erect  columns, 
and  obelisks,  and  monuments  to  the  dead ;  but  that 
we  may  read  thereon  much  of  our  own  destiny  and 
duty.  We  know,  that  man  is  the  creature  of  associa- 
tions and  excitements.  Experience  may  instruct, 
but  habit,  and  appetite,  and  passion,  and  imagination, 
will  exercise  a  strong  dominion  over  him.  These  are 
the  Fates,  which  weave  the  thread  of  his  character, 
and  unravel  the  mysteries  of  his  conduct.  The  truth, 
which  strikes  home,  must  not  only  have  the  approba- 
tion of  his  reason,  but  it  must  be  embodied  in  a  visi- 
ble, tangible,  practical  form.  It  must  be  felt,  as  well 
as  seen.     It  must  w^arm,  as  well  as  convince. 

It  was  a  saying  of  Themistocles,  that  the  trophies 
of  Miltiades  would  not  suffer  him  to  sleep.  The  feel- 
ing, thus  expressed,  has  a  deep  foundation  in  the  hu- 
man mind  ;  and,  as  it  is  well  or  ill  directed,  it  will 
cover  us  with  shame,  or  exalt  us  to  glory.  The  deeds 
of  the  great  attract  but  a  cold  and  listless  admiration, 
when  they  pass  in  historical  order  before  us  like  mov- 
ing shadows.  It  is  the  trophy  and  the  monument, 
which  invest  them  w  ith  a  substance  of  local  reality. 
Who,  that  has  stood  by  the  tomb  of  Washington  on 
the  quiet  Potomac,  has  not  felt  his  heart  more  pure, 
his  wishes  more  aspiring,  his  gratitude  more  wai'm, 
and  his  love  of  country  touched  by  a  holier  flame  ? 


15 

Who,  that  should  see  erected  in  shades,  like  these, 
even  a  cenotaph  to  the  memory  of  a  man,  like  Buck- 
minster,  that  prodigy  of  early  genius,  would  not  feel, 
that  there  is  an  excellence  over  which  death  hath  no 
power,  but  which  lives  on  through  all  time,  still  fresh- 
ening with  the  lapse  of  ages. 

But  passing  from  those,  who  by  their  talents  and 
virtues  have  shed  lustre  on  the  annals  of  mankind,  to 
cases  of  mere  private  bereavement,  who,  that  should 
deposit  in  shades,  like  these,  the  remains  of  a  beloved 
friend,  would  not  feel  a  secret  pleasure  in  the  thought, 
that  the  simple  inscription  to  his  worth  would  receive 
the  passing  tribute  of  a  sigh  from  thousands  of  kin- 
dred hearts  ?  That  the  stranger  and  the  traveller 
would  linger  on  the  spot  w  ith  a  feeling  of  reverence  ? 
That  they,  the  very  mourners  themselves,  when  they 
should  revisit  it,  would  find  there  the  verdant  sod, 
and  the  fragrant  flower,  and  the  breezy  shade  ?  That 
they  might  there,  unseen,  except  of  God,  ojfifer  up 
their  prayers,  or  indulge  the  luxury  of  grief?  That 
they  might  there  realize,  in  its  full  force,  the  affect- 
ing beatitude  of  the  scriptures  ;  "  Blessed  are  they 
that  mourn,  for  they  shall  be  comforted  ?" 

Surely,  surely,  we  have  not  done  all  our  duty,  if 
there  yet  remains  a  single  incentive  to  human  virtue, 
without  its  due  play  in  the  action  of  life,  or  a  single 
stream  of  happiness,  which  has  not  been  made  to 
flow  in  upon  the  waters  of  affliction. 

Considerations,  like  those,  which  have  teen  sug- 
gested, have  for  a  long  time  turned  the  thoughts  of 
many  distinguished  citizens  to  the  importance  of  some 


16 

more  appropriate  places  of  sepulture.  There  is  a 
growing  sense  in  the  community  of  the  inconvenien- 
ces, and  painful  associations,  not  to  speak  of  the  un- 
healthiness  of  interments,  beneath  our  churches.  The 
tide,  which  is  flowing  with  such  a  steady  and  widen- 
ing current  into  the  narrow  peninsula  of  our  Metrop- 
olis, not  only  forbids  the  enlargement  of  the  common 
limits,  but  admonishes  us  of  the  increasing  dangers 
to  the  ashes  of  the  dead  from  its  disturbing  move- 
ments. Already  in  other  cities,  the  church-yards  are 
closing  against  the  admission  of  new  incumbents,  and 
begin  to  exhibit  the  sad  spectacle  of  promiscuous 
ruins  and  intermingled  graves. 

We  are,  therefore,  but  anticipating  at  the  present 
moment,  the  desires,  nay  the  necessities  of  the  next 
generation.  We  are  but  exercising  a  decent  anxiety 
to  secure  an  inviolable  home  for  ourselves  and  our 
posterity.  We  are  but  inviting  our  children  and  their 
descendants,  to  what  the  Moravian  Brothers  have, 
with  such  exquisite  propriety,  designated  as  "  the 
Field  of  Peace." 

A  rural  Cemetery  seems  to  combine  in  itself  all  the 
advantages,  which  can  be  proposed  to  gratify  human 
feelings,  or  tranquillize  human  fears  ;  to  secure  the 
best  religious  influences,  and  to  cherish  all  those  as- 
sociations, which  cast  a  cheerful  light  over  the  dark- 
ness of  the  grave. 

And  what  spot  can  be  more  appropriate  than  this, 
for  such  a  purpose  ?  Nature  seems  to  point  it  out 
with  significant  energy,  as  the  favorite  retirement  for 
the  dead.     There  are  around  us  all   the  varied  fea- 


17 

tures  of  her  beauty  and  grandeur — the  forest-crowned 
height ;  the  abrupt  acclivity  ;  the  sheltered  valley  ; 
the  deep  glen ;  the  grassy  glade ;  and  the  silent 
grove.  Here  are  the  lofty  oak,  the  beech,  that 
"  wreathes  its  old  fantastic  roots  so  high,"  the  rust- 
ling pine,  and  the  drooping  willow ; — the  tree,  that 
sheds  its  pale  leaves  with  every  autumn,  a  fit  emblem 
of  our  own  transitory  bloom  ;  and  the  evergreen,  with 
its  perennial  shoots,  instructing  us,  that  "  the  wintry 
blast  of  death  kills  not  the  buds  of  virtue."  Here  is 
the  thick  shrubbery  to  protect  and  conceal  the  new- 
made  grave  ;  and  there  is  the  wild-flower  creeping 
along  the  narrow  path,  and  planting  its  seeds  in  the 
upturned  earth.  All  around  us  there  breathes  a 
solemn  calm,  as  if  we  were  in  the  bosom  of  a  wil- 
derness, broken  only  by  the  breeze  as  it  murmurs 
through  the  tops  of  the  forest,  or  by  the  notes  of  the 
warbler  pouring  forth  his  matin  or  his  evening  song. 
Ascend  but  a  few  steps,  and  what  a  change  of 
scenery  to  surprise  and  delight  us.  We  seem,  as  it 
were  in  an  instant,  to  pass  from  the  confines  of  death, 
to  the  bright  and  balmy  regions  of  life.  Below  us 
flows  the  winding  Charles  with  its  rippling  current, 
like  the  stream  of  time  hastening  to  the  ocean  of 
eternity.  In  the  distance,  the  City, — at  once  the  ob- 
ject of  our  admiration  and  our  love, — rears  its  proud 
eminences,  its  glittering  spires,  its  lofty  towers,  its 
graceful  mansions,  its  curling  smoke,  its  crowded 
haunts  of  business  and  pleasure,  which  speak  to  the 
eye,  and  yet  leave  a  noiseless  loneliness  on  the  ear. 
Again  we  turn,  and  the  wails  of  our  venerable  Uni- 
3 


18 

versitj  rise  before  us,  with  many  a  recollection  of 
happy  days  passed  there  in  the  interchange  of  study 
and  friendship,  and  many  a  grateful  thought  of  the 
affluence  of  its  learning,  which  has  adorned  and  nour- 
ished the  literature  of  our  country.  Again  we  turn, 
and  the  cultivated  farm,  the  neat  cottage,  the  village 
church,  the  sparkling  lake,  the  rich  valley,  and  the 
distant  hills,  are  before  us  through  opening  vistas ; 
and  we  breathe  amidst  the  fresh  and  varied  labors  of 
man. 

There  is,  therefore,  within  our  reach,  every  variety 
of  natural  and  artificial  scenery,  which  is  fitted  to 
awaken  emotions  of  the  highest  and  most  affecting 
character.  We  stand,  as  it  were,  upon  the  borders 
of  two  worlds  ;  and  as  the  mood  of  our  minds  may 
be,  we  may  gather  lessons  of  profound  wisdom  by 
contrasting  the  one  with  the  other,  or  indulge  in  the 
dreams  of  hope  and  ambition,  or  solace  our  hearts  by 
melancholy  meditations. 

Who  is  there,  that  in  the  contemplation  of  such  a 
scene,  is  not  ready  to  exclaim  with  the  enthusiasm  of 
the  Poet, 

"  Mine  be  the  breezy  hill,  that  skirts  the  down, 
Where  a  green,  grassy  turf  is  all  I  crave. 

With  here  and  there  a  violet  bestrown, 

Fast  by  a  brook,  or  fountain's  murmuring  wave. 

And  many  an  evening  sun  shine  sweetly  on  my  grave  ?" 

And  we  are  met  here  to  consecrate  this  spot,  by 
these  solemn  ceremonies,  to  such  a  purpose.  The 
Legislature  of  this  Commonwealth,  with  a  parental 
foresight  has  clothed  the  Horticultural  Society  with 
authority  (if  I  may  use  its  own  language)  to  make 


19 

a  perpetual  dedication  of  it,  as  a  Rural  Cemetery  or 
Burying-Ground,  and  to  plant  and  embellish  it  with 
shrubbery,  and  flowers,  and  trees,  and  walks,  and 
other  rural  ornaments.  And  I  stand  here  by  the  or- 
der and  in  behalf  of  this  Society,  to  declare  that,  by 
these  services,  it  is  to  be  deemed  henceforth  and  for- 
ever so  dedicated.  Mount  Auburn,  in  the  noblest 
sense,  belongs  no  longer  to  the  living,  but  to  the 
dead.  It  is  a  sacred,  it  is  an  eternal  trust.  It  is 
consecrated  ground.  May  it  remain  forever  invio- 
late! 

What  a  multitude  of  thoughts  crowd  upon  the 
mind  in  the  contemplation  of  such  a  scene.  How 
much  of  the  future,  even  in  its  far  distant  reaches, 
rises  before  us  with  all  its  persuasive  realities.  Take 
but  one  little  narrow  space  of  time,  and  how  affecting 
are  its  associations  !  Within  the  flight  of  one  half 
century,  how  many  of  the  great,  the  good,  and  the 
wise,  will  be  gathered  here  !  How  many  in  the  love- 
liness of  infancy,  the  beauty  of  youth,  the  vigor  of 
manhood,  and  the  maturity  of  age,  will  lie  down  here, 
and  dwell  in  the  bosom  of  their  mother  earth  !  The 
rich  and  the  poor,  the  gay  and  the  wretched,  the  fa- 
vorites of  thousands,  and  the  forsaken  of  the  world, 
the  stranger  in  his  solitary  grave,  and  the  patriarch 
surrounded  by  the  kindred  of  a  long  lineage  !  How 
many  will  here  bury  their  brightest  hopes,  or  blasted 
expectations  !  How  many  bitter  tears  will  here  be 
shed  !  How  many  agonizing  sighs  will  here  be  heav- 
ed !     How  many  trembling  feet  will  cross  the  path- 


20 

ways,  and  returning,  leave  behind  them  the  dearest 
objects  of  their  reverence  or  their  love  ! 

And  if  this  were  all,  sad  indeed,  and  funereal  would 
be  our  thoughts  ;  gloomy,  indeed,  would  be  these 
shades,  and  desolate  these  prospects. 

But — thanks  be  to  God — the  evils,  which  he  per- 
mits, have  their  attendant  mercies,  and  are  blessings 
in  disguise.  The  bruised  reed  will  not  be  laid  utterly 
prostrate.  The  wounded  heart  will  not  always  bleed. 
The  voice  of  consolation  will  spring  up  in  the  midst 
of  the  silence  of  these  regions  of  death.  The  mourner 
will  revisit  these  shades  with  a  secret,  though  melan- 
choly pleasure.  The  hand  of  friendship  will  delight 
to  cherish  the  flowers,  and  the  shrubs,  that  fringe  the 
lowly  grave,  or  the  sculptured  monument.  The  ear- 
Jiest  beaina  of_the  inorning  will  play  upon  these  sum- 
mits with  a  refreshing  cheerfulness  ;  and  the  lingering 
tints  of  evening  hover  on  them  with  a  tranquilizing 
glow-  Spring  will  invite  thither  the  footsteps  of  the 
young  by  its  opening  foliage  ;  and  Autumn  detain  the 
contemplative  by  its  latest  bloom.  The  votary  of 
learning  and  science  will  here  learn  to  elevate  his 
genius  by  the  holiest  studies.  The  devout  will  here 
offer  up  the  silent  tribute  of  pity,  or  the  prayer  of 
gratitude.  The  rivalries  of  the  world  will  here  drop 
from  the  heart ;  the  spirit  of  forgiveness  will  gather 
new  impulses ;  the  selfishness  of  avarice  will  be 
checked ;  [the  restlessness  of  ambition  will  be  re- 
buked ;  vanity  will  let  fall  its  plumes ;  and  pride, 
as  it  sees  "  what  shadows  we  are,  and  what  shadows 


21 

we  pursue,"  will  acknowledge  the  value  of  virtue  as 
far,  immeasurably  far,  beyond  that  of  fame. 

But  that,  which  will  be  ever  present,  pervading 
these  shades,  like  the  noon-day  sun,  and  shedding 
cheerfulness  around,  is  the  consciousness,  the  irrepres- 
sible consciousness,  amidst  all  these  lessons  of  human 
mortality,  of  the  higher  truth,  that  we  are  beings,  not 
of  time  but  of  eternity — "  That  this  corruptible  must 
put  on  incorruption,  and  this  mortal  must  put  on  im- 
mortality." That  this  is  but  the  threshold  and  start- 
ing point  of  an  existence,  compared  with  whose  dura- 
tion the  ocean  is  but  as  a  drop,  nay  the  whole  crea- 
tion an  evanescent  quantity. 

Let  us  banish,  then,  the  thought,  that  this  is  to  be 
the  abode  of  a  gloom,  which  will  haunt  the  imagina- 
tion by  its  terrors,  or  chill  the  heart  by  its  solitude. 
Let  us  cultivate  feelings  and  sentiments  more  worthy 
of  ourselves,  and  more  worthy  of  Christianity.  Here 
let  us  erect  the  memorials  of  our  love,  and  our  grati- 
tude, and  our  glory.  Here  let  the  brave  repose,  who 
have  died  in  the  cause  of  their  country.  Here  let  the 
statesman  rest,  who  has  achieved  the  victories  of 
peace,  not  less  renowned  than  war.  Here  let  genius 
find  a  home,  that  has  sung  immortal  strains,  or  has 
instructed  with  still  diviner  eloquence.  Here  let 
learning  and  science,  the  votaries  of  inventive  art, 
and  the  teacher  of  the  philosophy  of  nature  come. 
Here  let  youth  and  beauty,  blighted  by  premature 
decay,  drop,  like  tender  blossoms,  into  the  virgin 
earth ;  and  here  let  age  retire,  ripened  for  the  har- 


22 

vest.  Above  all,  here  let  the  benefactors  of  mankmd, 
the  good,  the  merciful,  the  meek,  the  pure  in  heart, 
be  congregated ;  for  to  them  belongs  an  undying 
praise.  And  let  us  take  comfort,  nay,  let  us  rejoice, 
that  in  future  ages,  long  after  we  are  gathered  to  the 
generations  of  other  days,  thousands  of  kindling  hearts 
w^ill  here  repeat  the  sublime  declaration,  "  Blessed 
are  the  dead,  that  die  in  the  Lord,  for  they  rest  from 
their  labors  ;  and  their  works  do  follow  them." 


APPENDIX. 

BY    ORDER   OF    THE   COMMITTEE. 

The  recent  purchase  and  disposition  of  the  grounds  at  Mount 
Auburn,  has  effected  the  consummation  of  two  designs,  which  for 
a  considerable  time  have  been  cherished  by  numerous  members 
of  the  community,  in  the  city  of  Boston,  and  its  vicinity.  One 
of  these,  is  the  institution  of  a  Garden  for  the  promotion  of  Scien- 
tific Horticuhure  ; — the  other,  the  establishment,  in  the  environs 
of  the  city,  of  a  retired  and  ornamented  place  of  Sepulture. 

Six  or  seven  years  ago,  meetings  were  held,  and  measures 
taken,  to  carry  into  effect  the  plan  of  a  private  rural  Cemetery, 
But  although  there  appeared  to  be  no  want  of  interest  in  the  de* 
sign,  and  of  numbers  sufficient  to  effect  its  execution,  yet  the 
scheme  was  suspended,  from  the  difficulty  of  obtaining,  at  that 
time,  a  lot  of  land  in  all  respects  eligible  for  the  purpose. 

After  the  establishment  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society,  in  1829,  it  occurred  to  some  of  its  members,  that  a  Ceme- 
tery of  the  character  which  had  been  desired,  might  with  great 
propriety  be  instituted  under  the  auspices  of  this  new  Society, 
and  that  by  a  union  of  the  interests  of  each  institution,  the  suc- 
cess and  permanency  of  tlieir  objects  might  be  reciprocally  pro- 
moted Upon  a  notification  signed  by  Dr.  J.  Bigelow  and  John 
C.  Gray,  Esq.  a  meeting  of  gentlemen  was  held  at  the  Exchange 
Coffee  House,  November  27, 1830,  for  the  general  consideration  of 
the  subject.  At  this  meeting  it  was  announced  that  a  tract  of  ground, 
of  about  seventy  acres,  at  the  place  then  called  Sweet  Auburn, 
raid  owned  by  G.  W.  Brimmer,  Esq.,  would  be  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Society.  A  committee  was  appointed  at  a  cotem- 
poraneous  meeting  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  to  consider  the 
expediency  of  making  this  purchase,  and  to  devise  measures  for 
forwarding  the  design  of  a  rural  Cemetery  and  experimental  Gar- 
den. This  committee  afterwards  obtained  leave  to  fill  their  own 
vacancies,  and  to  enlarge  their  number  by  the  addition  of  persons 
not  members  of  the  Horticultural  Society.  A  report  in  behalf  of 
this  committee  was  afterwards  made  by  Gen.  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn, 
President  of  the  Society,  and  published  in  the  newspapers,  in 
which  an  extensive  and  able  exposition  was  made  of  the  advan- 
tages of  the  undertaking. 

At  a  meeting  of  persons  favorably  disposed  towards  the  design, 
held  at  the  Horticultural  Rooms,  June  Sth,  1831,  a  strong  and 
general  wish  was  manifested  for  the  immediate  prosecution  of  tlie 
undertaking.  A  committee  of  twenty  was  chosen  to  consider 
and  report  upon  a  general   plan  of  proceedings.     The  following 


24 

gentlemen  constituted  this  committee  : — Messrs.  Joseph  Story, 
Daniel  Webster,  Henry  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Samuel  Appleton, 
Charles  Lowell,  Jacob  Bigelow,  Edward  Everett,  George  Bond, 
George  W.  Brimmer,  Abbot  Lawrence,  James  T.  Austin,  Frank- 
lin Dexter,  Alexander  H.  Everett,  Charles  P.  Curtis,  Joseph  P. 
Bradlee,  John  Pierpont,  Zebedee  Cook,  jr.,  Charles  Tappan, 
Lucius  M.  Sargent,  and  George  W.  Pratt.  This  committee  sub- 
sequently offered  the  following  Report,  which  was  accepted,  and 
made  the  basis  of  subscription  for  those  who  might  become 
proprietors. 

The  Committee  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  to  whom  was  referred  the 
method  of  raising  subscriptions  for  the  Experimental  Garden  and  Ceme- 
tery, beg  leave  to  Report  : — 

1.  That  it  is  expedient  to  purchase  for  a  Garden  and  Cemetery,  a  tract 
of  land,  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Sweet  Auburn,  near  the  road 
leading  from  Cambridge  to  Watertown,  containing  about  seventy-two  acres, 
for  the  sum  of  six  thousand  dollars  ;  provided  this  sum  can  be  raised  in  the 
manner  proposed  in  the  second  article  of  this  Report. 

2.  That  a  subscription  be  opened  for  lots  of  ground  in  the  said  tract,  con- 
taining not  less  than  two  hundred  square  feet  each,  at  the  price  of  sixty 
dollars  for  each  lot, — the  subscription  not  to  be  binding  until  one  hundred 
lots  are  subscribed  for. 

3.  That  when  a  hundred  or  more  lots  are  taken,  the  right  of  choice  shall 
be  disposed  of  at  an  auction,  of  which  seasonable  notice  shall  be  given  to 
the  subscribers. 

4.  That  those  subscribers,  v/ho  do  not  offer  a  premium  for  the  right  of 
choosing,  shall  have  their  lots  assigned  to  them  by  lot. 

5.  That  the  fee  of  the  land  shall  be  vested  in  the  Massachusetts  Horti- 
cultural Society,  but  that  the  use  of  the  lots,  agreeably  to  an  act  of  the 
Legislature,  respecting  the  same,  shall  be  secured  to  the  subscribers,  their 
heirs,  and  assigns,  forever. 

C.  That  the  land  devoted  to  the  purpose  of  a  Cemetery  shall  contain  not 
less  than  forty  acres. 

7.  That  every  subscriber,  upon  paying  for  his  lot,  shall  become  a  mem- 
ber for  life,  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  without  being  sub- 
ject to  assessments. 

8.  That  a  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee,  of  nine  persons,  shall  be 
chosen  annually,  first  by  the  subscribers,  and  afterwards  by  the  Horticultu- 
ral Society,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  cause  the  necessary  surveys  and  al- 
lotments to  be  made,  to  assign  a  suitable  tract  of  land  for  the  Garden  of  the 
Society,  and  to  direct  all  matters  appertaining  to  the  regulation  of  the  Gar- 
den and  Cemetery  ;  and  five  at  least  of  tliis  Committee  shall  be  persons 
having  rights  in  the  Cemetry. 

'J.  That  the  establishment,  including  the  Garden  and  Cemetery,  be  called 
by  a  definite  name,  to  be  supplied  by  the  Committee. 

The  protection  of  the  Legislature  of  the  Commonwealth,  being 
considered  indispensable,  the  following  Act,  was  applied  for  and 
obtained. 

COMMONWEALTH  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 
In  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thmisimd  einht  hundred  and  thirty-one. 
An  Act,  in  addition  to  an  Act.  entitled  "  An  Act  to  incorporate  the  Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural  Society." 
Section  L     Beit  enacted  by   the  Sciui'e  and  House   of  Representatives,  in 
General  Court  assembled,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  the  Massa- 


25 

cliusetts  Horticultural  Society  be,  and  hereby  are.  authorised,  in  addition 
to  the  powers  already  conferred  on  them,  to  dedicate  and  appropriate  any 
part  of  the  real  estate  now  owned  or  hereafter  to  be  purchased  by  them,  as 
and  for  a  Rural  Cemetery  or  Burying  Ground,  and  for  the  erection  of 
Tombs,  Cenotaphs,  or  other  Monuments,  for,  or  in  memory  of  the  dead  ; 
and  for  this  purpose,  to  lay  out  the  same  in  suitable  lots  or  other  subdi- 
visions, for  family,  and  other  Jjurying  places;  and  to  plant  and  embellish  the 
same  with  shrubbery,  flowers,  trees,  walks,  and  other  rural  ornaments,  and 
to  enclose  and  divide  the  same  witli  proper  walls  and  enclosures,  and  to 
make  and  annex  thereto  other  suitable  appendages  and  conveniences,  as  the 
Society  shall  from  time  to  time  deem  expedient.  And  whenever  the  said 
Society  shall  so  lay  out  and  appropriate  any  of  their  real  estate  for  a  Ceme- 
tery or  Burying  Ground,  as  aforesaid,  the  same  shall  be  deemed  a  perpetual 
dedication  thereof  for  the  purposes  aforesaid  ;  and  the  real  estate  so  dedi- 
cated shall  be  forever  held  by  the  said  Society,  in  trust  for  such  purposes, 
and  for  none  other.  And  the  said  Society,  shall  have  authority  to  grant 
and  convey  to  any  person  or  persons,  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  of  burial, 
and  of  erecting  Tombs,  Cenotaphs,  and  other  Monuments,  in  any  such  de- 
signated lots  and  subdivisions,  upon  such  terms  and  conditions,  and  sub- 
ject to  such  regulations  as  the  said  Society  shall  by  their  by-laws  and  regu- 
lations prescribe.  And  every  right  so  granted  and  conveyed  shall  be  held 
for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  and  for  none  other,  as  real  estate,  by  the  pro- 
prietor or  proprietors  thereof,  and  shall  not  be  subject  to  attachment  or 
execution. 

Section  II.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purposes  of  this  Act,  the 
said  Society  shall  be,  and  hereby  are  authorised  to  purchase  and  hold  any 
real  estate  not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars  in  value,  in  addition  to  the 
real  estate  which  they  are  now  by  law  authorised  to  purchase  and  hold. 
And  to  enable  the  said  Society  more  effectually  to  carry  the  plan  aforesaid 
into  effect,  and  to  provide  funds  for  the  same,  the  said  Society  shall 
be,  and  hereby  are,  authorised  to  open  subscription  books,  upon  such 
terms,  condition*,  and  regulations  as  the  said  Society  shall  prescribe, 
which  shall  be  deemed  fundamental  and  perpetual  articles,  between  the 
said  Society,  and  the  subscribers.  And  every  person,  who  shall  become 
a  subscriber  in  conformity  thereto,  shall  be  deemed  a  member  for  life  of  the 
said  Society  without  the  payment  of  any  other  assessment  whatsoever  ;  and 
shall  moreover  be  entitled,  in  fee  simple,  to  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  of 
using,  as  a  place  of  burial,  and  of  erecting  Tombs,  Cenotaphs,  and  other 
Monuments  in  such  lot  or  subdivision  of  such  Cemetery  or  Burying  Ground, 
as  shall  in  conformity  to  such  fundamental  articles  be  assigned  to  him. 

Section  III.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  President  of  said  Society 
shall  have  authority  to  call  any  special  meeting  or  meetings  of  the  said  So- 
ciety, at  such  time  and  place  as  he  shall  direct,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
into  effect  any  or  all  the  purposes  of  this  Act,  or  any  other  purposes  within 
the  purview  of  the  original  Act,  to  which  this  Act  is  in  addition. 

In  House  of  Representatives,  June  22d,  1831.     Passed  to  be  enacted. 

WILLIAM  B.  CALHOUN,  Speaker. 

In  Senate,  June  23d,  1831.      Passed  to  be  enacted. 

LEVERETT  SALTONSTALL,  President. 

June  23d,  1831.  Approved. 

LEVI  LINCOLN. 
A  true  Copy. 

.Attest,  EDWARD  D.  BANGS, 

Secretary  of  Commonwealth. 


26 

At  a  meeting  of  subscribers,  called  August  3d,  1831,  it  ap- 
peared that  one  hundred  lots  in  the  Cemetery,  had  at  that  time 
been  taken  by  subscription  ;  and  that,  therefore,  agreeably  to  the 
terms,  the  subscription  had  become  obligatory.  The  following 
gentlemen  were  then  chosen  to  constitute  the  Garden  and  Ceme- 
tery Committee  : — Messrs.  Joseph  Story,  Henry  A.  S.  Dearborn, 
Jacob  Bigelow,  Edward  Everett,  George  W.  Brimmer,  George 
Bond,  Charles  Wells,  Benjamin  A.  Gould,  and  George  W.  Pratt. 
At  the  same  time  it  was  resolved  that  a  public  religious  consecra- 
tion should  be  held  upon  the  grounds,  and  the  following  gentle- 
men were  appointed  a  committee  to  make  arrangements  for  that 
purpose  : — Messrs.  Joseph  Story,  Henry  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Charles 
P.  Curtis,  Charles  Lowell,  Zebedee  Cook,  jr.,  Joseph  T. 
Buckingham,  George  W.  Brimmer,  George  W.  Pratt,  and  Z.  B. 
Adams. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Garden  and  Cemetery  Committee,  August 
8th,  it  was  voted  that  General  Dearborn,  Dr.  Bigelow,  and  Mr. 
Brimmer,  be  a  sub-committee  to  procure  an  accurate  topographi- 
cal survey  of  Mount  Auburn,  and  to  report  a  plan  for  laying  it 
out  into  lots.  This  sub-committee  engaged  the  services  of  Mr. 
Alexander  Wadworth,  Civil  Engineer,  with  whose  assistance  they 
have  now  completed  the  duty  assigned  to  them. 

The  public  religious  consecration  of  the  Cemetery,  took  place 
on  Saturday,  September  24th,  1831.  A  temporary  amphitheatre 
was  fitted  up  with  seats,  in  one  of  the  deep  vallies  of  the  wood, 
having  a  platform  for  the  speakers  erected  at  the  bottom.  An 
audience  of  nearly  two  thousand  persons  were  seated  among  the 
trees,  adding  a  scene  of  picturesque  beauty  to  the  impressive 
solemnity  of  the  occasion.  The  order  of  performances  was  as 
follows  : — 

1.  Instrumental  Music,  by  the  Boston  Band. 

2.  Introductory  Prayer,  by  Rev.  Dr.  Ware. 

3.   HYMN, 
Written  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Pierpont. 

To  thee,  O  God.  in  humble  trust, 

Our  hearts  their  cheerful  incense  burn, 
For  this  thy  word,  "  Thou  art  of  dust, 

And  unto  dust  shalt  thou  return." 

For,  what  were  life,  life's  work  all  done. 
The  hopes,  joys,  loves,  that  cling  to  clay, 

All,  all  departed,  one  by  one. 

And  yet  life's  load  borne  on  for  aye  ! 

Decay  !  Decay  !   'tis  stamped  on  all  ! 

All  bloom,  in  flower  and  flesh  shall  fade; 
Ye  whispering  trees,  when  we  shall  fall, 

Be  otir  long  sleep  beneath  your  shade  ! 


27 

Here  to  thy  bosom,  mother  Earth. 

Take  back,  in  peace,  what  thou  hast  given  ; 
And  all  that  is  of  heavenly  birth, 

O  God,  in  peace,  recall  to  Heaven  ! 

4.  ADDRESS, 
BY  THE  Hon.  Joseph  Story. 
5.  Concluding  Prayer,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Pierpont. 
6.  Music  by  the  Band. 

The  following  account  of  the  scene  is  taken  from  the  Boston 
Courier  of  the  time. 

An  unclouded  sun  and  an  atmosphere  purified  by  the  showers  of  the 
preceding  night,  combined  to  make  the  day  one  of  the  most  delightful  we 
ever  experience  at  this  season  of  the  year.  It  is  unnecessary  for  us  to  say 
that  the  address  by  Judge  Story  was  pertinent  to  the  occasion,  for  if  the 
name  of  the  orator  were  not  sufficient,  the  perfect  silence  of  the  multitude, 
enabling  him  to  be  heard  with  distinctness  at  the  most  distant  part  of  the 
beautiful  ampjiitheatre  in  which  the  services  were  pert'ormed,  will  be  suffi- 
cient testimony  as  to  its  worth  and  beauty.  Neither  is  it  in  our  power  to 
furnish  any  adeqiiate  description  of  the  effijct  produced  by  the  music  of  the 
thousand  voices  which  joined  in  the  hymn,  as  it  swelled  in  chastened 
melody  from  the  bottom  of  the  glen,  and,  like  the  spirit  of  devotion,  found 
an  echo  in  every  heart,  and  pervaded  the  whole  scene. 

The  tiatural  features  of  Mount  Auburn  are  incomparable  for  the  purpose 
to  which  it  is  now  sacred.  There  is  not  in  all  the  untrodden  vallies  of  the 
West,  a  more  secluded,  more  natural  or  appropriate  spot  for  the  religious 
exercises  of  the  living ;  we  may  be  allowed  to  add  our  doubts  whether  the 
most  opulent  neighborhood  of  Europe  furnishes  a  spot  so  singularly  appro- 
priate for  a  "  Garden  of  Graves." 

In  the  course  of  a  few  years,  wlien  the  hand  of  Taste  shall  have  passed 
over  the  luxuriance  of  Nature,  we  may  challenge  the  rivalry  of  the  world  to 
produce  another  such  abiding  place  for  the  spirit  of  beauty.  Mount  Auburn 
has  been  but  little  known  to  the  citizens  of  Boston  ;  but  it  li-as  now  become 
holy  ground,  and 

Sweet  Auburn,  loveliest  village  of  Mie  plain, 
— a  village  of  the  quick  and  the  silent,  wliere  Nature  throws  an  air  of  cheer- 
fulness over  the  labors  of  Death, — will  soon  be  a  place  of  more  general  re- 
sort, both  for  ourselves  and  for  strangers,  than  any  other  spot  in  the  vicinit}''. 
Where  else  shall  we  go  with  the  musings  of  Sadness,  or  for  the  indulgence 
of  Grief;  where  to  cool  the  burning  brow  of  Ambition,  or  relieve  the 
swelling  heart  of  Disappointment  .''  We  can  find  no  better  spot,  for  the 
rambles  of  curiosity,  health  or  pleasure  ;  none  sweeter,  for  the  whispers  of 
affection  among  the  living  ;  none  lovelier,  for  the  last  rest  of  our  kindred. 


The  tract  of  land  which  has  received  the  name  of  Mount 
Auburn,  is  situated  on  the  southerly  side  of  the  main  road  leading 
from  Cambridge  to  Watertown,  and  is  partly  witliin  the  limits  of 
each  of  those  towns.  Its  distance  from  Boston  is  about  four 
miles.  The  place  was  formerly  known  by  the  name  of  Stone's 
Woods,  the  title  to  most  of  the  land  having  remained  in  the 
family  of  Stone,  from  an  early  period  after  the  settlement  of 
the  country.  Within  a  few  years,  the  hill  and  part  of  the  wood- 
land were  offered  for  sale,  and  were  purchased  by  George  W. 


28 

Brimmer,  Esq.,  wliose  object  was  to  prevent  the  destruction  of 
the  trees,  and  to  preserve  so  beautiful  a  spot  for  some  public,  or 
appropriate  use.  The  purchase  which  has  now  been  made  by  the 
liorticultural  Society,  includes  between  seventy  and  eighty  acres, 
extending  from  the  road,  nearly  to  the  banks  of  Charles  river.  A 
portion  of  the  land  situated  next  to  the  road,  and  now  under  cul- 
tivation, is  intended  to  constitute  the  Experimental  Garden  of  the 
Horticultural  Society.  A  long  water-course  extending  between 
this  tract  and  the  interior  w^oodland,  forms  a  natural  boundary, 
separating  the  two  sections.  The  inner  portion,  which  is  set 
apart  for  the  purposes  of  a  Cemetery,  is  covered,  throughout 
most  of  its  extent  with  a  vigorans  growth  of  forest  trees,  many 
of  them  of  large  size,  and  comprising  an  unusual  variety  of 
kinds.  This  tract  is  beautifully  undulating  in  its  surface,  con- 
taining a  number  of  bold  eminences,  steep  acclivities,  and  deep 
shadowy  vallies.  A  remarkable  natural  ridge  with  a  level  surface 
runs  through  the  ground  from  south-east  to  north-west  and  has  for 
many  years  been  known  as  a  secluded  and  favorite  walk.  The 
principal  eminence,  called  Mount  Auburn  in  the  plan,  is  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  above  the  level  of  Charles  river,  and 
commands  from  its  summit  one  of  the  finest  prospects  which  can 
be  obtained  in  the  environs  of  Boston.  On  one  side  is  the  city 
in  full  view,  connected  at  its  extremities  with  Chailestown  and 
Roxbury.  The  serpentine  course  of  Charles  river,  with  the  cul- 
tivated hills  and  fields  rising  beyond  it,  and  having  the  Blue 
Hills  of  Milton  in  the  distance,  occupies  another  portion  of  the 
landscape.  The  village  of  Cambridge,  with  the  venerable  edifi- 
ces of  Harvard  University,  are  situated  about  a  mile  to  the  east- 
ward. On  the  north,  at  a  very  small  distance.  Fresh  Pond  ap- 
pears, a  handsome  sheet  of  water,  finely  diversified  by  its  woody 
and  irregular  shores.  Country  seats  and  cottages  seen  in  various 
directions,  and  especially  those  on  the  elevated  land  at  Water- 
town,  add  much  to  the  picturesque  effect  of  the  scene.  It  is 
proposed  to  erect  on  the  summit  of  Mount  Auburn,  a  Tower, 
after  some  classic  model,  of  sufficient  height  to  rise  above  the 
tops  of  the  surrounding  trees.  This  will  serve  the  double  pur- 
pose of  a  landmark  to  identify  the  spot  from  a  distance,  and  of  an 
observatory  commanding  an  uninterrupted  view  of  the  coun- 
try around  it.  From  the  foot  of  this  monument  will  be  seen  in 
detail  the  features  of  the  landscape,  as  they  are  successively  pre- 
sented through  the  different  vistas  which  have  been  opened  among 
the  trees ;  while  'from  its  summit,  a  magnificent  and  unbroken 
panorama,  embracing  one  of  the  most  delightful  tracts  in  New- 
England,  will  be  spread  out  beneath  the  eye.  Not  only  the  con- 
tiguous country,  but  the  harbor  and  the  bay  of  Boston,  with  their 
ships  and  islands,  and,  in  a  clear  atmosphere,   the  distant  moun- 


29 

tains  of  Wachusett,  and  probably,  even  of  Monadnock,  will  be 
comprehended  within  the  range  of  vision. 

The  grounds  of  the  Cemetery  have  been  laid  out  with  inter- 
secting avenues,  so  as  to  render  every  part  of  the  wood  accessi- 
ble. These  avenues  are  curved  and  variously  winding  in  their 
course,  so  as  to  be  adapted  to  the  natural  inequalities  of  the  sur- 
face. By  this  arrangement,  the  greatest  economy  of  the  land  is 
produced,  combining  at  the  same  time  the  picturesque  effect  of 
landscape  gardening.  Over  the  more  level  portions,  the  avenues 
are  made  twenty  feet  wide,  and  are  suitable  for  carriage  roads. 
The  more  broken  and  precipitous  parts  are  approached  by  foot- 
paths, which  are  six  feet  in  v.idth.  These  passage-ways  are  to  be 
smoothly  gravelled,  and  planted  on  both  sides  with  flowers  and 
ornamental  shrubs.  Lots  of  ground,  containing  each  three 
hundred  square  feet,  are  set  off,  as  family  burial  places,  at  suita- 
ble distances  on  the  sides  of  the  avenues  and  paths.  The  per- 
petual right  of  inclosing  and  of  using  these  lots,  as  places  of 
sepulture,  is  conveyed  to  the  purchasers  of  them,  by  the  Horticul- 
tural Society.  It  is  confidently  expected  that  many  of  the  pro- 
prietors will,  without  delay,  proceed  to  erect  upon  their  lots  such 
monuments  and  appropriate  structures,  as  will  give  to  the  place  a 
part  of  the  solemnity  and  beauty,  which  it  is  destined  ultimately 
to  acquire. 

It  has  been  voted  to  procure,  or  construct,  a  receiving  tomb  in 
Boston,  and  another  at  Mount  Auburn,  at  which,  if  desired, 
funerals  may  terminate,  and  in  which  the  remains  of  the  deceased 
may  be  deposited,  until  such  time  as  the  friends  shall  choose  to 
direct  their  removal  to  the  Cemetery  ;  this  period,  however,  not 
to  exceed  six  months. 

The  principal  entrance  to  Mount  Auburn,  will  be  through  a 
lofty  Egyptian  gateway,  which  it  is  proposed  to  erect  on  the 
main  road,  at  the  commencement  of  the  Central  Avenue.  Anoth- 
er entrance  or  gateway  is  provided  on  the  cross  road  at  the  eastern 
foot  of  the  hill.  Whenever  the  funds  of  the  corporation  shall 
justify  the  expense,  it  is  proposed  that  a  small  Grecian  or  Gothic 
Temple  shall  be  erected  on  a  conspicuous  eastern  eminence, 
which  in  reference  to  this  allotment  has  received  the  prospective 
name  of  Temple  Hill. 

As  the  designation  and  conveyance  of  the  lots  requires  that  they 
should  be  described  with  reference  to  places  bearing  fixed  ap- 
pellations, it  has  been  found  necessary  to  give  names  to  the 
avenues,  foot-paths,  hills,  &c.  The  names  v.hich  have  been 
adopted,  were  suggested  chiefly  by  natural  objects  and  obvious 
associations.  Taken  in  connexion  with  the  printed  plan,  they 
will  be  found  sufiicient  to  identify  any  part  of  the  ground,  without 
the  probability  of  mistake. 


A  VENUES. 

Beech    Avenue  leads  from  Central  to  Poplar. 

Cedar"          "  "  Cypress  to  Walnut. 

Central       "  "  North  entrance  to  Walnut. 

Chesnut      "  "  Mountain  to  Poplar. 

Cypress      "  "  Central  to  Walnut. 

Garden       "  "  Cross  Road  to  Central. 

Larch          "  "  Poplar  to  Maple. 

Laurel        "  "  Walnut  round  Laurel  Hill. 

Locust        "  "  Beech  to  Poplar. 

Magnolia    "  <'  Chesnut  to  Maple. 

Maple          "  '•  Magnolia  to  Garden. 

Mountain  "  "  Chesnut  round  Mount  Auburn. 

Oak            "  "  Willow  to  Larch. 

Pine             "  "  Cypress  to  Central. 

Poplar         "  "  Central  to  Chesnut. 

Walnut       "  "  Central  to  Mountain. 

Willow      "  "  Poplar  to  Larch. 


FOOT-PATHS. 


Alder  Path      leads  from  Locust  avenue  to  Poplar  avenue. 

Catalpa  '•  "  Indian  ridge  path  to  the  same. 

Hawthorn  "  "  Chesnut  avenue  to  Hazel  path. 

Hazel  "  '•  Hawthorn  path  to  Mountain  avenue. 

Hemlock  "  "  Ivy  path  to  Poplar  avenue. 

Holly  "  '•  Poplar  avenue  to  Ivy  path. 

Indian  ridge     "  "  Larch  avenue  to  Central  avenue. 

Iris  "  "  Ivy  path  to  Moss  path. 

Ivy  "  "  Poplar  avenue  to  Woodbine  path. 

Jasmine  "  '•  Hawthorn  path  to  Chesnut  avenue. 

Lilac  "  "  Indian  ridge  path  to  Willow  avenue. 

Lily  "  "  Woodbine  path  to  Poplar  avenue. 

Linden  "  "  Beech  avenue  to  the  same. 

Myrtle  "  "  Chesnut  avenue  to  Hazel  path. 

Moss  "  "  Ivy  path  to  Laurel  avenue. 

Olive  "  "  Myrtle  path  to  Sweetbriar  path. 

Osier  "  "  Indian  ridge  path  to  Willow  avenue. 

Rose  "  "  Hawthorn  path  to  the  same. 

Sumac  "  "  Moss  path  to  Violet  path. 

Sweetbriar  "  "  Chesnut  avenue  to  Hawthorn  path. 

Violet  "  "  Laurel  avenue  to  Ivy  path. 

Vine  "  "  Moss  path  to  Ivy  path. 

Woodbine  "  "  Hawthorn  path  round  Cedar  hill. 


Mount  Auburn, 
Harvard  liill, 
Temple  hill, 
Juniper  hill. 


HILLS 


Cedar  hill. 
Pine  hill. 
Laurel  hill. 


PRESENT  SUBSCRIBERS  TO  MOUNT  AUBURN. 


Abel  Adams, 
Benjamin  Adams, 
C.  Frederic  Adams, 
Z.  B.  Adams, 
Nathan  Appleton, 
Samuel  Appleton, 
James  T.  Austin, 
William  Austin, 
Charles  Barnard, 
Charles  B.  Brown, 
G.  W.  Brimmer, 
Jacob  Bigelow, 
George  Bond, 
J.  B.  Brown, 
Benjamin  Bussey, 
Joseph  P.  Bradlee, 
I.  Barker, 
J.  T.  Buckingham, 
Edwin  Buckingham, 
James  Boyd, 
John  Brown, 
Levi  Brigham, 
Charles  Brown, 
Ebenezer  Bailey, 
Joshua  Blake, 
Dennis  Brigham, 
Jesse  Bird, 
Zebedee  Cook,  Jr., 
Charles  P.  Curtis, 
Thomas  B.  Curtis, 
Joseph  Coolidge, 
Samuel  F.  Coolidge, 


Alpheus  Cary, 
George  W.  Coffin, 
Joshua  Clapp, 
George  G.  Channing, 
E.  Craigie, 
Joshua  Coolidge, 
H.  A.  S.  Dearborn, 
John  Davis, 
Daniel  Davis, 
Franklin  Dexter, 
Warren  Dutton, 
Daniel  Denny, 
James  Davis, 
James  A.  Dickson, 
Richard  C.  Derby, 
Alexander  H.  Everett, 
Edward  Everett, 
David  Eckley, 
John  Farrar, 
Robert  Farley, 
Richard  Fletcher, 
Charles  Folsom, 
David  Francis, 
Benjamin  Fisk, 
B.  B.  Grant, 
John  C.  Gray, 
B.  A.  Gould, 
Elisha  Haskell, 
Charles  Hickling, 
Zachariah  Hicks, 
Abraham  Howard, 
Thomas  Hastings, 


32 


Henderson  Inches, 
William  Ingalls, 
Deniing  Jarvis, 
Joseph  B.  Joy, 
George  H.  Kuhn, 
William  Lawrence, 
Amos  Lawrence, 
Abbott  Lawrence, 
Isaac  Livermore, 
Josiah  Loring, 
John  Lemist, 
Charles  Lowell, 
Isaac  McLellan, 
Isaac  Mead, 
Robert  D.  C.  Merry, 
Francis  J.  Oliver, 
John  Pierpont, 
George  W.  Pratt, 
Samuel  Pond, 
Edward  W.  Payne, 
T.  H.  Perkins,  Jr., 
Francis  Parkman, 
Isaac  Parker, 
Josiah  Quincy, 
John  Randall, 
Henry  Rice, 
James  Read, 
J.  P.  Rice, 
J.  L.  Russell, 
Joseph  Story, 
Henry  B.  Stone, 


George  C.  Shattuck, 
William  Stanwood, 
David  Stanwood, 
L.  M.  Sargent, 
D.  A.  Simmons, 
James  T.  Savage, 
Robert  G.  Shaw, 
Jared  Sparks, 
James  Savage, 
P.  R.  L.  Stone, 
Leonard  Stone, 
Asahel  Stearns, 
David  Stone, 
Charles  Tappan, 
Frederic  Tudor, 
J.  F.  Thayer, 
Peter  Thacher, 
Supply  C.  Thwing, 
Charles  Wells, 
Samuel  Whitwell, 
S.  G.  Williams, 
Benjamin  F.  White, 
Abijah  White, 
Thomas  Wiley, 
Thomas  B.  Wales, 
Rufus  Wyman, 
Henry  Ware, 
Benjamin  Waterliouse, 
Samuel  Walker,    - 
F.  S.  J.  Winship, 
Jonathan  Winship. 


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